Brain Tumor Classification Using Deep Learning

Aditya Sashy Bhushan Yuvraj Singh Dr. Sridevi S

Department of Computer Department of Computer
Science & Technology Science & Technology Department of Computer Department of Computer
Vellore Institute of Vellore Institute of Science & Technology Science & Technology
Technology, Chennai Technology, Chennai Vellore Institute of Vellore Institute of
Chennai, India Chennai, India Technology, Chennai Technology, Chennai
Chennai, India Chennai, India

Abstract—Abstract—The accurate classification of brain algorithms in order to find where each one has failed and has
tumors is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment planning succeeded in order to find the most suitable one. We have
in clinical settings. In this paper, we present a deep learning- used mail, spambase and movie datas as they seem to cover
based approach for brain tumor classification using all domains of the and have high variability.
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The proposed model
is trained on a dataset comprising four classes of brain tumors: The amalgamation of lexical and semantic approaches
glioma tumor, meningioma tumor, pituitary tumor, and images facilitates a holistic assessment of text similarity, enabling a
with no tumor. The CNN architecture consists of multiple nuanced understanding of the strengths and limitations
convolutional layers followed by max-pooling and dropout inherent in each technique. By synthesizing these disparate
layers to extract hierarchical features from input images. The algorithms, we aim to develop a compound model that
model is trained using a dataset of brain tumor images, and its transcends the constraints of individual methods, thereby
performance is evaluated using various metrics such as offering a more robust and adaptable solution for measuring
accuracy, loss, and validation accuracy. Experimental results text similarity in diverse NLP and IR applications.
demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in
accurately classifying brain tumors, achieving a high This endeavour underscores the importance of
classification accuracy on the test dataset. methodological innovation and interdisciplinary
collaboration in advancing the field of text similarity
Keywords: Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Networks, analysis, paving the way for enhanced precision and
Brain Tumor Classification, Medical Imaging. versatility in real-world applications.
1. INTRODUCTION
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Brain tumors are abnormal growths of cells in the brain that
can be benign or malignant [1]. Accurate classification of
brain tumors is essential for determining the appropriate Existing text similarity algorithms encompass a wide
treatment strategy, such as surgery, radiation therapy, or range of methods that aim to measure the similarity between
chemotherapy. Traditional methods of brain tumor two or more pieces of text. These algorithms can be
classification rely on manual examination of medical categorized into several types based on their underlying
imaging scans by radiologists, which can be time-consuming approaches. But as discussed earlier and major aim to work
and subjective. on this one project is that the existing text similarity
techniques often exhibit domain-specific limitations, each
In recent years, deep learning techniques, particularly excelling within its respective domain. To address this, our
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have shown project endeavors to refine these techniques by capitalizing
promising results in various medical imaging tasks, including on the strengths of one method to compensate for the
brain tumor classification [2]. CNNs can automatically learn weaknesses of another, thus culminating in a robust and
discriminative features from raw image data and achieve enriched compound algorithm.
state-of-the-art performance in image classification tasks.
Here are some of the commonly used text similarity
In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based approach algorithms with their limitations and strength
for brain tumor classification using CNNs. The proposed
A. Text Similarity Algorithms
model is trained on a dataset of brain tumor images and
evaluated using standard evaluation metrics. The remainder I. Cosine Similarity- Cosine similarity measures
of this paper is organized as follows: Section II provides an the cosine of the angle between two vectors in a
overview of related work in the field of brain tumor multidimensional space. In the context of text
classification. Section III describes the methodology and similarity, each text document is represented as
architecture of the proposed CNN model. Section IV presents a vector in a high-dimensional space, typically
experimental results and performance evaluation. Finally, using the frequency of occurrence of words
Section V concludes the paper and discusses future (bag-of-words) or word embeddings. Cosine
directions. similarity calculates the cosine of the angle
between these vectors, providing a measure of
Our FIndings their similarity. Cosine similarity offers
simplicity, efficiency, and scale-invariance in
The major techniques we considered were Word2Vec,
Jaccard, cosine and BERT models on text similarity measuring text similarity, making it suitable for
various applications. However, its effectiveness
 may be limited in capturing semantic nuances algorithms excel in capturing local similarities
and contextual relationships present in natural and handling variations in text, they may pose
language text. challenges in scalability and computational
II. Jaccard Similarity- Jaccard similarity offers a efficiency, especially when dealing with large
straightforward and intuitive measure of datasets or long documents. Additionally, their
similarity between two sets, making it suitable performance can be influenced by the chosen
for scenarios where the presence or absence of scoring scheme and gap penalties, which may
elements is more relevant than their require careful tuning for optimal results in
frequencies. However, it may not fully capture different applications. Despite these limitations,
the semantic meaning of text documents, as it Sequence Alignment Algorithms offer a robust
disregards word frequencies and order of approach to text similarity assessment,
appearance, which can lead to limitations in particularly in scenarios where understanding
scenarios where context and word importance the sequential order and structural similarity
are crucial. between texts is crucial.
III. Word embedding models, such as Word2Vec, VI. Graph-Based Methods, such as TextRank,
GloVe, and FastText, offer a powerful way to analyze text documents as graphs, with nodes
represent words as dense, low-dimensional representing words or sentences and edges
vectors in a continuous vector space. These indicating relationships. TextRank identifies
models effectively capture semantic key phrases or sentences by computing
relationships between words by considering centrality scores, aiding in text similarity
their context within a given text corpus. By measurement. While effective for capturing
leveraging the semantic information encoded in semantic relationships, they may struggle with
word embeddings, text similarity can be noisy data and require tuning. Nonetheless,
computed using various methods, including they excel in summarization and similarity
cosine similarity, on the embeddings of words tasks.
or entire documents. Despite their effectiveness B. Integration of Multiple Algorithms
in capturing semantic meaning, word The integration of multiple text similarity
embedding models may suffer from limitations algorithms aims to improve performance and
such as difficulty in handling out-of-vocabulary robustness by leveraging the strengths of different
words, domain-specific nuances, and the techniques while mitigating their weaknesses.
inability to capture complex syntactic Ensemble methods run multiple algorithms in
structures. parallel and combine their outputs, offering a
IV. BERT- Bidirectional Encoder Representations comprehensive assessment of similarity. Hybrid
from Transformers is a transformer-based approaches seamlessly merge diverse techniques,
model renowned for its ability to learn such as word embeddings and graph-based methods,
contextualized word embeddings by to achieve nuanced similarity measurement.
considering the entire input text. This allows Evaluation involves assessing fusion techniques'
BERT to capture intricate semantic effectiveness across domains, balancing
relationships and nuances within a given text. computational complexity with accuracy, and
Fine-tuning pre-trained BERT models for validating improvements through empirical studies.
specific tasks, including text similarity, has Integration strategies enhance text-based
become a common practice in natural language applications, including information retrieval and
processing. Researchers utilize BERT to recommendation systems, by overcoming individual
compute text similarity scores based on algorithm limitations and delivering more accurate
embeddings generated by the model. However, measurements.
while BERT excels in capturing contextual C. Applications And Uses
information and semantic meaning, it may face
Text similarity algorithms find crucial applications
challenges in handling domain-specific jargon,
across various domains, including plagiarism
out-of-domain data, and computational
detection, information retrieval, question answering
resource requirements for training and
systems, and recommendation systems. In
inference.
plagiarism detection, these algorithms compare
V. Sequence Alignment Algorithms, such as documents to identify similarities and potential
Smith-Waterman and Needleman-Wunsch, are instances of academic dishonesty. Information
widely employed in bioinformatics for retrieval systems utilize text similarity to retrieve
comparing biological sequences like DNA or relevant documents based on user queries,
protein sequences. However, these algorithms enhancing search efficiency and accuracy. Question
can also be repurposed for measuring text answering systems rely on similarity measurement
similarity. By treating text documents as to match user queries with relevant passages or
sequences of characters or words, these documents containing answers. Recommendation
algorithms identify similarities and differences systems leverage text similarity to provide
between them by performing operations like personalized recommendations by analysing
insertions, deletions, and substitutions to align similarities between user preferences and item
the sequences optimally. While these descriptions.
 Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of
Ablation Study
different similarity algorithms in real-world
scenarios. For instance, in a plagiarism detection
system, cosine similarity algorithms can accurately
identify plagiarized passages by comparing them
with a database of original documents. Similarly, in
Discussion
recommendation systems, collaborative filtering In this study, we proposed a novel compound text similarity
techniques utilize text similarity to recommend algorithm that combines lexical, semantic, and syntactic
products or content based on user interactions and features to measure the similarity between two texts. Our
item descriptions. These case studies showcase the algorithm integrates various linguistic dimensions to provide
practical utility and versatility of text similarity a comprehensive assessment of text similarity, addressing
algorithms across diverse applications and domains. the limitations of existing approaches that often focus on
D. Evaluation Metrics and Benchmark Datasets one aspect of similarity. Our study introduces a novel
compound text similarity algorithm designed for Tamil
The Enron dataset, comprising senior management
texts, integrating lexical, semantic, and syntactic features.
email data, presents a rich resource for studying
Our research adds a valuable piece to the puzzle of
language patterns within a corporate environment.
understanding text similarity, especially in the realm of
This collection offers insights into communication
Tamil language analysis. While most studies have
dynamics, facilitating tasks like email
concentrated on well-explored languages like English, our
categorization, sentiment analysis, and fraud
work shows that complex algorithms can be just as effective
detection. Its widespread usage underscores its
in diverse linguistic landscapes. We've proven that our
value in understanding textual interactions within
method, which looks at both the surface and deeper layers of
organizational settings.
language, not only beats existing techniques for English but
also shines when it comes to Tamil. This demonstrates that
Another valuable resource, the UCI’s Spambase our approach isn't just a one-language wonder; it's adaptable
dataset, aids in developing effective spam filtering and useful across different linguistic landscapes.
models. With its labelled collection of email
messages, researchers can explore text
preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification
algorithms to discern between legitimate messages
Conclusion
and spam. This dataset serves as a foundation for In wrapping up, our study introduces a groundbreaking text
advancing spam detection techniques and improving similarity algorithm that blends lexical, semantic, and
email security measures. syntactic features, transforming how we gauge similarity
E. Challenges and Future Directions between texts. Our focus on Tamil texts underscores the
algorithm's versatility across languages, showcasing its
Addressing challenges like semantic drift, domain ability to unravel complex textual relationships and outshine
adaptation, and scalability, while exploring avenues traditional methods. While we celebrate these achievements,
such as multimodal integration, cross-lingual we're also mindful of the hurdles ahead, especially in the
similarity, and contextual understanding, defines the realm of Tamil language processing, where resources may
future trajectory of text similarity research. be scarce. Nonetheless, we view these challenges as
opportunities for growth and innovation, laying a solid
By conducting a comprehensive literature survey, foundation for future research endeavours in Tamil NLP and
this paper aims to build upon existing knowledge emphasizing the importance of a holistic approach to text
and insights to develop a novel compound text analysis, regardless of language barriers.
similarity algorithm that addresses the limitations References
of individual methods and advances the state-of- [1] Data integration usingsimilarity joins and a word-based information
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[2] Spelling–error tolerant, order-independent pass-phrases via the
Damerau-Levenshtein string edit distance metric. Proceedings of the
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Johnson, R., & Smith, B. (2022). Enhancing text similarity using deep
As discussed earlier about the short comings of the pre- learning techniques. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data
Engineering, 50(1), 45-60
existing techniques and our aim on finding a suitable one
which takes in all the strengths and give a robust solution to
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