New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)

Book 1B

Ch 8 Transport in humans
Exercise
Section 8.2
Level 1 (p. 8-40)
1 D 2 B 3 C 4 B
5 B

6 DSE Bio 2012 IB Q1

7 a X: plasma Y: blood cells 2

b i Water / carbon dioxide / nutrients / urea / hormones / antibodies / fibrinogen
(any 2) 2
ii As medium for transporting substances 1
c Y contains red blood cells, 1
which are red in colour due to the presence of haemoglobin. 1

Level 2 (p. 8-41)

8 A 9 D 10 A 11 D
12 C 13 C

14 a The wall of blood vessel X (capillary) is made up of one-cell thick endothelium, 1

which provides a short distance for rapid diffusion of materials. 1
Blood vessel Y (artery) has a thick wall 1
to withstand a high blood pressure. 1
b Cell P has a biconcave disc shape, 1
which provides a higher surface area to volume ratio 1
to facilitate the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. 1
c The blood supply to the cardiac muscles decreases. 1
Therefore, the amount of nutrients and oxygen delivered to the cardiac muscles
reduces. 1
The heart fails to pump blood properly. This can lead to coronary heart diseases. 1

15 CE Bio 2010 I Q3

16 a The blood pressure at X is much higher than that at Y. 1

The blood at X is under the pumping action of the heart whereas the blood at Y is
not. /

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The blood at Y has overcome great resistance of the blood vessel walls after
travelling a long distance away from the heart. /
Some fluid is lost from the blood during the formation of tissue fluid.
(any 2) 1×2
b The rate of blood flow drops to nearly zero in the capillaries. 1
This provides more time 1
for the exchange of materials between the blood and body cells. 1
c The rate of blood flow is maintained by the contraction of skeletal muscles lying
next to the veins. 1
The total cross-sectional area of the veins is smaller than that of the capillaries. 1
Since the volume of blood passing through each section of the blood vessel per unit
time is the same, the rate of blood flow increases. 1

Level 3 (p. 8-43)

17 D 18 C 19 B 20 C

21 a i Heart tendon 1
ii P (tricuspid valves) separate the right atrium from the right ventricle. 1
Q holds P in place to prevent P from turning inside out when the ventricle
contracts. 1
b i chamber X (right ventricle) → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary
veins → left atrium → chamber Y (left ventricle) 2
ii The wall of chamber Y is thicker than that of chamber X 1
because chamber Y has to provide a greater force to pump blood to all parts of
the body except the lungs, 1
whereas chamber X pumps blood for only a short distance to the lungs. 1
c i Chamber X contains deoxygenated blood. 1
Chamber Y contains oxygenated blood. 1
ii If there is a hole in structure T, oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood in
the two sides of the heart will mix together. The oxygen content in the blood
pumped out of the heart will decrease. 1
The heart has to pump harder to meet the oxygen demand of body cells. 1

22 DSE Bio 2015 IB Q11

Section 8.3
Level 1 (p. 8-44)
23 C 24 D 25 D 26 B

27 CE Bio 2008 I Q9b

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28 a i Proteins are found in plasma but not in tissue fluid. 1

This is because proteins are too large in size. 1
They cannot pass through the capillary wall. 1
ii The concentrations of sodium ions in plasma and tissue fluid are the same. 1
Sodium ions are very small. They are being forced out of the capillary wall
into the tissue fluid. 1
b Tissue fluid provides a constant environment for body cells. /
Tissue fluid serves as an important link for the exchange of materials between
capillaries and body cells. 1

Level 2 (p. 8-45)

29 B 30 C 31 C

32 a i The blood at P has a higher protein concentration than the tissue fluid at R. 1
Plasma proteins in blood are too large to pass through the capillary walls. They
cannot enter the tissue fluid. 1
ii The blood at Q has a higher protein concentration than the blood at P. 1
It is because at Q, some water in the blood is forced out of the capillary walls
but plasma proteins remain in the capillary. 1
b The presence of plasma proteins lowers the water potential of the blood in the
capillary at the venule end. 1
There is a net movement of water from the tissue fluid into the blood 1
by osmosis. 1
c Starvation leads to a low protein concentration in the blood. 1
Water potential of the blood is higher than normal, and thus less water in the tissue
fluid is drawn into the capillary. 1

Level 3 (p. 8-46)

33 A 34 C

Section 8.4
Level 1 (p. 8-47)
35 A 36 C

37 B 1
A 1

38 a i Lymph node 1
ii White blood cells in X kill germs that enter the lymphatic system. 1

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Germs are filtered out from the lymph before the lymph is returned to the
blood. 1
b Lymph is kept flowing very slowly by the contraction of skeletal muscles which
surround vessel Y. 1
Valves are present in vessel Y to prevent the backflow of lymph. 1

Level 2 (p. 8-47)

39 Tissue fluid forms continuously as blood flows along capillaries. 1
If lymph vessels are blocked, tissue fluid in surrounding tissues cannot be transported
away. 1
The accumulation of tissue fluid results in swelling of legs. 1

Level 3 (p. 8-47)

40 DSE Bio 2017 IB Q11

Reading to learn (p. 8-48)

1 Plasma 1
2 The nitrogen forms bubbles that may expand. 1
The bubbles injure tissues and block blood vessels in the joints, causing severe pain. 1
3 For people having a hole in the septum, some of the oxygenated blood becomes mixed
with the deoxygenated blood through the hole in the septum. 1
The oxygen content in the blood flowing to body cells becomes lower than normal. 1
When there are air bubbles in the blood, it further reduces the oxygen content in the
blood, leading to more severe symptoms. 1

Cross-topic exercise 3
Multiple-choice questions (p. 8-50)
1 B 2 A 3 C 4 D
5 B 6 A 7 D 8 C
9 B 10 C 11 A 12 A
13 B

Short questions (p. 8-52)

14 Rate of oxygen diffusion would be lower in the abnormal heart. 1
Blood entering the lungs from an abnormal heart has a higher oxygen concentration (8
kPa) than blood entering the lungs from a normal heart (5 kPa). 1
Therefore, the concentration difference between the alveoli/air sacs and the blood is
smaller in the case of abnormal heart. 1
The rate of diffusion is higher when the concentration gradient is steeper. 1

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Since the surface area of the alveoli/air sacs and the distance for diffusion are not
affected, 1
a smaller concentration difference of oxygen between the alveoli/air sacs and the blood
results in a lower rate of oxygen diffusion. 1

15 a The water potential difference between the blood at the venule end of the capillaries
and the tissue fluid becomes smaller. 1
Less tissue fluid returns to the blood at the venule end of the capillaries by osmosis.
1
Hence, tissue fluid accumulates. 1
b Meat / fish / eggs / milk 1

16 a i P: vein 1
Q: artery 1
ii Aorta / pulmonary artery / hepatic artery / renal artery / coronary artery 1
b Q has a thick wall 1
which allows Q to withstand high blood pressure. 1
c P 1
Hydrogencarbonate ions 1

17 a Blood pressure in the artery is very high. 1

b When water is added to the donated blood, the water potential of the blood becomes
higher than that of the blood cells. 1
Water enters the blood cells 1
by osmosis. 1
The cells will burst eventually as they do not have cell walls. 1

18 a Blood clotting 1
b Serum 1
c Temperature, pH, presence of inhibitors 3
d Antibodies / hormones 1

Structured questions (p. 8-54)

19 CE Bio 2004 I Q3c

20 a i A: transports oxygen 1
B: platelet 1
C: plasma, medium for transporting substance 2
ii Red blood cell does not have a nucleus while white blood cell has a nucleus. /

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Red blood cell has a biconcave disc shape while white blood cell has an
irregular shape. /
The size of a red blood cell is smaller than that of a white blood cell. /
The number of red blood cells is higher than that of white blood cells.
(any 2) 1×2
b The abnormal cell carries less oxygen compared to a normal cell. 1
Less oxygen is available for body cells to carry out respiration. Therefore, patients
with this disease lack energy and become tired easily. 1
c Only one red blood cell can pass through the capillary at a time. 1
The slow movement of red blood cells in the capillary allows more time for the
exchange of gases 1
by diffusion. 1

21 a A: artery 1
B: capillary 1
b The wall of vessel B is one-cell thick. 1
This provides a short distance for rapid diffusion of materials. 1
c Concentration gradient, temperature and surface area. 3
d i There will be a net movement of water from the solution into the red blood
cells by osmosis. 1
The red blood cells will swell and finally burst. 1
ii There will be a net movement of water from red blood cells into the solution
by osmosis. 1
The red blood cells will shrink. 1

22 CE Human Bio 2005 I Q4c

23 a

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)
Book 1B

Correct title 1
Correct axes with units 1
Correct plotting of curve 1
b The percentage of carboxyhaemoglobin increases with carbon monoxide
concentration. 1
The increase is steady. 1
c 8.4–9% 1
d When we inhale, the carbon monoxide in the air flows into air sacs through the
respiratory tract. 1
Carbon monoxide in inhaled air dissolves in the water film lining the air sacs. 1
Since the concentration of carbon monoxide in the water film is higher than that of
the blood, 1
dissolved carbon monoxide in the water film diffuses across the walls of the air sacs
and the capillaries into the blood. 1
Carbon monoxide then diffuses into the red blood cells, where it combines with the
haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin. 1
e High carbon monoxide concentration in the inhaled air leads to high percentage of
carboxyhaemoglobin in blood. 1
Therefore, the amount of oxygen that can be carried by red blood cells decreases. 1
Body cells cannot obtain sufficient amount of oxygen to carry out respiration. 1

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Body cells may die eventually due to the lack of energy. 1

24 a (7.13 –5.42) / 5.42 × 100% 1

= 31.5% 1
b The average number of red blood cells is larger in people living at a high altitude. 1
As the air pressure at a high altitude is lower, the larger number of red blood cells
allows the blood to pick up oxygen more efficiently. 1
The blood can pick up more oxygen 1
and so more oxygen can be carried to body cells for respiration 1
to release energy for supporting physical activities. 1
This helps improve a person’s physical performance.

25 CE Bio 2001 I Q3b i-iii

Essays (p. 8-58)

26 AL Bio 2012 II Q5a, b

27 Protein is digested in the stomach by the action of pepsin / protease into peptides. 1
Pancreatic juice produced by the pancreas is secreted to the duodenum through the
pancreatic duct. 1
Pancreatic juice contains proteases which catalyse the breakdown of proteins into
peptides and peptides into amino acids. 1
The epithelium of the small intestine has specialized cells with proteases on their cell
membrane. 1
The proteases catalyse the breakdown of peptides into amino acids. 1
Amino acids are absorbed into the capillaries in the villi by diffusion and active transport
in the small intestine. 1
The amino acids absorbed are transported to the liver by hepatic portal vein. 1
The blood then flows through the hepatic vein and the posterior vena cava to the heart. 1
After passing through the pulmonary circulation, the blood with amino acids is pumped
to different parts of the body through the aorta by the heart. 1
Communication 3

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