CE-122 Civil Engineering Materials and Concrete

Technology

Prof. DR. KHAN SHAHZADA

Department of Civil Engineering UET Peshawar
 Week-6

Topics

• Introduction about concrete

• Components and manufacture of concrete
• Properties of concrete
• Types of concrete
• Effects of various chemicals on concrete
 Concrete

CONCRETE ► everywhere around us

Ancient Roman were probably the first to use concrete a word of Latin origin based
on hydraulic cement , that is a material which hardens under water.

Or
“ Concrete is a composite material wherein a binding material mixed in water on
solidification binds the inert particles of well graded fine and coarse aggregates”

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 Concrete Cont…
Constituents of Concrete

 Cement

 Aggregates

 Water

 Admixtures

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 Concrete Cont…
Uses of Concrete
 Roads
 Buildings
 Bridges
 Sidewalks
 Runways
 Canals
 Mines
 Tunnels
 Dams
 Sewer pipes
 Railway ties
 Manholes
 Nuclear Installations etc

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 Concrete Cont…
Properties of Concrete

Concrete should be

 Hard
 Durable
 Strong
 Dense
 Non porous
 Fire resistant
 Economical
Typical Composition by volume

 Cement: 7-15%
 Water: 14-21%
 Aggregate: 60-80%
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 Cement Cont…

Setting of Cement

 Initial Setting Time

The time after mixing of cement with water at which the paste or mortar or concrete
can no longer be properly mixed, finished, or compacted is known as initial setting
time.

 Final Setting Time

The time at which the mortar or cement paste or concrete gain sufficient strength
and hardness.

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 Concrete Cont…
Concrete Versus Steel

 USA

Concrete consumption 5 times by weight of steel

 Other Countries

Concrete consumption exceeds 10 times by weight of steel

 More than 1 ton/year/person

Man consumes no material except water in such tremendous quantities

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 Types of Concrete

Types of Concrete:
1. Normal concrete; 2. high performance concrete; 3. Self compacting concrete; 4.
light weight concrete
1. Normal Concrete:
The concrete in which common ingredients i.e. aggregate, water, cement are used is
known as normal concrete. It is also called normal weight concrete or normal
strength concrete.
 It has a setting time of 30 - 90 minutes depending upon moisture in atmosphere,
fineness of cement etc.
 The development of the strength after 7 days the common strength values varies
from 10 MPa (1450 psi) to 40 MPa (5800 psi).
 At about 7 days 75 % of the total strength is attained (Page 302 and 303 Book
Properties of Concrete by A.M Neville)
 The gain in strength after 28 days can be taken into account in design.
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 Types of Concrete Cont…
2. high performance concrete
This mix has the following main properties:
High strength; High workability; High durability; Ease of placement;
Compaction without segregation; Early age strength; Long-term mechanical properties;
Permeability; Density; Long life in severe environments.

Preparation;
High strength concrete mix can be prepared with careful selection of ingredients and
optimization of mix design.
High workability is attained by super plasticizers, they lower the water cement ratio to
0.25 which is the amount required only for hydration process.
High durability is attributed to fly ash and silica fume which modify the mineralogy of
the cement. Fly ash also increasing workability.

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 Types of Concrete Cont…

Properties of high performance concrete mix;

Strength of high performance concrete ranges from 10000 psi - 15000 psi.

Water cement ratio can be reduced to 0.25

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 Types of Concrete Cont…
3. Self compacting concrete;
The concrete where no vibration is required. The concrete is compacted due to its own
weight. It is also called self consolidated concrete or flowing concrete. It can be also
categorized as high performance concrete as the ingredients are the same, but in this
type of concrete workability is increased. This self-consolidating concrete is
characterized by:

 Extreme fluidity as measured by flow, typically between 650-750 mm on a flow table,

rather than slump (height).
 No need for vibrators to compact the concrete.
 Placement being easier.
 No bleed water, or aggregate segregation.
Uses and Applications of Self Compacting Concrete:
 It is used in location unreachable for vibrations. e.g. underground structure, deep wells
or at bottom of deep sea.
 SCC can save up to 50% in labor costs due to 80% faster pouring and reduced wear and
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tear on formwork.
 Types of Concrete
4. light weight concrete
The concrete which has substantially lower mass per unit volume then the concrete made of
ordinary ingredients is called lightweight concrete. The aggregates used are lighter in
weight.
Density of light weight concrete is 240 kg/m³ (15pcf) -1850 kg/m³ (115 pcf).
Strength of light weight concrete blocks varies from 7 MPa (1000 psi) - 40 MPa (5800 psi).

Uses of Light weight concrete:

Used where extra load is not applied e.g. parapet wall, road lining etc. or to reduce dead
load for earthquake resistant structures.

Other Types of Concrete are;

Roller compacted concrete; Shotcrete; pervious concrete; Air entrained concrete etc (study
it by yourself)

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 Effects of various chemicals on concrete

When a concrete structure is prone to chemical actions its durability gets affected. The
chemicals may cause cracking of concrete, volume change and deterioration of
structure. The life of structure reduces and it can lead to failure of structures.
Different types of chemical attacks and their effects on concrete structures are:

1. Sulphate attack
2. Chloride attack
3. Alkali aggregate reaction
4. Carbonation
5. Acid attack
 Effects of various chemicals on concrete
1. Sulphate Attack on Concrete:
Most of the soil types contains sulphates in the form of calcium, magnesium, sodium,
ammonium and potassium. They occur in soil or ground water. When a concrete
structure is built on these types of soils, they may attack the concrete.
Generally sulphates in solid form do not attack the concrete severely but when they are
in liquid form they pass into the voids of concrete and react with hydrated cement
products. Calcium sulphate causes minimum damage because of its low solubility while
magnesium sulphate causes maximum damage.
 Effects of various chemicals on concrete
1. Sulphate Attack on Concrete: (Contd…)
Most of the sulphates attacks calcium hydroxide and hydrated calcium aluminates
present in the concrete and results in changing the volume of cement paste in concrete.
Hence deterioration of concrete structure takes place. Along with calcium hydroxide,
Magnesium sulphate also reacts with hydrated calcium silicate and makes concrete into
powdered mass.
Precautions:
• Concrete with low water cement ratio is less affected by magnesium sulphate while
high water cement ratio concrete is highly affected.
• Sulphate-resisting Portland cement should be used where sulphates are present in
the soil, water or atmosphere and come into contact with the concrete.
• Super-sulphated cement, made from blast furnace slag, can also be used although it
is not widely available. This cement can resist the highest concentrations of
sulphates.
 Effects of various chemicals on concrete
2. Chloride attack on concrete:
Chloride attack on concrete is one of the important aspects of durability of concrete. It
primarily affects the reinforcement of concrete and cause corrosion. Chlorides can
attack on concrete either during or after construction as follows.
a) Before construction Chlorides can be admitted in admixtures containing calcium
chloride, through using mixing water contaminated with salt water or
improperly washed marine aggregates.
b) After construction Chlorides in salt or sea water, in airborne sea spray and from
de-icing salts can attack permeable concrete causing corrosion of reinforcement.
 Effects of various chemicals on concrete
2. Chloride attack on concrete: (Contd…)
The chloride in the presence of water and oxygen reacts with alkaline protected layer
around the reinforcement and removes it.
 Effects of various chemicals on concrete
3. Alkali-Aggregate reaction on concrete:
Alkali aggregate reaction is the chemical reaction between alkali in cement and silica
content of aggregates. Hence it can also be called as Alkali Silica reaction. When this
reaction takes place, a gel like substance is formed which absorbs water and volume of
concrete will increase. This increasing volume develops cracking and disintegration of
concrete.
Research studies states that the Alkali Silica reaction only occurs when the following are
present together:
• Concrete with high moisture level.
• When cement contains high alkali content
• Aggregate with Alkali reactive constituents.
 Effects of various chemicals on concrete

Precautions:
The code recommends that the following precautions be taken if uncertainty exists:

• Reduce the Saturation of concrete.

• Usage of Low alkali Portland cement.
• Use replacement cementitious materials such as blast furnace slag or pulverized
fuel ash. Most normal aggregates behave satisfactorily.
 Effects of various chemicals on concrete

4. Carbonation in concrete:
When the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere penetrates into concrete and reacted
with calcium hydroxide to form calcium carbonate then this process is called
carbonation.
In general concrete with high alkali content form a protective layer around the
reinforcement. But when the carbon dioxide changes into dilute carbonic acid it
reduces the alkalinity as a result the corrosion of reinforcement takes place.
 Effects of various chemicals on concrete

5. Acid attack on concrete:

Acids can attack concrete easily since concrete is not fully resistant against acids. Some
acids like oxalic acid, phosphoric acids are not harmful to the concrete. Calcareous
aggregates are more affected by acids while siliceous aggregates are good resistant.
The damage level is purely depends upon the pH of the acid solution. Damage is very
severe if the pH value is very low. If they reach reinforcement through crack or pores,
they will cause corrosion of bars and cracking of concrete will occur.
 Effects of various chemicals on concrete
Prevention of acid attack:
• To prevent acid attack good dense concrete with adequate cover is required and
sulphate-resistant cements should be used.
 Assignment
Explain the following?

1. Alkali aggregate reactivity

2. Sulphate Attack
3. Delay Ettringite Formation
4. Chloride Ingress
5. Corrosion of Reinforcement
6. Properties of concrete
7. Types of concrete
8. Effects of various chemicals on concrete.

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