SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY

GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS
 An analytical technique  Generally, this procedure is
based on the applied to ionic compounds.
measurement of mass.  A highly accurate technique,
 On type of gravimetric because the mass of a sample
analysis experiment can be measured accurately.
involves the formation, However, this procedure is
isolation, and mass applicable only to reactions that
determination of a go to completion, or have nearly
precipitate. 100% yield.

EXAMPLE:
One example of gravimetric analysis is determining the chloride
content in a sample. In this process, a known volume of the sample solution
containing chloride ions is treated with silver nitrate solution to precipitate
silver chloride. The formed precipitate is then filtered, dried, and weighed to
determine the mass of silver chloride. By knowing the stoichiometry of the
reaction and the molar masses involved, one can calculate the amount of
chloride ions present in the original sample based on the mass of silver
chloride obtained.

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 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. Calculate the mass of the solid product formed when 1.5L of 0.50M NaOH
is combined with 2.0L 0.10M MgCl2.
2NaOH(aq) + MgCl2(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)
Solution:
a.) Precipitate = Mg(OH)2 (most hydroxides (-OH) are insoluble)
b.) Calculate the moles, using molarity equation:
(1.5L)(0.50M) = 0.75 mol NaOH
(2.0L)(0.10M) = 0.20 mol MgCl2
NaOH:MgCl2 = 2:1 MgCl2 is limiting
c.) 0.20 mol MgCl2 = 0.20 mol Mg(OH)2 =
Mg = 24 g/mol total molar mass = 60 g/mol
O2 = (16 g/mol)(2)= 32 (0.20 mol)(60 g/mol)
H2 = (1 g/mol)(2) = 2 = 12 g Mg(OH)2
Therefore, the mass of the solid product formed when 1.5L of 0.50M
NaOH is combined with 2.0L 0.10M MgCl2 is 12 g Mg(OH)2 .
2. A 2.00g sample of limestone was dissolved in hydrochloric acid and all
the calcium present in the sample was converted into Ca 2+. Excess
ammonium oxalate solution, (NH4)2C2O4(aq), was added to the solution to
precipitate the calcium ions as calcium oxalate, CaC 2O4(s). The precipitate
was filtered, dried and weighed to a constant mass of 2.43g. Determine the
percentage by mass of calcium in the limestone sample.
Solution:
 2.43g/ 128 g/mol = 0.019 mol of CaC2O4(s)
Ca = 40 g/mol total molar mass = 128 g/mol
C2 = (12 g/mol)(2) = 24 g/mol
O4 = (16 g/mol)(4) = 64 g/mol
 Ca2+ : CaC2O4(s) = 1:1
 (0.019 mol of Ca2+)(40 g/mol) = 0.76 g of Ca2+
 (0.76 g of Ca2+)/(2.00g limestone) = 0.38 or 38%
Therefore, 0.38 or 38% of the limestone sample was made up of
calcium.

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ACID-BASED TITRATION
 Involves delivery (from a burette) of a measured volume of a solution
of a known concentration (the titrant) into a solution containing the
substance being analyzed (the analyte, which is a base or an acid).

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. What should be the concentration of the 25mL NaOH in able to neutralize
the 3.0M H2SO4 at 11.6mL?
Solution:
 3.0 M H2SO4 + 25 mL NaOH
 (11.6 mL)(1L/1000mL) = 0.0116 L
 (0.0116 L)(3.0 mol/1 L) = 0.0348 mol
 0.0348 mol acid = 0.0348 mol base
 (0.0348 mol base)/(0.025 L) = 1.39 M
Therefore, 1.39 M is the concentration of the 25mL NaOH in able to
neutralize the 3.0M H2SO4 at 11.6mL.
2. If it requires 75.0mL of 0.500M NaOH to neutralize 165.0mL of an HCl
solution, what is the concentration of the HCl solution?
Solution:
 (0.075L NaOH)(0.5 mol NaOH/1 L NaOH) = 0.0375 mol NaOH
 0.0375 mol of NaOH will neutralized 0.0375 mol of HCl
 (0.0375 mol of HCl)/(0.1650 L of HCl) = 0.227 M of HCl
Therefore, 0.227 M is the concentration of the HCl solution.

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Vapor-Pressure Lowering
 A pressure exerted by the vapor when it is at equilibrium with the
liquid (that is, when the rate of vaporization equals the rate of
condensation).

NONVOLATILE VOLATILE
 A substance that has no  One that exhibits a vapor
measurable vapor pressure. pressure.

RAOULT'S LAW
 By Francois Raoult, which states that the partial pressure exerted by
solvent vapor above the solution, P solution, equals the product of the
mole fraction of the solvent, Xsolvent, times the vapor pressure of the
pure solvent, P⁰ solvent.
P solution = (X solute)(P⁰ solvent)
 Ideally, the vapor pressure of a volatile solvent above a solution
containing a nonvolatile solute is proportional to the solvent's
concentration in the solution.
 Vapor pressure lowering ( ∆P ) is direstly proportional to the mole
fraction of the solute, X solute.

∆P = P⁰solvent - P

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 EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution made by dissolving 50g
glucose, C6H12O6, in 500g of water. The vapor pressure of pure water is 47.1
torr at 37°C. Molar mass of glucose is 180g/mol and water is 18g/mol.
Solution:
Given:
50g glucose (50g)(1mol/180g) = 0.28 mol of glucose
500g water (500g)(1mol/18g) = 27.78 mol of water
47.1 torr Mole fraction of water
37°C = (moles of water)/(summation of moles)
180 g/mol glucose
Mole fraction of water
18 g/mol water
= (27.78 mol)/(28.06 mol) = 0.99

XH2O = 0.99
P = (X solute)(P0 solvent)= (0.99)(47.1 torr) = 46.63 torr
∆P = P⁰solvent – P = (47.1 torr – 46.63 torr) = 0.47 torr
Therefore, the vapor pressure lowering of a solution made by dissolving
50g glucose, C6H12O6, in 500g of water is 0.47 torr.

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 BOILING-POINT ELEVATION
 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor
pressure equals the external pressure.
 When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the boiling point of
the solution increases.
 This phenomenon is known as boiling point elevation.
 Proportional to the total concentration of solute particles, regardless of
whether the particles are molecules or ions.

FORMULA FOR BOILING-POINT ELEVATION:

The elevation in boiling point (ΔTb) can be calculated using the formula:
ΔTb = (Kb)(m)
ΔTb = Tb (solution)-Tb (solvent)
ΔTb: Boiling point elevation
Where:
Kb: Ebullioscopic constant (specific to the solvent)
m: Molality of the solution (typically found in tables)
Tb (solution): Boiling point of the solution
Tb (solvent): Boiling point of the pure solvent

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 EXAMPLE PROBLEM:

In this case, we have water at 100°C and then we add some solid to it
that's going to create a new solution with a boiling point that is higher than
the original boiling point. So essentially by adding a solute into the solvent
you are elevating the boiling point. Therefore, the more solute you add
the higher the boiling point of the solution will be compared to the
original solvent.
1. What is the new boiling point of a solution prepared by adding 96.0 g of
sodium chloride to 383 mL of water? The boiling point constant for wateris
0.52 °C/m.
Solution:
Na = 23 g/mol (96 g)(1 mol/58 g) = 1.66 mol NaCl
Cl = 35 g/ mol (383 mL)(1 g/1 mL)(1 kg/ 1000g)
Total = 58 g/mol = 0.383 kg
ΔTb = (Kb)(m) m = (1.66 mol/0.383 kg) = 4.33 m
ΔTb = (0. 52 °C/m)(4. 33m)
ΔTb = 2.25 °C
Therefore, the boiling point elevation of a solution prepared by adding
96.0 g of sodium chloride to 383 mL of water is 2.25°C.

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FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION
 Freezing point depression refers to the lowering of the freezing point of
solvents upon the addition of solutes.
 It is a colligative property of solutions that is generally proportional to
the molality of the added solute. The depression in the freezing point
of a solution can be described by the following formula.
 Adding a solute causes the freezing point of the solvent to become
lower.
 The amount the freezing point is lowered is directly related to amount
of solute present.
 Application - Salting roads in the winter
 The freezing-point depression, Atf, is the difference between the
freezing points of the pure solvent and a solution in that solvent.
 At the freezing point of a solvent, there exists an equilibrium between
the liquid state and the solid state of the solvent. - This implies that
the vapour pressures of both the liquid and the solid phase are equal.
 Upon the addition of a solute which is non-volatile, the vapour
pressure of the solution is found to be lower than the vapour pressure
of the pure solvent.
 This causes the solid and the solution to reach equilibrium at lower
temperatures

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 EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
1. What is the freezing point depression when 62.2 g of toluene (C 7H8) is
dissolved in 481g of naphthalene? The freezing point constant is 7.00°C/m
and the freezing point of naphthalene is 80.3°C.
Solution:
ΔTf = iKfm m = mole of solute/kg of solvent
Given:
62.2g toluene C7 = (12 g/mol)(7) = 84 g/mol
481g of naphthalene H8 = (1 g/mol)(8) = 8 g/mol
7.00°C/m Kf Total = 92 g/mol
80.3°C mole of toluene = (62.2g)(1mol/92g)
= 0.68 mol
m = (0.68 mol)/(0.481kg) ΔTf = iKfm
m = 1.41 m ΔTf = (1)(7.00°C/m)(1.41 m)
ΔTf = 9.87°C
Therefore, the freezing point depression when 62.2 g of toluene (C 7H8)
is dissolved in 481g of naphthalene is 9.87°C.

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 OSMOTIC PRESSURE
Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure that must be applied to a
solution to halt the flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable
membrane (osmosis)12.
It is a colligative property and is dependent on the concentration of
solute particles in the solution12.
Osmotic pressure can be calculated with the help of the following
formula:
nRT
π=
V
Where:
n = number of moles of solute
R = gas constant (0.0821 L atm/ mol K)
T = temperature in Kelvin
V = volume of solution in liters

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 EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
1. What is the osmotic pressure exerted by a solution containing 0.1 mole of
glucose (C6H12O6) dissolved in 1 Litter of water at 25°C?
Solution:
Given:
n = 0.1 mole Kelvin = Celsius + 273.15
T = 25°C = 298.15K = 25 + 273.15
V=1L Kelvin = 298.15 K

nRT
π=
V
(0.1mol )(0.0821 L atm /mol K)(298 K )
π=
1L
π 2.46 atm
Therefore, the osmotic pressure exerted by a solution containing 0.1
mole of glucose (C6H12O6) dissolved in 1 Litter of water at 25°C is 2.46
atm.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY………………………………………………………..1
GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS…………………………………………………..1
ACID-BASED TITRATION…………………………………………..……….3
VAPOR-PRESSURE LOWERING………………..……………………………………4
BOILING-POINT ELEVATION ……………………..…………………………………6
FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION…………………………………………………….8
OSMOTIC PRESSURE…………………………………………………………………10

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GENERAL
CHEMISTRY II
BY: GLYSSA C. MELLO
STEM XII – FRANKLIN

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