Communication The Communication Process

- it comes from the Latin word, “Communicare” Speaker- it is the person who makes the
that means to impart, to share or to make decision to communicate
communication

- it is dynamic, systematic, irreversible and

productive process in w/c comm construct
personal meanings through symbolic
interactions

- it is the mutual exchange of information, ideas

and by any effective means

- it is the process by which people seek to share

meaning via the transmission of symbolic
messages

*3 Essential points*

 it involves people
 it involves shared meanings
 it involves symbols

- Views on Communication

- Communication connects people

- Communication starts relationship

Message- are made up of the same variables of
content, structure and language and style

 Characteristics of a Message
o It has thought-content
o It is structured or organized
o It has choice of words
o It has style

Listener- he has a communicative purpose

consistent with the speaker’s purpose

Functions of Comm.  Characteristics of a Listener

o His knowledge of and interest in
- For better understanding of ourselves and the
the subject
world in which we live
o The level of his listening skills
- For changing people’s attitude, beliefs, o his attitude toward himself, the
opinions and actions speaker and the speaker’s
message
Channel- it is the pathway over which a
message travels in reaching its destination

 Types of Channel
o Oral channel
o Visual channel

Communicative Situation- it is the physical

setting and social context in which it occurs

Feedback- it is a response to message which

could be either verbal or visual

 Types of Feedback
o Immediate
o Delayed
o Thoughtful
o Impulsive

Types of Communication

- Verbal communication

- Non-verbal communication

Levels of Communication

- Intrapersonal Communication

- Interpersonal Communication

Sub-levels of Interpersonal Communication

- Dyadic

- Small group

- Public Communication

- Mass Communication

- Organizational Communication

-Spiritual Communication

- Medio Communication

- Development Communication

Communication and Globalization

Globalization
 - Diversity is the recognition and valuing of
difference, encompassing such factors as age,
- It is the communication and assimilation
gender, race, ethnicity, ability, religion,
among individuals, ethnicities, races,
education, marital status, sexual orientation
institutions, governments of various nations
and income.
supported by technology and compelled by
international trade. Why GLOBALIZATION?

- Due to globalization, the more you become  Digital technology

exposed to diversity – the valuing of the  Territorial boundaries between
uniqueness or differences in gender preference, countries
color, age, religious affiliation, ethnicity,
- Multiculturalists are persons respectful of and
education, social and economic status and
engaged with people from distinctly different
political beliefs.
cultures.
- Communication has been increasingly global,
“Effective communication and the ability to
blurring national boundaries. The ability to
understand cultural differences are skills that
communicate effectively in a global setting can
are too frequently deficient both in students
be a challenge. Hence, to effectively
and in educators.”
communicate in a global context, a general
understanding of the difference in conducting - Ethnocentrism deals with the tendency to see
communication from one country to another or one’s won culture as superior to all others.
from one culture to another helps avoid
miscommunication. - Cultural Relativism refers to the acceptance of
other cultural groups as equal in value to one’s
These are possible cultural barriers to effective own,
communication in a global environment:
Evaluate to the extent to which you display
 Cultural relativism culturally ethnocentric or culturally relativistic
 Lack of knowledge of others’ culture tendencies.
 Discrimination and harassment
 Language differences  I would rather communicate to
someone like me than to someone
Krizan (2014) suggests strategies to become an unlike me.
effective global communicator:  I can cooperate with people like me,
but I find it difficult to cooperate with
 Review communication principles
people unlike me.
 Analyze the message received
 I trust those who are like me more
 Be open to an accepting of other
freely than I trust those who are
cultures
different from me.
 Learn about cultures and apply what is
 I am less fearful when I am around
learned
people unlike me.
 Consider language needs\
 I go out of my way to be with people
- Globalization is the increasing economic, like me.
political and cultural integration and
interdependence of diverse cultures – the
worldwide integration of humanity.
- International Communication is a many different nationalities which settled in the
communication between persons representing US since then and, to...
different nations.
Australian English
- Intercultural Communication is an interaction
- Australian English (AuE) is the variant of
with members of the same racial or ethnic
English language, spoken mainly in the
group or co-culture as yours.
Australia. Australian English began to diverge
- Interethnic Communication is interacting with from British English shortly after Australia was
individuals of different ethnic origin. settled in the late 18th century. It is similar to
New Zealand English and bears some
resemblance to certain dialects of South East
Varieties of English England. Generally speaking, Australian English
spelling corresponds to British English spelling.
Looking at different flavors of English: all the AuE makes a great deal of use of diminutives...
different accents, dialects, pronunciations,
registers and so on. British English

Remember, there is not just one English being - British English (BrE) is the varoant of the
taught, but there are many varieties, indeed. English language, spoken mainly in the United
Kingdom. Along with American English, British
Accents English is one of the main variants taught in
- Your accent is the way you say words when most ESL (English as Second Language)/ EFL
you speak. It is all about pronunciation and has (English as Foreign Language) programs.
nothing to do with grammar or syntax. - Bear in mind, however, there is, in fact, no
- With accents, two people may say precisely single British English variation of English.
the same words, but make them sound Instead, there are a considerable number of
completely different. variations mainly found in different locations.
Thus, for example, there is: Scottish...
- So, each person has their own particular
accent. However, we can group accents into Black English
various categories: - Black English is a very broad term used to refer
Regional - for example when people from the to British English and American English as
North of... spoken by the black communities in the US and
the UK. To a lesser extent, it is also used to refer
American English to black communities in places like the
- American English - often abbreviated AmE - is Caribbean and Africa. Two of the major sub-
a variant of the English language, spoken mainly varieties of Black English are African American
in the United States. About two-thirds of the Vernacular and British Black English. Interest in
world’s native speakers of English live in the...
America and speak this variant. Received Pronunciation
- English was introduced to North America by - Received Pronunciation (RP) is a form of
British settlers during the colonization period pronunciation used in British English.
(17th century). It was also influenced by the
RP, then, is simply a particular accent of English.
 Charles Babbage- CHARLES BABBAGE was called
the “Father of Computer”
Although it has changed over the years, it can
be heard listening to Queen Elizabeth, Brian  Instant Messaging
Sewell and others; generally, this means people  Social Networking
of higher social class in the UK.  Tweeting
 Blogs
Varieties of English
 Video Conferencing
- Varieties of English are the different kinds of
5. Cell phone
English used around the world. Often, these are
geographically based. The varieties are more or Martin Cooper- Cooper conceived the first
less similar and while most English speakers can handheld mobile in 1973. And brought it to
understand each other, there are occasional market in 1983.
problems.
6. Fax machine

Alexander Bain- Inventing the first technology

Various Modes in Technology to send an image over a wire (late 1843).
1. TELEPHONE 7. Pager/Beeper
ALEXANDER GRAHAMBELL Alfred J. Gross- Pager was invented in 1949 by
Al Gross.
- Alexander Graham Bell revolutionized the way
people communicate with his patent on the  1959 it was named PAGER by Motorola.
telephone in 1876.  1974 the Motorola’s Pageboy! was
2.RADIO introduced.

- Radio allowed sound and information to be

broadcast to an extremely wide audience. Ten (10) Facebook Etiquette Rules
Guglielmo Marconi- Starting in late 1894, 1. Think before you post
Guglielmo Marconi worked on bringing radio
out of the lecture-halls and laboratories and Every post should be considered carefully. A
into practical applications. status update that is inappropriate, rude,
embarrassing or offensive may haunt you
3. TELEVISION forever.
- Television was introduced to the public in 2. Protect your online persona
1946, even though it had been experimented
with since the late 1920s. Privacy settings should be watertight. A
potential new boss may think twice if photos of
Philo Farnsworth,1927- Over the following you Saturday-night antics are just a Google-
decades, television became the predominant search away.
source of communication to a wide audience,
and it changed the political and cultural 3. Respect other people
landscape forever. Think before you post or tag others in
4. COMPUTER embarrassing photographs; they may be
uncomfortable with it. Never gossip about other Copy & Paste: PLAGIARISM and How to Avoid
people on your timeline. It?

4. Unfriend with caution The discussions deal with…

Your timeline may be clogged with updates  Forms of academic dishonesty

from little-known “friends,” but it’s best to  Types of plagiarism
cleanse by muting rather than risk offending by  Ways to avoid plagiarism
unfriending.

5. Socialize when sober

 ACADEMIC DISHONESTY
Drunken rants, impulsive messaging,
- It is intentional participation in deceptive
heartbroken outpourings – social networking
practices regarding one’s academic work or that
after a glass too many is prone to both ridicule
of another.
and regret.
Forms of Academic Dishonesty
6. Cover your tracks
- Cheating
Be cautious of check-ins if you have fibbed to
friends or colleagues about your plans; similarly Have you copied from another student’s test or
be careful of tagging others and revealing their homework?
whereabouts.
Have you allowed another student to copy from
7. Status-change with certainty your test or homework?
Only update your relationship status when you Have you paid or asked someone to write a
are 100% sure of the union/ split/reunion. it paper for you?
back would cause even more gossip.
Have you Googled information without
8. Save the bad stuff permission for a test?
The public nature of Facebook makes it Have you paid for websites to buy answers to
unsuitable for conveying sensitive or bad news. tests?
If it’s important, take the time to telephone or
meet face-to-face, instead. - ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT

9. Keep it private Have you tried to obtain a copy of a test before

it is administered?
When contacting people directly, avoid posting
on someone’s wall. Keep the conversation Have you leaked a copy of a test before it is
between the two of you and send a private administered?
message, instead. Have you used your cell phone to share a quiz
10. Do I even know you? or exam information to others?

Remember, you don’t know all your Facebook Have you changed a score, or a grade on an
friends that well, so avoid over-sharing or assignment or document?
posting intimate information. And never friend - BRIBERY
strangers. It is always weird.
Have you offered your professor something in - It is the use of another author’s words or ideas
an exchange for a passing grade? without appropriate acknowledgment.

Have you accepted your professor’s offer of a You commit plagiarism if you:
passing/higher grade in exchange for
 Deliberately claim another person’s
something?
work as your own
- MISREPRESENTATION  Carelessly mis-acknowledge a source
 Fail to acknowledge a source
Have you lied to your instructor in an attempt
to increase your grade or delay submission of Types of Plagiarism
requirements (e.g. perhaps you faked an illness,
or claimed to have lost internet connection)? Intentional Plagiarism

Have you attended an online class, in which you  Verbatim plagiarism

are not officially enrolled? - It is quoting word for word without citing the
- FABRICATION source or using quotation marks.

Have you changed/invented data to fit the  Concept plagiarism

hypothesis or results of your research? - It is taking ideas/methodology from another
Have you listed a source in the reference list of source and claiming it as your own by not citing
a research paper which you did not actually the source.
use?  Uncited paraphrase
- COLLUSION - It is using own language to describe some
Have you collaborated with another without else’s idea but without citing the source.
permission in answering an assignment or test?  Uncited quotation
- CONSPIRACY - It is not citing the source of a quote.
Have you tolerated your classmates doing any  Uncited author
of those mentioned behavior?
- It is submitting the work of another person
Forms of Academic Dishonesty and claiming as your own.
 Cheating  Inventing sources
 Academic misconduct
 Bribery - It is including non-consulted or non- existent
 Misrepresentation sources in the reference list.
 Fabrication
 Plagiarism
 Collusion Unintentional Plagiarism
 Conspiracy  Direct-quote overuse

- It is copying word for word from different

PLAGIARISM sources, but enclosing them in quotation marks
citing the sources.
  Word substitution

- it is copying word for word the original Text  Receiver/s

and changing some words with synonyms, but  Message
citing the source.  Channel
 Noise or barriers
 Structural plagiarism
 Feedback
- It is copying the original structure, but  Situation
substituting own words or phrases, but citing
Basic “C’s” of Business Communication
the source.
 Clear
 Incorrect citation of source
 Correct
- It is using quotation marks but not providing  Concise
an in-text citation; or providing an in-text  Complete
citation but not including the source in the  Considerate
reference list.  Courteous
How to Avoid PLAGIARISM? Areas to Consider in Writing
To avoid plagiarism…  Subject
 Audience
 Always cite correctly and completely
the source of your ideas  Purpose
 Effectively quote, paraphrase, and  Style
summarize author’s ideas Presentation of the Business Communication
 Use a plagiarism-checker app
 Develop your own voice  Margins
 Live by the honor code.  Punctuation
 Parts of the letter
 Folding the letter
Communicative Competencies, Skills and  Spacing
Strategies for Business Purposes  Indention
 Carbon copy notations
- Business Communication is concerned with  Addressing the envelop
the study of communications between
individuals and groups occurring in the process Parts of Business Letter
of the administration and management of an  Letterhead (Heading)
organization.
 Inside address
- In business, communication is a process of  Salutation
linking superiors and subordinates in various  Body of the letter
departments of an organization to each other  Complimentary close
and to management.  Signatures

Elements of Communication

 Sender/s  Letterhead
 o Company logo 1st paragraph refers to the nature of writing a
o Company name letter
o Company address and
2nd paragraph deals with the message proper
o telephone number
o Company motto 3rd paragraph goes to closing part

 Inside address
 Complimentary close
Hon. HERBERT M. BAUTISTA
Respectfully yours,
City Mayor
Yours very truly,
Quezon City Government
Very cordially yours,
Hon. FELICIANO R. BELMONTE, Jr.
Sincerely yours,
Speaker, House of Representatives

Quezon City
 Signatures
MARY RUBY M. PALMA, DPA
JUN M. ARANQUEZ, MC
Head, Gender and Development
Coordinator, Language dept.
Resource and Coordinating Office
Jun M. Aranquez, MC
Quezon City Government
Coordinator, Language dept.
Ms. MARLENE T. THOMPSON

Sales Director

Omni-Optical Corp.

334 S. 114th Avenue, Quezon City

 Formal (Salutation)
Sir:
Madam:
Dear Sir:
Dear Madam:
Sir/Madam:

Personal (Salutation)
My dear Mr. Reyes,
My dear Miss Santos,

 The body
 Two (2) kinds of application letter

 Solicited

It answers an advertisement about a job-

opening.

 Unsolicited

It is written to a firm or company where there

are few applicants in the job-opening because it
is not advertised. You might have heard or
learned about it from a friend who may be
referred to in the opening paragraph of your
letter.

Writing the Application Letter

- Every application letter should reflect the

writer’s personality and character. He is
expected to present his special qualifications
and his ability to do the job applied for.

- An employer would always prefer to hire an

applicants. It is advisable to accompany your
application letter with a data sheet/ resumé
that contains all information about yourself.
“Natural abilities are like natural plants… that
The application letter should observe the
need pruning by study.”
following designs for its body:
-Francis Bacon
1st par. indicates the specific job applied for
and gives the source of the job information.

Application Letter 2nd par. tells about your education and

experience relevant to the course and work
- An employment letter is also a selling letter experience.
and the product you are selling is yourself.
Therefore, you write a good application letter 3rd par. mentions your personal data and the
being addressed to the specific official who references given. It also tells about the data
would receive the letter. sheet enclosed in the letter. It says when you
are available for personal interview and how
- You should show a special interest in the you can be reached.
position you are seeking. The tone of the letter
should be as natural as possible, as if you are - Whether it is solicited or unsolicited, the
taking directly to the person who is to read it. application letter should be concise. It should
However, avoid being too casual or informal. not be a biography of oneself. The code AIDCA
with the addition of conviction is the best
suggested outline.

A- Attract attention

Mention the source of information that there’s

a vacancy and the position applied for.

I- arouse Interest

Cite the qualifications, personal and

educational.

D- create Desire

Mention the experience(s) if there’s any.

C- Conviction

State the references which serve as the

applicant’s guarantor.

A- impel Action

Express the applicant’s willingness to be hired.