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T15 Amblyopia

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29 views

T15 Amblyopia

Uploaded by

Arpita Paul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AMBLYOPIA

Definition: A unilateral or bilateral decrease in visual acuity caused by visual


deprivation or abnormal Binocular interaction for which no obvious causes can be
detected by physical examination of the eye and not be corrected by any optical or
surgical procedure.

RISK FACTORS:
 Low birth weight
 Premature baby
 Delayed milestone
 CNS disorder
 Parental amblyopia
 Strabismus
 Anisometropia
Clinical signs & symptoms:
 Presence of crowding phenomenon
 Contrast sensitivity deterioration
 Deficits in accommodation
 Deterioration of spatial orientation
 Ocular motility dysfunction
CLASSIFICATION:
Chavasse (1939)

Group 1 - Amblyopia of arrest Group 2 - Amblyopia of extinction


Maggi (1959):
 Amblyopia with strabismus and retinal correspondence
 High degree of amblyopia with strabismus and abnormal retinal correspondence
 Moderate degree of amblyopia with strabismus and ARC
VON NOORDEN'S CLASSIFICATION:
Functional amblyopia (Reversible):
 Strabismus Amblyopia
 Anisometropic Amblyopia
 Refractive Amblyopia
Organic amblyopia (Irreversible):
 Retinal Pathology
 Toxic Amblyopia
 Nutritional Amblyopia
 Visual Deprivation
 Idiopathic
Strabismic Amblyopia:
 As a result of neural changes in deviated eye
 Unilateral fixation
 Mainly seen in Esotropia than Exotropia
 Unilateral Amblyopia
Anisometropia Amblyopia:
 Abnormal binocular interaction due to unequal foveal images
 Dioptric power difference more than +1.00 for Hyperopes and more than -3.00 D
for Myopes

Isometropic amblyopia:
 Hyperopia : > 5.00 D
 Myopia : > 8.00 D
 Astigmatism : > 2.50 D
Cause: Equal pattern deprivation

Organic Amblyopia: Irreversible type which result from some pathology or anatomical
abnormalities of the retina
Retinal eye disease:
 Neonatal macular Heamorrhage
 Pathogenic lesion
 Toxoplasmosis
 Retinoblastoma

Nutritional Amblyopia: Nutritional deficiency in child

Toxic Amblyopia:
 Tobacco amblyopia
 Ethyl alcohol amblyopia
 Qunine amblyopia
 Ethambutol amblyopia

Investigations:
– History
– Sensory test
– Motor test
– Visual acuity measurements
– Single opto type test
– Subjective refraction
– Accommodation test
– Bagoline striated test
– 4 prism BO test

Sensory Test:
 Stereo Acuity Test
 WFDT

Motor Test:
 EOM
 Cover test
 PBCT

Visual Acuity Measurements:


 Preverbal
– CSM
– OKN
– VEP
– Teller acuity test
 Verbal
– Picture Chart
– symbols Chart
– numbers Chart

Management of Amblyopia:
Clearing the media
– corneal opacity
– congenital cataract
– ptosis
Focusing the image
– refractive error correction
Initiating the occlusion therapy
– widely accepted
– good eye occlusion
– with near vision exercises

Penalization:
 Atropine 1% eye drops instilled daily in good eye
 Cosmetically accepted
 Useful in mild to moderate amblyopia

Vision Therapy:
 Haidinger's Brushes
 Peg board
 Eye hand co ordination therapies
 amb i net software

Advancement in Amblyopia Therapy:


 Video game therapy in adult amblyopia
 Dichoptic therapy
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