3.

1 Organization of control and constant monitoring of the state of the

environment. Organization of communication and notification in CD. CD alert
signals and actions of the population on CD alert signals- Assessment of the
situation during an emergency: a method of forecasting and reconnaissance;
conducting and analyzing the consequences. Organization and conduct of
reconnaissance. Types of intelligence in civil defense (general and specific) and main
tasks. Civil defense warning signals and actions of the population on civil defense
warning signals. Sources of notification of people in the modern world.

Тема-3.1
Организация контроля и постоянного наблюдения за состоянием окружающей среды. Организация
связи и оповещания в ГО. Сигналы оповещения ГО и действия населения по сигналам оповещения ГО-
Оценка обстановки во время ЧС: метод прогнозирования и разведка; проведение и анализ последствий.
Организация и проведение разведки. Виды разведки в гражданской обороне (общие и конкретные) и основные
задачи. Сигналы оповещения ГО и действия населения по сигналам оповещения ГО. Источники оповещение
людей в современном мире

Wireless Remote Control Alarm Siren-Аппаратура дистанционного управления и

циркулярного вызова
warning devices Передатчик P-160, P-164, P-166

Organization of regular observation and control over the state of the

environment. Organization of a communication and warning system for the
population. Alerts.

One of the main tasks of the Civil Defense Headquarters is to identify and assess the
situation after industrial accidents, natural disasters, and the use of weapons of mass
destruction.
Probable conditions in emergencies are assessed in the following ways:
• by forecasting method.
• According to intelligence.
The method of forecasting allows to predict the direction and speed of movement of
chemically and radioactively poisonous clouds, the time when the poisoned clouds
reach a particular settlement, the size of the areas of radioactive and chemical
poisoning. This allows certain measures to be taken to protect the population before
the toxic clouds reach any settlement. When forecasting what is likely to happen in an
emergency, you need to know the following information:

type, power, place, and time of application of the weapon; • boundaries and direction
of spread of fires; • degree of protection of the population; • meteorological
conditions (wind strength, speed and direction, air temperature, humidity, relief, soil
vegetation, etc.) Engineering, fire, chemical and radiation conditions are assessed
separately when forecasting probable conditions in emergencies. However, the result
of the forecast method, like all other forecasts, is approximate. Based on the results of
this method, it is not possible to determine the level of radiation in the area. The
radiation level in the area is determined from the intelligence data, i.e., the actual
measurements taken in the area.

Intelligence is one of the main measures taken to ensure the activities of the civil
defense forces. The purpose of intelligence in the CD system is to gather accurate
information about the situation after a major industrial accident, natural disaster or
enemy attack. These are necessary for the leaders of the National Assembly to make
the right decision on the organization of protection and rescue operations.

Intelligence must be active, uninterrupted, timely and purposeful, and most

importantly, the information it collects must be accurate. Depending on the forces and
means used, ground reconnaissance, aerial reconnaissance and naval reconnaissance
have been identified. Surface reconnaissance is the most accurate and comprehensive
type of reconnaissance and is organized by all CD headquarters. Air reconnaissance is
carried out by planes and helicopters to quickly detect the general situation in the
areas of damage, natural disasters, and accidents. Such intelligence is usually
organized by the headquarters of the National Assembly. Exploration from the sea
(river) - the purpose of studying the situation on the shores, ports, facilities here, is
carried out by high-speed ships, boats. Depending on the nature of the tasks
performed, there are general and special types of intelligence. General intelligence is
intended to provide immediate initial information about the situation in areas where
emergencies have occurred. Intelligence groups, manga, observation and laboratory
control networks of CD troops, non-military groups, as well as districts and facilities
are involved in such works.

The main document for organizing intelligence is an intelligence plan. The plan is
drawn up in advance at the relevant CD headquarters, agreed with the superior staff
and approved by the head of the CD. The scheme of the object (map of the region) is
attached to the plan, where the locations of control points, security devices,
reconnaissance units, specific routes of activity of these units, assembly points after
performing their duties are indicated by symbols. It is based on this scheme that the
Chief of Staff of the National Assembly issues an oral order to the unit commanders
to conduct reconnaissance. The order provides brief information on the situation, the
nature of the reconnaissance, its specific tasks and timing, the time of communication
on the routes, and the rules for communicating the results of the reconnaissance. In
cases where reconnaissance units are sent to sources of radioactive poisoning, the
permissible radiation dose of personnel is also determined.
Radiation and chemical observation posts, CD reconnaissance groups, reconnaissance
manga of services and groups, as well as enterprises of the observation and laboratory
control network are involved in reconnaissance operations in the city, region and
facilities.
Radiation and chemical observation posts - are created at all facilities and start
operating immediately in case of danger. Their main responsibilities are the timely
detection of radioactive and chemical poisoning, continuous monitoring of changes in
the situation in the field of observation, and regular reporting to the headquarters. In
the event of a natural disaster or industrial accident, he may be assigned other duties.
The post should be placed in such a way that it is possible to observe all sides from
there and the post itself should be located near the CD control point. To cover the
observers and to rest after the turn, a covered trench must be built here, and signs
indicating the characteristics of the observer shall be placed where he stands. The post
consists of its chief and two observers. They make observations visually, as well as by
means of radiation and chemical reconnaissance devices. For this purpose, in addition
to devices, they are also equipped with personal protective equipment,
communication and warning devices, horn pass, clock, direction and angle measuring
limb, observation log, as well as other equipment necessary to perform their duties.
The manga of the reconnaissance group is sent to study the situation at the facility,
other areas of activity, as well as at the site of damage after the enemy's attack, on the
routes of movement because of a natural disaster or accident. The reconnaissance
team consists of its commander and one communication of 3 people and several
reconnaissance manga. Each manga is intended for reconnaissance in three guardrails
at 500 m from each other, or in a strip of up to 800 m (in an area of 2-3 blocks of the
city). The group is equipped with personal protective equipment, radiation and
chemical reconnaissance devices, a set of boundary markers, individual dosimeters.
When conducting reconnaissance in poisoned areas, the boundaries of the zone with
radiation levels of 0.5 x-hours or where chemical poisoning is detected shall be
marked by boundary markers.
After the poisoning has been measured, the scout puts a limit mark and indicates the
type, level, and time of the poisoning on the label. The boundary sign should be
placed in a well-visible place on the side of the road. The sign shall be placed in such
a way that its face is on the ground with little or no poisoning. Continuing the
movement, the group commander records the location, type and timing of the
poisoning in the reconnaissance log in the route diagram and informs the facility's CD
headquarters by radio.
On the territory of the facility, the scouts determine the type, level (degree) of
poisoning in various workshops, facilities, especially in the areas where rescue
operations will be carried out and monitor changes in the situation.
Upon completion of the reconnaissance, the reconnaissance team (manga) arrives at
the assembly point; the commander informs the headquarters about the performance
of duties and submits the reconnaissance scheme. He then checks the degree of
poisoning of the car and personnel, if necessary, organizes special cleaning if
necessary, calculates the radiation doses of personnel on the basis of dosimeters and
prepares the team for new tasks.
It is possible to cope with these tasks by carefully inspecting the accident sites, paying
special attention to the places where people gather, reservoirs and water sources, and
taking samples from the air and soil and sending them for analysis.
The main tasks of the reconnaissance carried out after the strong earthquake were to
find out to what extent buildings and structures were destroyed, where people were
left under the avalanches and their condition, whether there were sources of secondary
damage (fire, flood, chemical poisoning), gas, water and electricity networks, degree,
type, volume of rescue operations, etc. consists of identifying.
Radiation and chemical observation posts are designed to perform the following tasks;
1) to approximate the parameters of a nuclear explosion by the simplest means and
methods, to determine the direction of movement of the radioactive cloud, the levels
of radiation, the type of poison used by the enemy in the post area.
2) timely detection of radioactive, chemical, and bacteriological poisoning at the
facility or in the areas where workers and employees are located, as well as to issue
warning signals.
3) To determine the direction of spread of clouds of toxic substance or highly toxic
substance.
4) To conduct reconnaissance in the areas contaminated with radioactive, chemical, or
highly toxic substances in the post area, as well as to conduct meteorological
observations.
Assessment of radiation conditions
Radiation conditions occur when the enemy uses a nuclear weapon and an accident at
a nuclear power plant results in the poisoning of people and various objects with
radioactive substances.
When assessing radiation conditions, the extent and degree of radioactive
contamination of the area, the enterprise, as well as the impact of the poisoning on the
activities of the group or population are determined.

Dosimetry devices can be classified according to their purpose, the type of

transmitter, the type of radiation being measured and the nature of the electrical
signals converted by the circuit of the device.
All devices are divided into the following groups according to their purpose:
Indicators are the simplest device for radiation detection, which can be used to detect
radiation and estimate the strength of beta and gamma radiation doses. The devices
have a simple electrical circuit that gives a light or sound signal. It is possible to
determine the increase or decrease of the dose by means of indicators. Such devices
use a gas discharge meter as a transmitter.

An emergency population warning is a method whereby local, regional, or national

authorities can contact members of the public in masse to warn them of an impending
emergency. These warnings may be necessary for several reasons, including:
weather emergencies such as tornadoes, hurricanes, and ice storms;
geological disasters such as earthquakes, landslides.
What technologies and warning systems are available to alert the public before this
natural disaster occurs?
The Emergency Alert System (EAS) delivers alerts via AM, FM and satellite radio, as
well as broadcast, cable and satellite TV. Cell phones and mobile devices receive
Wireless Emergency Alerts based on location, even if cellular networks are
overloaded and can no longer support calls, text, and emails
It is believed that timely notification of the population and the possibility of hiding it
for 10-15 minutes after the notification will reduce the loss of people in the event of a
sudden use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy from 85% to 4-7 %.
Therefore, the protection of the population from weapons of mass destruction, even if
there are enough shelters and shelters, will depend on a well-organized warning
system, the organization of which is entrusted to the civil defense headquarters.
One of the main measures to protect the population from natural and man — made
emergencies is to provide timely notification and information about the occurrence or
threat of any danger. To notify the population means to warn them in a timely manner
about the impending danger and the current situation, as well as to inform them about
the order of behavior in these conditions.
Effectively contributes to the reduction of the scale of emergency situations
(especially in terms of losses), the creation and application of warning systems for the
population, personnel and management bodies, primarily centralized warning systems
at the regional, territorial, local and facility levels. Thanks to this system, a large part
of the population of the country or individual territories can be notified of the danger
in the shortest possible time. Timely notification allows you to take measures to
protect the population and thereby reduce losses.
The main method of alerting and informing the population is the transmission of
speech messages over broadcast networks. At the same time, radio broadcasting
networks, radio and television stations are used (regardless of the form of ownership).
Speech information is transmitted to the public with a break in broadcasting programs
lasting no more than 5 minutes.

Another effective element of public address systems is the network of street speakers.
A single loudspeaker in urban conditions, when installed at the second-floor level (the
most typical installation option), provides reliable information delivery within the
order of 40-50 m along the street.
Promising technologies include notifying the population through intercoms in
residential buildings. Similar developments are already being used in a number of
regions.
* The signal received by the object station is transmitted to the notification control
unit, where it is converted into a voice message for broadcast via intercoms in each
apartment.
There are five civil defense signals:
 Attention all!
• "Air raid alert»,
• "Air raid alert abort»,
• "Radiation hazard»,
 "Chemical alarm".
The "Attention all!" signal is a warning signal. It is served to attract the attention of
the population about an accident, a disaster, a natural disaster, or the threat of an
enemy attack.
When you hear the sirens, you should immediately turn on the TV, radio receiver,
radio network speaker and listen to the message of the local authorities or the
headquarters for civil defense and emergency situations.
Actions of the population: Immediately put on alert all wired broadcasting nodes,
radio and television broadcasting stations located in the notified area, including
outdoor audio networks.
After the signal "Attention to all!", other information may follow, for example, about
the impending threat of radioactive or bacteriological contamination.
"Air alert" - this signal warns the population of the immediate threat of an enemy
attack. It is transmitted via radio transmission networks, radio broadcasting stations
and television receivers pit.
The signal "End of the air alarm" notifies the population that there is no longer an
immediate threat of an enemy attack.
The signal "Radiation hazard" is sent to warn the population about the need to take
measures to protect against radioactive substances. It is transmitted via radio
transmission networks, radio broadcasting stations and television receivers by
transmitting a text about the danger and information about the actions of the
population.
The "Chemical Alert" signal warns the population of the urgent need to take
protective measures against toxic and highly toxic substances.

It is noted that the creation of many new types of weapons of mass destruction and
harmful effects on the biomes of the planet is essentially criminal and contradicts
several fundamental international legal instruments, such as:
* Convention on the Prohibition of the Military and Any Other Hostile Use of Means
of Influencing the Natural Environment, 1977,
* Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of
Bacteriological (Microbiological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction,
1972.
Nevertheless, foreign military experts predict a promising future for some models of
weapons based on new physical principles, despite the high cost of their development
and production.

3.2 Organization of shelters

One of the main methods of protection is the use of civil defense security devices.
Security devices are also called collective protection devices. These are for the
collective protection of a group of people. The prevention and minimization of
casualties among the population in emergencies is associated with the
construction of civil defense facilities. In the past, people used towers and various
buildings to protect themselves from such enemy attacks. In Baku, the fortress
walls of the Old City, the Maiden's Tower, the Shusha Fortress, and many other
fortresses were protected places and protected people. Even now, one of the
ways to protect yourself during an enemy attack is to hide people in security
facilities. Security devices are designed to protect people from all kinds of
destructive means in emergencies and should be used in peacetime to serve the
needs of enterprises and the population. Protective devices are grouped
according to their protective properties and purpose of use.

According to the purpose Due to placement

According to the construction period

According to the material

Due to its protective properties

By purpose: -Devices for protection of control points; - Devices for protection of

the population.

By placement: - facilities built together with the building; Installations built

separately from buildings.

According to the construction period: -pre-built facilities; -fast-built facilities.

According to the material: - Reinforced concrete structures; -stone wall

installations; -structures made of forest material.

Due to its protective properties; -shelters; - anti-radiation shelters (radiation

shelters) -simple shelters (in the absence of shelters and radiation shelters)

Shelters are devices that provide the most reliable protection of people from the
damaging effects of weapons of mass destruction. Shelters are a means of
collective protection, i.e., they are intended for the collective protection of a
group of people. In addition, shelters in areas where mass fires are likely to occur
and in areas where strong poisons are prevalent provide protection from high-
temperature fires, poisoning by fire products, and strong poisons. Shelters should
be protected from the possibility of water and other liquids flowing in because of
heavy rains, as well as in the event of the collapse of liquid tanks on the ground,
floors and installations.

The rooms where people live (shelters) are for sheltering and accommodating the
population. These are rooms with one, two and three-story planks. The area of
these rooms separately should not be less than 25 m2 and the total area should
not be less than 75 m2. The area of rooms for sheltering people is 0.5 m2 for each
person when laying two-story thrones, and 0.4 m2 for three-story thrones. The
volume of indoor air in the rooms should be at least 1.5 m2. The height of the
rooms should not exceed 3.5 m. When the height of the room is 2.15-2.9 m,
double-decker couches should be installed, and if more than that, triple-decker
thrones should be installed. In such cases, only one-story planks are placed here.
The large rooms of the shelter can be divided into rooms for 50-75 people.

The control point is for the location of the facility's management and CD
headquarters. This area is envisaged in the construction of shelters in enterprises
employing 600 and more people. Power supply, communication, etc. in the
control point. rooms become. The control room is usually located in a room near
one of the shelter's entrances and is separated from the restrooms by people.

Medicin POINT - to provide first aid to people in shelters. When the number of
sheltered people is 900-1200 people, the area of the medical center is 9 m2. For
more than 1,200 people, the area of the medical center will increase by 1 m2 for
every 100 people. The shelter also has a 2m2 sanitary facility for 500 people, but
each facility must have at least one such facility. Auxiliary rooms include: Filtered
ventilation chamber; Balloons room; Sanitary junction; Electric board; food
storage; drum-sluices guarded entrance and exit doors Filter ventilation is located
near the outer walls of the room-shelter, near the access roads or emergency
exits.
 Anti-Radiation Shield - Protects the area from ionizing radiation, shock waves,
light radiation during radioactive poisoning. Such shields protect the human
respiratory organs, body surface and clothing from radioactive poisoning, mainly
from its rays. Such shelters are built in the basements of buildings and structures.
Basements of stone houses reduce radiation by 200-300 times, and basements of
multi-story stone houses (middle part) by 500-1000 times. Surface of buildings
(1st) floors can be used to repair the radiation shield. For this purpose, the
interior rooms of stone buildings with solid walls and minimal windows and doors
are more suitable. In some cases, it is possible to build a ARS outside the buildings
(built separately). For their construction (prefabricated iron, concrete parts, brick
reinforcement, etc.) industrial building materials are used. In rural areas, local
forest material, stone, raw bricks, twigs, reeds, etc. is used. In winter, you can use
ice and snow. The equipment inside the radiation shelters is the same as in the
shelter's living room. Each shelter usually consists of the main rooms, corridors
and entrances where people sit. In the main room there is a filter-suction device
for changing the air. There are also benches and couches for people to sit on.
They are counted so that everyone can lie down and rest for 7-8 hours. Shelves
are also set up on its walls to store food and water containers.

3.3 Evacuation and placement of population.

Implementation of resettlement measures is one of the most effective ways to protect
the population in emergencies.

Evacuation (temporary relocation) of the population is a set of measures for the

organized evacuation of the population from areas where there is a threat to human
life and activity - natural and man-made emergency zones (by transport or on foot) in
safe areas (zones). The evacuation is considered completed when the population is
completely evacuated from the affected areas and areas to safe areas and settlements.
Resettlement measures allow for the timely evacuation of the population from
dangerous areas (hotspots) to safe areas, thereby minimizing losses from the effects of
emergencies. The essence of resettlement is that the population is evacuated from
large cities, important facilities and dangerous areas in advance and placed in less
dangerous areas outside the city. As a result, the population of large cities is reduced
several times, the shelter of people staying in cities (working at important facilities) is
facilitated, and it is possible to minimize the losses that may occur due to modern
means of destruction.

To organize evacuation measures in the shortest possible time, they must be planned
and prepared in advance (in peacetime), and their implementation is carried out
during the transition from peacetime to wartime, when the enemy threatens to use
weapons of mass destruction (armed conflict).
The evacuation and placement of the population in safe areas is one of the main
measures of the Civil Defense to protect against weapons of mass destruction if there
is a threat of enemy attack during the incomplete provision of workers and employees
with protective equipment.

Evacuation of the population is a set of measures to evacuate the population from the
cities by all means of transport and on foot and place them in safe zones. A safe zone
is an area in the country where the conditions for the evacuation of the population to
be evacuated are prepared in advance, free from possible destruction zones,
potentially dangerous radioactive and chemical poisoning zones, possible catastrophic
flood zones, and border areas. A safe zone is an area suitable for the reception,
accommodation and habitation of the population outside the cities of the expected
level of enemy attack and the areas of possible destruction around a particular object
and other dangerous areas. The safe zone must meet the following conditions: •
Reliable protection of the population from the effects of modern weapons of mass
destruction and destruction; • bringing employees in shifts from the safety zone to the
facility with minimal time; • Grouping the Civil Defense Forces under favorable
conditions for infiltration; • Necessary sanitary-hygienic conditions. The work of
identifying, preparing and organizing the areas and settlements where the resettled
population will be placed in the safe zone is being started in advance, in peacetime,
and is being completed at full speed in times of emergency. For this purpose: • roads
are being improved and put in order;

Evacuation measures are planned and implemented for the following purposes:
• To reduce potential losses to the population of categorized cities and to retain
qualified personnel.
• To ensure the sustainability of economic production during the war.
• Ensuring conditions for the establishment of emergency response teams and other
emergency response teams in the safe zone.
Resettlement measures are taken to ensure the safety of the population, both in
peacetime emergencies and in wartime emergencies. The nature of the evacuation is
determined by the nature of the emergency (radioactive contamination or chemical
damage to the area, flood, etc.), spatial and temporal characteristics of the source of
the disaster, the number and involvement of evacuees, the timing and urgency of
evacuation. These characteristics form the basis for the classification of evacuation
options.

Depending on the development of the emergency situation and the number of people
evacuated from the emergency zone, evacuation options are local and regional.

Local evacuation is carried out when the possible impact zone of the source of the
disaster is limited to individual urban districts or rural settlements and the number of
evacuees is measured in several thousand people. In this case, the evacuated
population is usually housed in temporary accommodation located close to the
emergency zone, but not damaged. Local evacuation is carried out when medium-
sized cities, individual districts of large cities and rural areas are under the influence
of the emergency zone. In this case, the number of people evacuated and placed in
safe areas can be several thousand to tens of thousands. Regional evacuation occurs
when injury factors affect large areas, covering one or more regions with high
population density and large cities. In the event of a regional evacuation, the
population evacuated from the emergency zone may be evacuated to a considerable
distance from their place of residence. Depending on the scale and development of the
military conflict, the specific characteristics of the situation and the involvement of
the population in evacuation measures, there are the following types of evacuation:
general evacuation and partial evacuation.
Depending on the situation, the entire population may be relocated — in whole or in
part. The choice of these evacuation options is determined by the scale and nature of
the threat, the reality of its forecast, the prospects for the use of production facilities
located in the zone of impact of the source of the emergency for economic purposes.
General evacuation requires the evacuation of all categories of the population from
the emergency zone. In the case of complete (general) resettlement, the entire
population is evacuated, except for those who have a mobilization card, patients who
cannot be evacuated, and the medical staff serving them. Partial evacuation is carried
out when it is necessary to remove disabled, preschool, and school-age children from
the emergency zone. During the partial relocation, the disabled are relocated, as well
as those who do not work in production and services. First of all, in cases of partial
relocation • together with students at boarding schools, professors, teachers and their
families; • Retirees living in nursing homes and staff serving them; • Children from
orphanages, kindergartens and other children's institutions are evacuated from
dangerous areas.

Placement is made between the following workers and employees:

• Workers and employees working in special economic facilities in prestigious cities,
which do not have the necessary economic base to continue working in the safe zone;
• Organizations providing production and life activities in prestigious cities (urban
electricity network, utilities, health, transport and communications, governing bodies
of those cities and regions).
Workers and employees are housed in a safe zone close to class cities, near railways,
highways and waterways. Dozens of family members and the rest of the unemployed
are being relocated at the same time.
During local conflicts, it is usually necessary to evacuate people from settlements in
border areas as soon as possible. The organization of resettlement activities is
entrusted to operational groups.
Relocation by vehicles depends on the vehicles, the condition of the road network and
local conditions. First, those transported by transport:
• Medical institutions.
• People unable to walk (pregnant women, children under 14, people undergoing
outpatient treatment);
• Men over 65, women over 60;
• Workers and employees of facilities that are free of duty, but continue to work in a
military situation in the cities of rank;
• Employees of public administration bodies, important research institutes and
security agencies.
Pedestrians must move at a speed of 4-5 km per hour; every 1-1.5 hours, rest for 10-
15 minutes; In the second half of the day is rested for 1-2 hours. It is best to take hot
food before leaving. Pedestrian groups must not be left without permission. Persons
with deteriorating mood should contact the medical staff accompanying the group.
In hot weather, the water regime should be observed, rest should be in shady places,
the head covering should not be removed. To detect the signs of frostbite in winter,
the condition of the skin should be monitored.
Upon reaching the safe zone, the evacuees are registered at the reception points and
then sent to their place of residence.