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Chapter 4 - Probability and Counting Rules - Part-2

This chapter discusses probability and counting rules including determining sample spaces, finding probabilities of compound events using addition and multiplication rules, conditional probability, and counting rules. It provides examples of applying these concepts such as calculating the probability of selecting a card from a deck and the probability of coin tosses and die rolls.

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Lamya Majed

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

39 views

Chapter 4 - Probability and Counting Rules - Part-2

Uploaded by

Lamya Majed

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Chapter 4

PROBABILITY AND COUNTING RULES

PART II
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Determine sample spaces and find the probability of an event, using classical probability or empirical
probability.
2. Find the probability of compound events, using the addition rules.
3. Find the probability of compound events, using the multiplication rules.
4. Find the conditional probability of an event.
5. Find the total number of outcomes in a sequence of events, using the fundamental counting rule.
6. Find the number of ways that r objects can be selected from n objects, using the permutation rule.
7. Find the number of ways that r objects can be selected from n objects without regard to order, using
the combination rule.
8. Find the probability of an event, using the counting rules.

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability
Many problems involve finding the probability of two or
more events. For example, at a large student gathering, you
might wish to know, for a person selected at random, the
probability that the person is a female or is from CoE. In this
case, there are three possibilities to consider:
1. The person is a female.
2. The person is from CoE.
3. The person is both a female and from CoE.

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability
Consider another example. At the same gathering. If a person is
selected at random, what is the probability that the person is
from CoE or from CoB? In this case, there are only two
possibilities:
1. The person is from CoE.
2. The person is from CoB.
The difference between the two examples is that in the first case,
the person selected can be a female and from CoE at the same
time. In the second case, the person selected cannot be both
from CoE and CoB at the same time.
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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability
In the second case, the two events are said to be mutually
exclusive; in the first case, they are not mutually exclusive.

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability
The probability of two or more events can be determined by
the addition rules. The first addition rule is used when the
events are mutually exclusive.

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability
When events are not mutually exclusive, addition rule 2 can
be used to find the probability of the events.

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability

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4-3 The Multiplication Rules and Conditional Probability
The Multiplication Rules
The multiplication rules can be used to find the probability of two
or more events that occur in sequence. For example, if you toss a
coin and then roll a die, you can find the probability of getting a
head on the coin and a 4 on the die. These two events are said to
be independent since the outcome of the first event (tossing a
coin) does not affect the probability outcome of the second event
(rolling a die)

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4-3 The Multiplication Rules and Conditional Probability
Here are other examples of independent events:

❖Rolling a die and getting a 6, and then rolling a second die and getting a 3.
❖Drawing a card from a deck and getting a queen, replacing it, and drawing
a second card and getting a queen.

To find the probability of two independent events that occur in sequence, you
must find the probability of each event occurring separately and then
multiply the answers.
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4-3 The Multiplication Rules and Conditional Probability