Repeater

Use of Repeaters Disadvantages

1) Extend cable segments 1) Repeater cannot connect dissimilar

network.
2) Extend a wireless signal
2) They cannot differentiate between actual
3) Increase number of nodes beyond
signals and noise.
segment
3) They cannot reduce network traffic or
4 ) Sense a network problem and shutdown a
congestion.
segment.
4) Most networks have limitations upon the
5) Connect to components to other network
number of repeaters that can be deployed.
devices.

6) Connect segment using different media.

RJ- Registered Jack
7) Extend backbone cable segments in
LANS, CANS, MANS. Fiber Optic Cable 100 km max length

8) Extend long fiber optic cable Segments. Noise - anomally in signals.

Types of Repeaters Multistation Access Unit (MAU or MSAU)

• Analog Repeater - continuous - It is a hub that connects computers and

offer devices a token-ring network. The Mau
• Digital Repeater – non-continuous
physically connects computers in star
• Wired Repeater topology while retaining token ring's logical

• Wireless Repeater ring structure.

• Local Repeater - LAN Control Access Unit (CAU)

• Remote Repeater – Remote area - MAU Technology evolved into newer device

- CAU allows several connected, stackable

units to count as one MAU.
Advantages

1) Repeaters are simple to install and can

easily extend the length or the coverage Tasks Performed by MAU

area of networks. 1) Connect nodes logical ring through a

2) They are cost effective. physical star topology.

3) They do not require processing. overload. 2) Move the token and frames around the

The only time they need to be instigated is ring.

in case of degradation of performance. 3) Amplify data signals.

4) They can connect signals using different 4) Expand token ring network by daisy-chain
types of cables. connections.

5) Provide for orderly movement of data.

6) Shut down parts to malfunctioning nodes.

HUB Bridge

Functions of a Hub - A type of computer network device that

provides interconnection with other bridge
1) Centrally connect multiple nodes into a
networks that use the same protocol.
network.
- Bridge devices work at the data link layer
2) Permit connections on single or multiple
of the Open System Interconnection (OSI)
LANS.
model.
3) Provide multiple protocol services.
- Similar to repeaters and hubs is that they
4) Consolidate the network back bone. broadcast data to every node.

5) Provide connections for several different - However, bridges maintain the media
media types. access Control (MAC) address table as soon

6) Enable centralized network management as they discover new segments, so

and design. subsequent transmissions are sent only to

the desired recipient

Types of Hub
Functions of a Bridge
Active Hub
1) Extend a LAN when maximum connection
- These are the hubs which have their over
is reached.
power supply and can clean, boost, and relay
the signal along with the network. It series Ex: the 30 node limit as an Ethernet bus

both as a repeater as well using center. (slot)

These are used to extend the maximum

distance between nodes.
2) Extend LAN beyond the length limit.
Passive Hub
Ex: Beyond 185 meters for thinner segment
- These are the hubs which collect using
green marks and power supply from active
hub. These hubs relay signals onto the 3) Segment LAN to reduce data traffic
network without cleaning and boosting them bottlenecks.
and cannot be used to extend the distance.
4) Prevent unauthorized access to LAN.
Intelligent Hub
5) Learning: Learn network topology and
- It works like active Hub and hold network device address information is stored in a
management capabilities. They also provide bridging table.
flauble data rates to network. devices. It
6) Filtering: Do not flood certain frames
also enables an administrator to monitor the
discard others. Enable the bridge to be used
traffic passing through the hub and to
for security purposes.
configure each part in the hub.
7) Forwarding transmit frames to
distinguish. Based on the data built in to the
bridging table.
 5) Secure portion of a network by acting as
a firewall.

Types of Bridges

Local

- Directly connects two LANs in close

proximity. Also used to segment traffic to
reduce bottlenecks.

Remote

- Join distant networks. Used to join

networks in different cities or states.

Routers

- Networking devices operating at layer 3 or

a network layer of the OSI model.

- They are responsible for receiving,

analyzing, and forwarding data packets
among the connected computer networks.

- When a data packet arrives, the router

inspects the destination address, consults
its routing tables to decide the optimal
route and then transfers the packet along
this route. Routers are manufactured by
some popular companies like CISCO, D-Link,
HP, 3 Com, Jumper and Nortel. -
European/Western

- Also, the first line of security from

intrusion into a network. Enabling the
highest level of security on the router turns
on things like the firewall.

General Functions of a Router

1) Reduce traffic by efficiently directing

packet from one network to another.

2) Joins neighboring or distant networks.

3) Connect dissimilar networks.

4) Prevents bottlenecks by isolating portions

of a network.
Current Wireless Network Technology In addition, radio waves are the primary
means for carrying data over a wireless
Wireless technology resolves many wire-
network. The frequency of a radio wave is
based issues and wireless media are forms
the number of times per second that the
of electromagnetic radiation.
signal repeats itself. The unit for frequency
is Hertz (Hz), which is actually the number

Advantages of Wireless Networks of cycles occurring each second. In fact, an

old convention for the unit for frequency is
1. Enable communications in areas where a
cycles per second (cps). 802.11 WLANs use
wired network would be difficult to install.
radio waves having frequencies of 2.4 GHz
2. Reduce installation costs. and 5 GHz, which means that the signal
includes 2,400,000,000 cycles per second
3. Provide “anywhere” access to users that
and 5,000,000,000 cycles per second,
cannot be tied down to a cable.
respectively.
4. Simplify small office and home office
networking.
The amplitude of a radio wave indicates its
strength. The measure for amplitude is
Three major current Wireless Networking generally power, which is analogous to the
Technologies amount of effort a person needs to exert to
ride a bicycle over a specific distance. Radio
1. Radio wave technologies (short range and
waves have amplitudes with units of watts,
a popular option).
which represent the amount of power in the
2. Infrared technologies (short range). signal. Watts have linear characteristics
3. Terrestrial and satellite microwave that follow mathematical relationships we
technologies (long range). are all very familiar with. For example, the
result of doubling 10 milliwatts (mW) is 20
mW.
Radio Wave Technologies

A radio wave is a type of electromagnetic

Spread spectrum radio components use
signal designed to carry information through
either direct sequence or frequency hopping
the air over relatively long distances.
for spreading the signal. Direct sequence
Sometimes radio waves are referred to as
modulates a radio carrier by a digital code
Radio Frequency (RF) signals. These signals
with a bit rate much higher than the
oscillate at a very high frequency, which
information signal bandwidth. The frequency
allows the waves to travel through the air
range is 902–928 MHz range and data
similar to waves in an ocean. Radio waves
transfer range is 1–600 Mbps. Other radio
have been in use for many years. They
wave technologies include Bluetooth,
provide the means for carrying music to FM
HiperLAN, Infrared, WiMAX, HiperMAN,
radios and video to televisions.
and cellular phone.
Directional signal transmitted between IEEE 802.11 Radio Wave Networking
buildings
It is the IEEE 802.11 group. The most
• Transmission involves sending and receiving influential wireless standards include
antennas 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n.
Communication with 802.11 devices is non-
• Wave is short in length and low-power (1-
proprietary. There is a feature of 802.11
10 watts)
standards that encompass either fixed or
• Suitable for line-of-sight transmission mobile wireless stations and involve two

• Signal goes from point to point on earth's kinds of communications the asynchronous is

surface the discrete units with a start and stop bit

and synchronous is the signal has timing
• Limitations due to interruptions, such as
restrictions. To support SNMP protocol and
hills
network authentication. To operate at two
• Data capacity range: 1 Mbps to over 300 lower OSI layers: Data Link and Physical and
Mbps Recognize indoor and outdoor wireless
communication.

IEEE 802.11 is the pioneering 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi

Advantages of Radio Wave Communications
standard mentioned above from 1997.
1) Can save money where it is difficult or
expensive to run cable.

2) Useful in situations where portable

computers deployed.

3) Relatively easy and inexpensive to install

Disadvantages of Radio Wave

Communications

1) Wireless networks are more susceptible

to interference (such as interference
caused by certain building materials and by
surrounding electrical devices).

2) Some wireless frequencies are shared by

amateur radio operators, the US military,
and cell phone companies – can cause
interference.

3) Interference from natural obstacles.

4) Inadequate security.