Scribd
Upload
7 views

Chap 1

The document introduces control systems and their basic concepts. It defines key terms like system, process, manipulated and controlled variables. It describes open and closed loop control systems and their differences. Open loop systems do not use feedback while closed loop systems compare output to reference and use feedback. The document also classifies control systems and discusses applications of control engineering.

Uploaded by

Siraj Mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views

Chap 1

The document introduces control systems and their basic concepts. It defines key terms like system, process, manipulated and controlled variables. It describes open and closed loop control systems and their differences. Open loop systems do not use feedback while closed loop systems compare output to reference and use feedback. The document also classifies control systems and discusses applications of control engineering.

Uploaded by

Siraj Mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction to Control Systems

HOW..... 1
Introduction
• Engineering is concerned with understanding and
controlling the materials and forces of nature for the
benefit of humankind.
• Control system engineers are concerned with
understanding and controlling segments of their
environment, often called systems, to provide useful
economic products for society.
• Control engineering is based on the foundations of
feedback theory and linear system analysis, and it
integrates the concepts of network theory and
communication theory.
HOW..... 2
CONT
• A control system is an interconnection of components
forming a system configuration that will provide a
desired system response.
• The basis for analysis of a system is the foundation
provided by linear system theory, which assumes a
cause–effect relationship for the components of a
system.

HOW..... 3
Definitions
• System: An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired
purpose.
• Control System : An interconnection of components forming a system
configuration that will provide a desired response.
• Process – The device, plant, or system under control. The input and
output relationship represents the cause-and-effect relationship of the
process.
• The input–output relationship represents the cause-and-effect
relationship of the process, which in turn represents a processing of
the input signal to provide an output signal variable, often with a
power amplification.

Input Process Output

HOW..... 4
cont..

• Controlled Variable– It is the quantity or condition that is


measured and Controlled. Normally controlled variable is the
output of the control system.
• Manipulated Variable– It is the quantity of the condition that
is varied by the controller so as to affect the value of
controlled variable.
• Control – Control means measuring the value of controlled
variable of the system and applying the manipulated variable
to the system to correct or limit the deviation of the measured
value from a desired value.

HOW..... 5
Cont…

Disturbances– A disturbance is a signal that tends to adversely affect the


value of the system. It is an unwanted input of the system.
• If a disturbance is generated within the system, it is called internal
disturbance. While an external disturbance is generated outside the
system.

HOW..... 6
Types of control system

• Natural Control System • Automatic Control System


– Universe – Room Temperature
– Human Body regulation Via A.C
– Human Body
• Manmade Control Temperature Control
System • Manual Control Systems
– Vehicles – Room Temperature regulation
– Aeroplanes Via Electric Fan
– Water Level Control

HOW..... 7
Classification of Control Systems
Control Systems

Natural Man-made

Manual Automatic

Open-loop Closed-loop

Non-linear linear
Non-linear linear

Time variant Time invariant


Time variant Time invariant
HOW..... 8
Types of control system
• Any control system is classified as open-loop and closed-
loop depending on the relation of control action with
output.
i) Open-loop control system
• An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating device to
control the process directly without using feedback.
• Output has no effect on the control action.

Fig.1.2 Open-loop control system (without feedback)


i. Examples:- Washing Machine, Toaster, Electric Fan, Traffic signals
HOW..... 9
Cont…
• Since in open loop control systems reference input is
not compared with measured output, for each
reference input there is fixed operating condition.

• Therefore, the accuracy of the system depends on


calibration.

• The performance of open loop system is severely


affected by the presence of disturbances, or variation
in operating/ environmental conditions.

HOW..... 10
Cont..
Closed-loop control system
• uses a measurement of the output and feedback of this
signal to compare it with the desired output (reference
or command).
• The introduction of feedback enables us to control a
desired output and can improve accuracy, but it requires
attention to the issue of stability of response.
• The measure of the output is called the feedback signal.
Input Output
Comparator Controller Process

Measurement

Examples:- Refrigerator, Iron HOW..... 11


Cont..
• A feedback control system is a control system that tends
to maintain a prescribed relationship of one system
variable to another by comparing functions of these
variables and using the difference as a means of control.
• A feedback control system often uses a function of a
prescribed relationship between the output and reference
input to control the process.

HOW..... 12
• Due to the increasing complexity of the system under
control and the interest in achieving optimum performance,
the importance of control system engineering has grown in
the past decade.
• A block diagram depicting a multivariable control system is
shown in fig.1.4

Figure 1.4 Multivariable control system.


HOW..... 13
Assignment
• Write the following :
A) Advantage and disadvantage of open-loop CS
B) Advantage and disadvantage of closed-loop CS
C) Application of Control Engineering
D) Discuss the deference b/n closed and open-loop control system
E) Give some example of open and closed –loop control system.

HOW..... 14

You might also like