CHAPTER 5: STRESSES IN BEAMS Procedure:

 Draw the bending moment diagram

INTRODUCTION:  Identify the bending moment Mmax that has the largest magnitude
In previous chapters, we considered stresses in bars caused by axial loading and torsion. Here we  Compute the moment of inertia I of the cross-sectional area about the neutral axis.
introduce the third fundamental loading: BENDING.  Calculate the maximum bending stress

BENDING STRESS TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE BENDING STRESSES: UNSYMMETRICAL CROSS SECTION
The stresses caused by the bending moment are known as bending stresses, or flexure If the neutral axis is not an axis of symmetry of the cross section, the maximum tensile and
stresses. The relationship between these stresses and the bending moment is called the flexure compressive bending stresses may occur at different sections.
formula. Procedure:
Where: M = bending moment
 Draw the bending moment
y = distance of fiber from the
neutral axis  Identify the largest positive and negative bending moments
I =centroidal moment of inertia  Determine the location of the neutral axis and record the distances c top and cbot from the
Maximum Flexural Stress: neutral axis to the top and bottom of the cross section
or  Compute the moment of inertia I of the cross section about the neutral axis
 Calculate the bending stresses at the top and bottom of the cross section with the largest
Where: c = distance from the neutral axis to positive bending moment. Repeat the calculations for the section with the largest negative
the outermost fiber bending moment
S = section modulus  Inspect the four stresses thus computed to determine the largest tensile (positive) and
= I/c compressive (negative) bending stresses in the beam.
PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING BENDING STRESSES
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
The simply supported beam in the figure shown has a rectangular cross section. Compute the
Stress at a Given Point:
maximum bending stress in the beam. Compute the bending stress at a point on section B that is
 Use the method of sections to determine the bending moment M
25 mm below the top of the beam.
 Determine the location of the neutral axis
 Compute the moment of inertia I of the cross-sectional area about the neutral axis
 Determine the y-coordinate of the given point
 Compute the bending stress

MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS: SYMMETRIC CROSS SECTION

If the neutral axis is an axis of symmetry of the cross section, the maximum tensile and compressive
bending stresses in the beam are equal in magnitude and occur at the section of the largest bending
moment.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
The simply supported beam in the figure shown has the T-shaped cross section shown. Determine
the values and locations of the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses.

SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
A wood beam carries the loading shown in the figure. Determine the smallest allowable width b of the beam
if the working stress in bending is 10 MPa.
 SHEAR STRESS
If a beam were composed of many thin layers placed on one another, bending would produce the
effect as shown.

SAMPLE PROBLEM #4
Determine the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses in the beam shown. The separate layers would slide past one another, and the total bending strength of the beam would
be the sum of the strengths of the individual layers.

HORIZONTAL SHEARING STRESS

Where: V = vertical shear

Q= static moment of area
= Ay
I = centroidal moment of inertia
b = width of cutting edge

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS OF SHEAR STRESS

 Use equilibrium analysis to determine the vertical shear force V acting on the cross section
containing the specified point (the construction of a shear force diagram is usually a good
idea)
 Locate the neutral axis and compute the moment of inertia I of the cross-sectional area
about the neutral axis.
 Compute the first moment Q of the cross-sectional area that lies above (or below) the
specified point
 Calculate the shear stress from  = VQ/Ib

SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
The simply supported wood beam in the figure shown is fabricated by gluing together three 160-
mm by 80-mm planks as shown. Calculate the maximum shear stress in (1) the glue; and (2) the
wood.
 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE AND SHEAR
We now explore the design of beams that satisfy the prescribed design criteria for both
bending and shear. In general, bending stress governs the design of long beams, whereas shear
stress is critical in short beams.
The most direct method for satisfying both design criteria is to perform two separate
computations: one based on the bending stress criterion and the other on the shear stress criterion.
Examination of the results will then reveal which of the designs satisfies both criteria.

SAMPLE PROBLEM #5
The box beam in the figure shown supports the concentrated loads 2P and P. Compute the
maximum allowable value of P if the working stresses in bending and shear are w = 1000 psi and
w = 100 psi, respectively.

SAMPLE PROBLEM #4
The manufactured wood beam carries the concentrated loads shown. What is the maximum safe
value of P if the working stress in shear is 6 MPa?
SAMPLE PROBLEM #6 ASSIGNMENT
The cast iron inverted T-section supports two concentrated loads of magnitude P. The working Prob.1
stresses are 48 MPa in tension, 140 MPa in compression, and 30 MPa in shear. (a) Show that the Draw the shear and bending-moment
neutral axis of the cross section is located at d = 48.75 mm and that the moment of inertia of the diagrams for the beam and loading
cross-sectional area about this axis is I = 11.918 x 106 mm4. (b) Find the maximum allowable value shown and determine the maximum
of P. normal stress due to bending.

Prob.2
Determine the largest permissible value of P
for the beam and loading shown, knowing
that the allowable normal stress is +10 ksi in
tension and -20 ksi in compression.

Prob.3
For the beam and loading shown,
consider section n-n and
determine (a) the largest shearing
stress in that section, (b) the
shearing stress at point a.

Prob.4
For the beam and loading shown, consider section n-n and determine the shearing stress at (a)
point a, (b) point b.