RAIN WATER HARVESTING A CASE STUDY FOR S. G.

BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS

BELAGAVI
Dr. Vijaykumar M Devappa1, Veeresh Asundi2, Siddharood Kurabet3,
Abhishek Muragundi4, Shilpa Jonganavar5
1
Professor, 2,3,4,5Final Year Students,
Department of Civil Engineering, S G Balekundri Institute of Technology, Belagavi, Karnataka

Abstract water above the ground or charge the

Water is as important for survival of human underground water and use it later [2]. This
being as much as food, air etc, but hardly any happens in open areas as well as in congested
attention is paid for its economical use and cities through the installation of required
conservation of this precious resource. Due to equipment. The collection and storage of
indiscriminate pumping of ground water, the rainwater from run-off areas such as roofs and
water table is going down abnormally. Rains other surfaces has been practiced since ancient
are the main source of water and if rain water times in India. It is particularly useful where
is harvested, the scarcity of water can be water supply is inadequate.
eliminated altogether. Rain water is Rainfall is the prime source of water and
bacteriologically pure, free from organic if rain water is harvested, the scarcity of water
matter and soft in nature. In this paper an can be eliminated altogether. This is an ideal
attempt has been made to quantify the volume solution to overcome water problem where
of water collected as 92, 14,360 litres annually surface water sources are insufficient and
and provision also made for ground water inadequate groundwater supply quantitatively
recharge. In this paper the estimation of the and qualitatively. Rooftop RWH is essential for
appropriate size of the water tanks to fulfil the making water available for future use and In fact
annual drinking water demands through India is blessed with adequate rainfall as a whole,
Domestic Rooftop Water Harvesting yet there are large swathes of dry and drought
(DRWH) from rooftop of different areas are prone area. In many places the quality of
done. A mathematical equation expressing the groundwater is not good. In such places
relationship between the required size of rainwater harvesting may provide lifeline for
water tank and different rooftop areas is survival. The reality of water crisis cannot be
developed. Rain water harvesting as a ignored. India has been notorious of being poor
technique to preserve fresh water has been in its management of water resources. The
adopted for the study area of SGBIT campus demand for water is already outstripping the
located at Belagavi. supply.
Keywords: Rain, water, harvesting, rooftop, The rainwater harvesting system has
analysis. been proven to conserve freshwater resource.
Introduction However, it depends on many factors including
India has a long tradition of water harvesting. amount of water that can be collected, non-
Many of the traditional water harvesting systems potable use of water, economic feasibility and
have either fallen into disuse due to a variety of most importantly public perception of the system
physical, social, economic, cultural and political and its benefit in water conservation and
factors which have caused their deterioration [1]. ecosystem. The current study attempts to analyze
Water conservation has become the need of the the feasibility of a rainwater harvesting system
day. Rainwater harvesting is a way to capture the for college campus. The objectives are to
rainwater at the time of downpour, store the determine the optimal size of the cistern that will

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collect and supply the water demand for various exclusively for area of study. [3] S Rehan Ali et
purposes. College usually have collection of al- The Rainwater Harvesting will not only
large buildings which can potentially collect maintain the water level of the groundwater of
large quantity of rainwater, which can be used the region but also save the water resources and
for many non-potable usages. power consumption for future use. [4] C. J.
Scope of the Study Khilare et al- Results obtained from the present
According to the Central Ground Water study suggested that Rooftop RWH method is
Board, the reservoir of underground waters will more applicable in campus which is located in
dry up entirely by 2025. As more than 50% of the drought prone zones of Maharashtra that would
Indian population is expected to shift to cities, enable to solve the problem of water scarcity to
consequently fresh drinking water is anticipated certain extent. [5] Ramya et al- The harvested
to become scarcer. To overcome the potential rainwater can be used for non-potable purposes
water scarcity and to become self-sufficient, after employing filtration from the designed
better water management techniques need to be composite rainwater harvesting unit. When the
adopted. In this context application of rainwater quality aspects of main source of drinking water
harvesting can serve as one of the promising is looked into, rainwater harvesting is an
methods for conservation of water. Rain water economical option to overcome dependency on
harvesting is a process of capturing rainwater water supply. [6] Sivaraman K.R. et al- Among
where it falls or capturing the runoff and taking the various measures suggested for improving
measures to keep that water clean by not the groundwater level were systematic execution
allowing pollution to take place in the of rainwater harvesting, diversion of excess
catchments. rainfall to nearby tanks, provision of vegetable
Objectives cover on soil for quick recharge, to adopt
1. This paper is carried out to cater the need of sustainable alternative methods such as
the water for the SGBIT campus; Belagavi. desalination to balance demand and supply,
This study will not only be helpful to fulfil create awareness of reuse of wastewater and dual
the need of water supply to this college but water system to protect the existing water
also to provide water to faculty residing in resources. [7] Manoj K. Jha et al- From this
the Campus. analysis, we can see that the rainwater harvesting
2. The water stored from the rainwater will also technique would be most beneficial to a building
be of good quality i. e. free from impurities that has large surface area and greater irrigation
which might be there in groundwater of demand. Lowered water consumption along with
Belagavi as it is having large number of lower hydrological footprint will contribute to
industries & e-waste. sustainability. It will reduce water usage and
3. Providing a Storage tank, Filtration tank and energy consumption for the school. It will
an Infiltration gallery for the ground water decrease storm water runoff and increase
recharge from excess water. awareness of sustainability for students. [8] K S
4. Keeping in mind the increasing water Umamani et al- To summarize, RWH is an
demands, quality of water supply, variations essential and welcome initiative taken up by the
in water availability and advantages of BWSSB individually, as also by the various
collection and storage of rainwater near the institutions involved in RWH. However, it is
place of use etc, it was planned to design the important that the process of implementation of
rain water harvesting system for the SGBIT RWH is strengthened further throughout the
campus. state. It is also important that the initiatives taken
Literature Review in respect of RWH across various institutions are
M. Dinesh Kumar et al- The important points coordinated so as to ensure better results. [9]
to make water harvesting efficacious: Mrs. S.D. Khandagale et al- It is no denying that
Developing a better understanding of catchment sustaining and recharging the groundwater along
hydrology, developing basin water accounting with judicious use of the limited fresh water
and balance. [1] Arun Kumar Dwivedi et al- The resources is the need of the hour. If sufficient
size of the water tank required for fulfilling the measures are not taken up immediately, we will
drinking and cooking water demand of a family face a crisis which will be detrimental to the very
from DRWH from rooftop area of different sizes, survival of mankind. Efficient management of
as expressed by mathematical equations is water resources and education about judicious

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utilization of water resources along with 2. Coarse Mesh

measures of harnessing, recharging and Provided at the roof to prevent the passage of
maintaining the quality of water and water debris.
bodies has to be taken up on war footing. [10] 3. Gutters
Components of Rainwater Harvesting Channels are provided all around the edge of
System a sloping roof to collect and transport rainwater
A Rainwater harvesting system comprises of to the storage tank. Gutters can be semi-circular
components for pipes or drains, filtration, and or rectangular and could be made using:
tanks for storage of harvested water. The details  Locally available material such as plain
of the components of rainwater harvesting galvanised iron sheet (20 to 22 gauge), folded
system have shown in figure. to required shapes.
 Semi-circular gutters of PVC material can be
readily prepared by cutting those pipes into
two equal semi-circular channels.
 Bamboo or betel trunks cut vertically in half.
The size of the gutter should be according to
the flow during the highest intensity rain. It is
advisable to make them 10 to 15 per cent
oversize.
Gutters need to be supported so they do not
sag or fall off when loaded with water.
Fig2. Elements of a typical water Harvesting 4. Conduits
System Conduits are pipelines or drains that carry
A rainwater harvesting system comprises rainwater from the catchment or rooftop area to
components of various stages - transporting the harvesting system. Conduits can be of any
rainwater through pipes or drains, filtration, and material like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or
storage in tanks for reuse or recharge. The galvanized iron (GI), materials that are
common components of a rainwater harvesting commonly available.
system involved in these stages are illustrated The following table gives an idea about
here. the diameter of pipe required for draining out
1. Catchments rainwater based on rainfall intensity and roof
The catchment of a water harvesting system is area.
the surface which directly receives the rainfall Study Area Location
and provides water to the system. It can be a SGBIT campus is located in the
paved area like a terrace or courtyard of a Belagavi, state of the Karnataka, in India, has
building, or an unpaved area like a lawn or open been undertaken for the present investigation.
ground. A roof made of reinforced cement The geographical area of the Belagavi is 94 sq.
concrete (RCC), galvanised iron or corrugated Km. the city is situated in western ghat in
sheets can also be used for water harvesting. Karnataka between 150 51’ North to 740 30’ East
Latitude. It has an average elevation of 784
meters (2572 ft). The total population of the city
is 6, 43,862 as per 2011 Census.
Extent of the study area
SGBIT Campus comprised with 10.08 acres
of campus with 11971m2 built up area.
Population of college is about 2000 including
students, teaching and non-teaching staff and
daily visitors.
There is great demand of water in college
mainly for laboratories used in Civil
Engineering, Mechanical Engineering,
Fig3. Catchment & Coarse mesh Chemistry, Physics etc., for use in cleaning the
building floors, labs as well as classes.

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The reasons for collecting and using well, broken brick / pebbles, recharge wells,
rainwater for domestic use are plentiful and storm water drains and stopping of rain water
varied. The use of rainwater is a useful gushing out of the gate and from compound by
alternative to provide continuous flow of water dwarf wall in housing complexes.
for the students and Laboratories. How much water can be harvested?
The total amount of water that is received
in the form of rainfall over an area is called the
rainwater endowment of that area. Out of this,
the amount that can be effectively harvested is
called the water harvesting potential.
Compiled from various sources total amount of
rain water harvested = Rainfall in mm(R) x Area
of catchment in m2 (A) x Runoff coefficient(C)
Result and Discussions
Rain Water Harvesting system is designed to
the college campus and the results are presented
Fig1. Location Map of SGBIT Campus, and discussed.
Belagavi Table 1 Rainfall Data of Belagavi City
Climate of Study Area Year 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Belagavi is known for its pleasant climate all Rainfall( 1261 1197 1307 1993 775.
round the year. Summer season is considered as mm) .6 .8 .5 .2 8
humid as the temperature goes up to 380 Celsius. Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
And is coldest in winter (Temperature is Rainfall( 1052 2017 1101 1310 1097
dropping to 120 Celsius). And it experiences mm) .3 .3 .2 .2 .4
almost continuous monsoon rains from June to Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Rainfall( 774 1030 575 989 2095
September. Belagavi sometimes receives hail
mm) .6 .1
storms during April. The annual average rainfall
Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
is about 1200mm. Rainfall( 1772 1430 1255 1497 1264
Methodology mm) .9 .2 .3 .7 .9
Rainwater harvesting techniques may be Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
defined as the process of augmenting the natural Rainfall( 1273 859. 942 1341 716.
infiltration of rainwater or surface run off into the mm) .1 7 .8 3
underground formation by some artificial One of the specimen calculations shown for Civil
methods. The methods suggested are water Engineering Department
spreading, recharge through pits, recharge wells, Total roof area of main building = 1056.51 m2
chambers, trenches, bore wells, open used well Average annual rainfall of Belagavi city = 1245
cum charged wells, shafts and directly diverting mm
runoff water into the existing wells or in the Potential rainwater from roof =A * R * C
defunct irrigation or drinking water wells. = 1056.51 X 1.245 X 0.85
If appropriate methods were not adopted, = 1118.05 m3/ year
the purpose of rainwater harvesting gets = 1118050 Litres/year
defeated. Following steps are commonly 2500
y = ‐8.1458x + 1343.2
followed in rainwater harvesting from roofs. Rainfall of
2000 R² = 0.0222 Belagavi city Rainfall
They are: Collection of rain water, separation of of
1500 Trea
Belagavi
first rain flush, filtration of rain water, storage of
Rainfall in mm

nd
rain water and distribution of rain water. 1000 Line
Domestic, Office & Educational Complexes &
500
Industries:
Collection through roof top for 0
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015

individual and multi-storey houses, percolation

pits, pebble bed, ponds, ditch and furrow storage,
well-cum-canal-cum-percolation pit, utilisation Year
of existing functioning and defunct wells & bore Fig.2 Rainfall of Belagavi City
wells, dug-cum-bore well, service-cum-recharge

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Table 2 Calculation of Roof area and Volume of c) Design of Filtration Tank

water d) Design of Infiltration Gallery
Building type Roof Volume of a) Total amount of required and available
area(m2) water in rainwater: To estimate water demand the
litres following equation can be used
Administrative 684.34 724200 Demand= Water Use x Number of Persons x 365
Building days
Main Building 3184.93 3370450 If the average water use per person is 10 litres per
Auditorium 645.74 683350 day and the Institute has 2000 members,
Then Demand = 10 litres x 2000 member x 365
Chemistry and 635.54 672560 days=7300000 litre per year.
physics lab b) Design of Storage Tank: From the Drawing
Machine shop 163 172490 of Terrace Floors,
block
Catchment area:
Machine and 92.22 97590
Total Roof water from Civil Department,
Energy lab
New Mechanical 397.28 420420 Mechanical Department, Energy lab, Machine
Department shop Block, Mess Building, Girls Hostel 1, Girls
Civil Department 1056.51 1118050 Hostel 2
Girls hostel 1 1400.77 1482360 Amount of Rain Water Harvested
Girls Hostel 2 254.4 269210 Annually=3698520 Litres
Mess Building 130.79 138400 Amount of rain water harvested daily =this is
based on the dry period, i.e. the period between
Design a rainwater harvesting system: the two consecutive rainy seasons. From the
Main steps to be followed in designing a rainfall data the dry session is of 245 days,
RWH system are Therefore Amount of rain water harvested
a) Determine the total amount of required and daily=3698520/120
available rainwater =30821 Litres
b) Design of Storage Tank For this volume of water storage tank of
dimensions 5m x 5m x 3m can be constructed.

Table 3 Estimation of Storage tank

SN Description Unit No Length Breadth Depth Quantity

of work (m) (m) (m) (m3)
1 Earthwork m3 1 6.6 6.6 3.5 152.46
2 P. C. C. m3 1 6.6 6.6 0.5 21.78
Bed
3 BBM m3 4 6.6 0.3 3 23.76
4 R. C. C. m3 1 7 7 0.15 7.35
Slab
5 Ventilation No’s 1 - - - 1
pipe
6 Cover No’s 1 - - - 1
co ver
V e n tila tio n p ip e
G .L 300 0
300
150

150

I n le t f ro m O u tle t
s lo w s a n d c o n n e c te d to
f iltr a tio n ta n k in filtr a tio n
300
300 g a lle r y
3000
500

500

B e d c o n c re te

500 500
5000
C /S o f s to r a g e ta n k
300

300

B ric k W a ll
5000
5000

5000

PLAN

Fig 3 Storage Tank

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c) Design of Filtration tank: Sand filters have Conclusion

commonly available sand as filter media. Analysis reveals that the quantity of water
Therefore providing a slow sand filter. available depends on intensity of rainfall and the
Therefore providing 1 Filter unit with surface of the roof, and additional sources of
dimensions of 6m x 3m x 2.6m water are always needed. For long periods of
drought, it is necessary to store excessively large
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF A SLOW SAND FILTER volumes of water. In areas with significant
150

200
300
1600
HEAD LOSS
100 200 variations in the annual rainfall pattern, the
FREE BOARD
100

WATER TD BD FILTERED
800
600

matching of water supply and water demand may

be difficult. However, institution has a crucial
IN LET VALVE FOR
WATER FROM
SEDIMENTATION
TANK
600
IN LET
CHAMBER 800
SAND
role to play.
IN LET
120 2600
Rainwater in many cases is the easiest way to
CONCRETE BASE
800

OUT LET
access, most reliable, and least polluted source,
200
MAIN CENTRAL
DRAIN
OUT LET FOR
FILTERED
WATER especially in drought prone areas or where the
400 groundwater is saline.
3000
UNDER DRAINS COMING FROM BOTH SIDES
DISCHARGED INTO THE MAIN CENTRAL DRAIN
BED CONCRETE

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM

1. It is concluded that implementation of RWH
Fig4. Filtration Tank system for SGBIT campus would result in
the form of the best approach to deal with
d) Design of Infiltration Gallery: Providing a present scenario of water scarcity.
Circular infiltration gallery with diameter of 2. Huge quantity of water as 9214360 litres can
2.6m and depth of 3m be collected in a year in college campus.
3. Providing a main storage tank of dimensions
5m X5m X3m
4. Providing a Filtration tank as slow sand filter
INFILTERATION GALLERY FOR
GROUND WATER REACHARGE
WATER FROM
STORAGE TANK
with dimensions 6m X 3m X 2.6m
5. Providing a circular Infiltration gallery for
P.C.C. - 100 mm

BRICK WORK

300 FREE BOARD SOIL

300

300
SAND COARSE
NETLON MESH

AGGREGATES 20mm
the ground water recharge of dimensions of
300 PEBBLES 40mm
depth 3m with a diameter of 2.6m
3000
600 AGGREGATES 20mm

References
600
PEBBLES 40 mm
1. M. Dinesh kumar, Shantanu Ghosh, Ankit
600 BOULDERS 80 mm patel, O. P. Singh and R. Ravindranath
2600
‘(Rainwater harvesting in India: Some
critical issues for basin planning and
Fig5. Infiltration Gallery research)’- International Water Management
Institute, Anand Programme Office, VV
Quality of Stored Water: Nagar Anand , Gujarat, India
Rainwater collected from rooftops is free of 2. J. R. Julius, Dr. R. Angeline Prabhavathy,
mineral pollutants like fluoride and calcium salts Dr. G. Ravikumar , ‘(Rain water harvesting
that are generally found in groundwater. But, it (RWH) –A Review)’- International journal
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1. Air Pollutants 2229-5518
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Moradabad)’ – Vol-3, Issue 8, August 2014
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