Chapter 5 The First Law of Thermodynamics

5-57
5-63 Steam is accelerated in a nozzle from a velocity of 80 m/s. The mass flow rate, the exit velocity, and
the exit area of the nozzle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Potential energy changes
are negligible. 3 There are no work interactions.
Properties From the steam tables (Table A-6)
kJ/kg 3433.8
/kg m 0.06857
C 500
MPa 5
1
3
1
1
1
=
=
)
`

=
=
h
v
T
P
$
and
kJ/kg 3247.6
/kg m 0.15120
C 400
MPa 2
2
3
2
2
2
=
=

=
=
h
v
T
P
$
Analysis (a) There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m m m
1 2
= = .
The mass flow rate of steam is
kg/s 5.833 V = = =

) m 10 50 )( m/s 80 (
/kg m 0.06857
1 1
2 4
3
1 1
1
A
v
m
(b) We take nozzle as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy
balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as


E E E
E E
in out
in out
= =
=
Rate of net energy transfer
by heat, work, and mass
system
(steady)
Rate of change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies


A
0
0
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
~ A ~ + = +
2
0) pe W (since /2) + ( ) 2 / (
2
1
2
2
1 2 out
2
2 2 out
2
1 1
V V
V V
h h m Q
h m Q h m

Substituting, the exit velocity of the steam is determined to be

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
2 2
2 2
2
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 1
2
m/s) (80
3433.8 3247.6 kg/s 5.833 kJ/s 90
V
It yields V
2
= 589.9 m/s
(c) The exit area of the nozzle is determined from
( )( )
2 4
m 10 15.0
V
V

= = = =
m/s 589.9
/kg m 0.1512 kg/s 5.833 1
3
2
2
2 2 2
2
v m
A A
v
m

Steam
1 2
90 kJ/s
Chapter 5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
5-79
5-87 Air is compressed by a compressor. The mass flow rate of air through the compressor is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Potential energy changes
are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The inlet and exit enthalpies of air are (Table A-17)
T
1
= 25C = 298 K h
1
= h
@ 298 K
= 298.2 kJ/kg
T
2
= 347C = 620 K h
2
= h
@ 620 K
= 628.07 kJ/kg
Analysis We take the compressor as the system, which is a control volume since
mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can
be expressed in the rate form as


E E E
E E
in out
in out
= =
=
Rate of net energy transfer
by heat, work, and mass
system
(steady)
Rate of change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies


A
0
0
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
~ A + = + +
2
0) pe (since /2) + ( ) 2 / (
2
1
2
2
1 2 out in
2
2 2 out
2
1 1 in
V V
V V
h h m Q W
h m Q h m W

Substituting, the mass flow rate is determined to be

( )
kg/s 0.674 =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
m
m

2 2
2
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 1
2
0 m/s 90
298.2 628.07 kJ/s) (1500/60 - kJ/s 250
AIR
2
1
1,500 kJ/min
5-38
5-67 [Also solved by EES on enclosed CD] Refrigerant-134a is throttled by a valve. The pressure and
internal energy after expansion are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Heat transfer to or from the fluid is negligible. 4 There are no work
interactions involved.
Properties The inlet enthalpy of R-134a is, from the refrigerant tables (Tables A-11 through 13),
kJ/kg 86.41
C 25
MPa 0.8
C 25 @
1
1
1
= ~
)
`

=
=

f
h h
T
P
P
1
= 0.8 MPa
T
1
= 25C Analysis There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m m m
1 2
= = .
We take the throttling valve as the system, which is a control volume
since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-
flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
R-134a
0
2 1 2 1 out in
(steady) 0
system out in
h h h m h m E E E E E = = = = A =



since . Then,

Q W ke pe ~ = ~ ~ A A 0

( )

kJ/kg 218.84 kJ/kg 238.41
kJ/kg 25.39 , kJ/kg 25.49 C 20
1 2
2
= =
= =
)
`

=
=
g g
f f
u h
u h
h h
T
T
2
= -20C
Obviously h
f
< h
2
<h
g
, thus the refrigerant exists as a saturated mixture at the exit state, and thus
P
2
= P
sat @ -20C
= 132.82 kPa
Also, 2861 . 0
91 . 212
49 . 25 41 . 86 2
2
=

=
fg
f
h
h h
x
Thus, kJ/kg 80.74 = + = + = 45 . 193 2861 . 0 39 . 25
2 2 fg f
u x u u




5-68 Steam is throttled by a well-insulated valve. The temperature drop of the steam after the expansion is
to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Heat transfer to or from the fluid is negligible. 4 There are no work
interactions involved.
Properties The inlet enthalpy of steam is (Tables A-6),
P
1
= 8 MPa
T
1
= 500C
kJ/kg 3399.5
C 500
MPa 8
1
1
1
=
)
`

=
=
h
T
P
Analysis There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m m m
1 2
= = . We take
the throttling valve as the system, which is a control volume since mass
crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be
expressed in the rate form as
H
2
O
0
2 1 2 1 out in
(steady) 0
system out in
h h h m h m E E E E E = = = = A =


P
2
= 6 MPa
since . Then the exit temperature of steam becomes

Q W ke pe ~ = ~ ~ A A 0
( )
C 490.1 =
)
`

=
=
2
1 2
2
MPa 6
T
h h
P

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
5-41


Mixing Chambers and Heat Exchangers

5-72C Yes, if the mixing chamber is losing heat to the surrounding medium.

5-73C Under the conditions of no heat and work interactions between the mixing chamber and the
surrounding medium.

5-74C Under the conditions of no heat and work interactions between the heat exchanger and the
surrounding medium.


5-75 A hot water stream is mixed with a cold water stream. For a specified mixture temperature, the mass
flow rate of cold water is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The mixing chamber is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are
negligible. 4 Fluid properties are constant. 5 There are no work interactions.
Properties Noting that T < T
sat @ 250 kPa
= 127.41C, the
water in all three streams exists as a compressed liquid,
which can be approximated as a saturated liquid at the
given temperature. Thus,
H
2
O
(P = 250 kPa)
T
3
= 42C
T
m

1
= 80C
1
= 0.5 kg/s
T
2
= 20C
m
2

h
1
~ h
f @ 80C
= 335.02 kJ/kg
h
2
~ h
f @ 20C
= 83.915 kJ/kg
h
3
~ h
f @ 42C
= 175.90 kJ/kg
Analysis We take the mixing chamber as the system, which is a control volume. The mass and energy
balances for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
Mass balance:
3 2 1
(steady) 0
system out in
0 m m m m m m = + = A =

Energy balance:

0) pe ke (since
0
3 3 2 2 1 1
out in
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in change of Rate
(steady) 0
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra net of Rate
out in
~ A ~ A = = = +
=
= A =
W Q h m h m h m
E E
E E E

Combining the two relations and solving for gives m
2
( )
3 2 1 2 2 1 1
h m m h m h m + = +
m
h h
h h
m
2
1 3
3 2
1
=

Substituting, the mass flow rate of cold water stream is determined to be

( )
( )
( ) kg/s 0.865 =

= kg/s 0.5
kJ/kg 83.915 175.90
kJ/kg 175.90 335.02
2
m
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
5-58
5-93 Air is preheated by hot exhaust gases in a cross-flow heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer and the
outlet temperature of the air are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the
cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 Fluid
properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of air and combustion gases are given to be 1.005 and 1.10 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.
Analysis We take the exhaust pipes as the system, which is a control volume. The energy balance for this
steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as

) (
0) pe ke (since
0
2 1 out
2 out 1
out in
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in change of Rate
(steady) 0
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra net of Rate
out in
T T c m Q
h m Q h m
E E E E E
p
=
~ A ~ A + =
= = A =

Then the rate of heat transfer from the exhaust gases becomes
kW 102.85 = C) 95 C C)(180 kJ/kg. kg/s)(1.1 1 . 1 ( )] ( [
gas. out in
= = T T c m Q
p

Air
95 kPa
20C
0.8 m
3
/s
Exhaust gases
1.1 kg/s, 95C
The mass flow rate of air is
kg/s 904 . 0
K 293 /kg.K) kPa.m 287 . 0 (
/s) m kPa)(0.8 (95
3
3
=

= =
RT
P
m
V

Noting that heat loss by the exhaust gases is equal to the heat gain by the air, the outlet temperature of the
air becomes
C 133.2 =

+ = + = =
C) kJ/kg. 5 kg/s)(1.00 904 . 0 (
kW 85 . 102
C 20 ) (
in c, out c, in c, out c,
p
p
c m
Q
T T T T c m

Q



5-94 Water is heated by hot oil in a heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the
outlet temperature of oil are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the
cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 Fluid
properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and oil are given to be 4.18 and 2.3 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis We take the cold water tubes as the system, which is
a control volume. The energy balance for this steady-flow
system can be expressed in the rate form as

) (
0) pe ke (since
0
1 2 in
2 1 in
out in
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in change of Rate
(steady) 0
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra net of Rate
out
T T c m Q
h m h m Q
E E E E E
p
in
=
~ A ~ A = +
= = A =

Then the rate of heat transfer to the cold water in this heat exchanger becomes
kW 940.5 = C) 20 C C)(70 kJ/kg. kg/s)(4.18 5 . 4 ( )] ( [
water in out
= = T T c m Q
p

70C
Water
20C
4.5 kg/s
Oil
170C
10 kg/s
Noting that heat gain by the water is equal to the heat loss by the oil, the outlet temperature of the hot water
is determined from
C 129.1 =

= = =
C) kJ/kg. kg/s)(2.3 10 (
kW 5 . 940
C 170 )] ( [
in out oil out in
p
p
c m
Q
T T T T c m Q

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
Chapter 6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
6-87 An inventor claims to have developed a heat engine. The inventor reports temperature, heat transfer,
and work output measurements. The claim is to be evaluated.
Analysis The highest thermal efficiency a heat engine operating between two specified temperature limits
can have is the Carnot efficiency, which is determined from
K K
th th C
L
H
T
T
or
, max ,
. 1 1 0 25
300 K
400 K
25%
The actual thermal efficiency of the heat engine in question is
33.3% or 0.333
kJ 750
kJ 250

H
net
th
Q
W
K
which is greater than the maximum possible thermal efficiency.
Therefore, this heat engine is a PMM2 and the claim is false.
300 K
400 K
HE
750 kJ
250 kJ
Chapter 6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
6-38
6-97E The cooled space and the outdoors temperatures for an air-conditioner and the power consumption
are given. The maximum rate of heat removal from the air-conditioned space is to be determined.
Assumptions The air-conditioner operates steadily.
Analysis The rate of heat removal from a house will be a maximum when the air-conditioning system
operates in a reversible manner. The coefficient of performance of a reversible air-conditioner (or
refrigerator) depends on the temperature limits in the cycle only, and is determined from
( ) ( ) ( )
29.6
1 R 460 72 / R 460 90
1
1 /
1
,
=
+ +
=

=
L H
rev R
T T
COP
The rate of heat removal from the house is determined from the definition
of the coefficient of performance of a refrigerator,
( )( ) Btu/min 6277 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
hp 1
Btu/min 42.41
hp 5 29.6
,in net R L
W COP Q

6-98 The refrigerated space temperature, the COP, and the power input of a Carnot refrigerator are given.
The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and its temperature are to be determined.
Assumptions The refrigerator operates steadily.
Analysis (a) The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space is determined from the definition of the
COP of a refrigerator,
( )( ) kJ/min 135 = = = = kW 2.25 kW 0.5 4.5
,in net R L
W COP Q

(b) The temperature of the refrigerated space T
L
is determined from the
coefficient of performance relation for a Carnot refrigerator,
( ) ( ) 1 /T K 273 25
1
4.5
1 /
1
L
,
+
=

=
L H
rev R
T T
COP
It yields
T
L
= 243.8 K = -29.2C
TL
25C
R
500 W
COP = 4.5
90F
House
72F
A/C
5 hp
Chapter 6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
6-40
6-101E An air-conditioning system maintains a house at a specified temperature. The rate of heat gain of
the house and the rate of internal heat generation are given. The maximum power input required is to be
determined.
Assumptions The air-conditioner operates steadily.
Analysis The power input to an air-conditioning system will be a minimum when the air-conditioner
operates in a reversible manner. The coefficient of performance of a reversible air-conditioner (or
refrigerator) depends on the temperature limits in the cycle only, and is determined from
( ) ( ) ( )
26.75
1 R 460 75 / R 460 95
1
1 /
1
,
=
+ +
=

=
L H
rev R
T T
COP
The cooling load of this air-conditioning system is the sum of the heat gain from
the outside and the heat generated within the house,

Q
L
= + = 750 150 900 Btu / min
The power input to this refrigerator is determined from the definition of the coefficient of performance of a
refrigerator,

, , min
, max
W
Q
COP
net in
L
R
= = = =
900 Btu / min
26.75
33.6 Btu / min 0.79 hp
6-102 A heat pump maintains a house at a specified temperature. The rate of heat loss of the house is given.
The minimum power input required is to be determined.
Assumptions The heat pump operates steadily.
Analysis The power input to a heat pump will be a minimum when the heat pump operates in a reversible
manner. The COP of a reversible heat pump depends on the temperature limits in the cycle only, and is
determined from
( ) ( ) ( )
10.2
K 273 24 / K 273 5 1
1
/ 1
1
,
=
+ +
=

=
H L
rev HP
T T
COP
The required power input to this reversible heat pump is determined from the
definition of the coefficient of performance to be
kW 2.18 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
s 3600
h 1
10.2
kJ/h 80,000
min , ,
HP
H
in net
COP
Q
W

which is the minimum power input required.

95F
House
75F
A/C
750 kJ/min
-5C
House
24C
HP
80,000 kJ/h
Chapter 7 Entropy
7-15
7-39 An insulated cylinder is initially filled with saturated R-134a vapor at a specified pressure. The
refrigerant expands in a reversible manner until the pressure drops to a specified value. The final
temperature in the cylinder and the work done by the refrigerant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 2 The cylinder is well-insulated
and thus heat transfer is negligible. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 4 The
process is stated to be reversible.
Analysis (a) This is a reversible adiabatic (i.e., isentropic) process, and thus s
2
= s
1
. From the refrigerant
tables,
K kJ/kg 0.9066
kJ/kg 243.78
/kg m 0.0255
.
MPa 0.8
MPa 0.8 @ 1
MPa 0.8 @ 1
3
MPa 0.8 @ 1
1
= =
= =
= =
)
`
=
g
g
g
s s
u u
v v
vapor sat
P
Also,
kg 961 . 1
/kg m 0.0255
m 0.05
3
3
1
= = =
v
V
m
and
( )( ) kJ/kg 229.93 61.69 231.97 0.988 61.69
988 . 0
2399 . 0 9145 . 0
2399 . 0 9066 . 0
MPa 0.4
2 2
2
2
1 2
2
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
fg f
fg
f
u x u u
s
s s
x
s s
P
C 8.93
$
= =
MPa 0.4 @ 2 sat
T T
(b) We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or
leaves. The energy balance for this adiabatic closed system can be expressed as
E E E
W U
W m u u
in out
b out
b out
=
=
=
Net energy transfer
by heat, work, and mass
system
Change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies


A
A
,
,
( )
1 2
Substituting, the work done during this isentropic process is determined to be
( ) kJ 27.16 = = = kJ/kg ) 229.93 243.78 )( kg 1.961 (
2 1 ,
u u m W
out b
R-134a
0.8 MPa
0.05 m
3
Chapter 7 Entropy
7-35
7-63 An insulated cylinder initially contains air at a specified state. A resistance heater inside the cylinder is
turned on, and air is heated for 15 min at constant pressure. The entropy change of air during this process is
to be determined for the cases of constant and variable specific heats. \
Assumptions At specified conditions, air can be treated as an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K (Table A-1).
Analysis The mass of the air and the electrical work done during this process are
( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) kJ 180 s 60 15 kJ/s 0.2
kg 0.4325
K 290 K /kg m kPa 0.287
m 0.3 kPa 120
, ,
3
3
1
1 1
= = A =
=

= =
t W W
RT
V P
m
in e in e

The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as
) ( ) (
1 2 1 2 ,
, ,
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in Change
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra Net
T T C h h m W
U W W
E E E
p in pw
out b in pw
out in
~ =
A =
A =


since AU + W
b
= AH during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process.
(a) Using a constant C
p
value at the anticipated average temperature of 450 K, the final temperature
becomes
Thus,
( )( )
K 698
K kJ/kg 1.02 kg 0.4325
kJ 180
K 290
,
1 2
=

+ = + =
p
in e
mC
W
T T
Then the entropy change becomes
( )
( )( )
kJ/K 0.387 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = A
K 290
K 698
ln K kJ/kg 1.020 kg 0.4325
ln ln ln
1
2
,
0
1
2
1
2
, 1 2
T
T
mC
P
P
R
T
T
C m s s m S
ave p ave p sys

(b) Assuming variable specific heats,

( ) kJ/kg 706.34
kg 0.4325
kJ 180
kJ/kg 290.16
,
1 2 1 2 ,
= + = + = =
m
W
h h h h m W
in e
in e
From the air table (Table A-17, we read s
2
$
= 2.5628 kJ/kg K corresponding to this h
2
value. Then,
( )
( )( )
kJ/K 0.387 =
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = A
K kJ/kg 1.66802 2.5628 kg 0.4325
ln
1 2
0
1
2
1 2
$ $ $ $
s s m
P
P
R s s m S
sys

AIR
0.3 m
3
120 kPa
17C
W
e
Chapter 7 Entropy
7-68
7-97 Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at a specified state, and leaves at a specified state. The mass flow
rate of the steam and the isentropic efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Potential energy changes
are negligible. 3 The device is adiabatic and thus heat transfer is negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4 and A-6),
kJ/kg 2682.5
C 100
kPa 50
K kJ/kg 7.1677
kJ/kg 3658.4
C 600
MPa 6
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
=

=
=
=
=

=
=
a
h
T
P
s
h
T
P
$
$
There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m m m
1 2
= = . We take the actual turbine as the system, which
is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be
expressed in the rate form as
out in
out in
E E
E E E

=
= A = 0
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in change of Rate
(steady) 0
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra net of Rate

|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
~ A ~ + = +
2
0) pe Q (since /2) + ( ) 2 / (
2
1
2
2
1 2 out ,
2
1 2 out ,
2
1 1
V V
V V
h h m W
h m W h m
a
a

Substituting, the mass flow rate of the steam is determined to be

kg/s 8.25 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
m
m

2 2
2 2
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 1
2
) m/s 80 ( ) m/s 140 (
3658.4 2682.5 kJ/s 8000
(b) The isentropic exit enthalpy of the steam and the power output of the isentropic turbine are
( )( ) kJ/kg 2493.7 2305.4 0.934 340.49
0.934
6.5029
1.0910 7.1677
kPa 50
2 2
2
2
1 2
2
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
fg s f s
fg
f s
s
s
s
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
and
( ) { } ( )
( )
kW 9554
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 1
2
) m/s 80 ( ) m/s 140 (
3658.4 2493.7 kg/s 8.25
2 /
2 2
2 2
,
2
1
2
2 1 2 ,
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ =
out s
s out s
W
h h m W

V V
Then the isentropic efficiency of the turbine becomes
83.7% = = = = 0.837
kW 9554
kW 8000
s
a
W
W
T

q
H
2
O
1
2
8 MW