Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Cordillera Administrative Region
Schools Division of Mountain Province
TADIAN DISTRICT II
DACUDAC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
DACUDAC, TADIAN, MOUNTAIN PROVINCE

Sapata: Fostering Integrity and Honesty at Dacudac Community

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement

for the subject Inquiries, Investigation,
and Immersion

Submitted by
Atayan Ario D.
Cuyangoan Mark A
Gayaso Lander B.
Lacaden Mharicris D.
Ngangay Alfred B.

Submitted to

LORELYN B. PATRON
Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion Teacher

May 2024

APPROVAL SHEET

10
 This research, titled “SAPATA; FOSTERING INTEGRITY AND HONESTY IN

DACUDAC COMMUNITY”, prepared and submitted by ALFRED B. NGANGAY,

ARIO D. ATAYAN, MARK A. CUYANGOAN, LANDER B. GAYASO, and

MHARICRIS D. LACADEN for the subject of Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion (III).

LORELYN B. PATRON
III Teacher

Date____________

Approved by the teacher with a grade of ______________.

______________ _____________

Member Member

_____________

Chairman

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject of Practical Research.

BENSON B. CULLA-AG

School Head, Dacudac National High School

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

ii
 We would like to express our wholehearted appreciation to all the individuals who
have contributed to the successful completion of this research.

First and foremost, we extend our deepest gratitude to our III subject teacher, Lorelyn
B. Patron, for your helping hand, unwavering support, and valuable insights throughout the
entire research process. Your expertise and commitment help a lot in shaping this study,
making it precise and reliable research.

We would also like to extend our thanks to the school head of Dacudac National High
School for granting us permission to conduct this research. Your cooperation and support
were essential in obtaining the needed data and information to the Grade 10 learners.

We are also grateful to the barangay chairman, Mr. Fabian Bilayan for allowing us to
conduct our research at Barangay Dacudac. Your understanding and sympathy were well
appreciated in gathering precise information in this research.

We extend our gratitude to the respondents from Barangay Dacudac, who willingly
participated in this study, who took the time to answer our interview questionnaires, as their
valuable responses formed the basis of our findings. Without your active participation, this
research would not have been possible. Your contribution is greatly appreciated.

Furthermore, we wish to acknowledge the contributions and support of our friends

and fellow classmates who provided assistance and materials needed in data collection,
sharing information, and analysis. Their dedication and cooperation were appreciated in the
smooth progress of this research.

To our families, our heartfelt thanks go out to you for your encouragement,
understanding, and motivation throughout this research. Your unwavering support kept us
motivated and inspired to continue our pursuit of knowledge.

Above all, we acknowledge the presence of the Almighty God in helping us conquer
the hardships and stress that we felt, giving us patience and strength to be able to finish this
research. Most of all, we thank God for giving us life and strength to conquer every conflict
and problem that we face in our everyday lives.

To all those mentioned, and countless others who might not be specifically named, we
extend our heartfelt appreciation for their contributions to this research. Your support and
assistance have been invaluable, and we are forever grateful.

DEDICATION

This research paper is devoted to our schoolmates, facilitators, classmates,

iii
 family, friends, and community members for their invaluable

support in completing our research paper.

Researchers

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

APPROVAL SHEET..………………………………....………………… ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………..………………. iii
iv
DEDICATION…………………………………….…………....………… iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………. v

CHAPTERS

I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 1

Paradigm of the Study………………...…………………………………………. 4

Statement of The Problem…………………...…………………………………… 5

Scope and Delimitation…………………………………………….…………….. 5

Significance of the Study……………………………………………......………..

Definition of Terms………………………………………………………………. 7

II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES

Research Design……………………………………………………………….. 10

Respondents of the Study……………………………………...………………. 10

Locale of the Study………………………………….………………………… 11

Data Gathering Procedure……………………………………………………… 12

Data Gathering tool/Instrument…………………………………….………….. 12

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 III. PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA………....….

16

IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion……………………....……………………...…………………….. 26

Recommendation………………….....……………...………………………… 28

References…………………………………………………………………….. 29

V. APPENDIXES

A. Letter to the School Principal………..…………………...........……… 31

B. Letter to the Barangay Captain……………………………………….. 32

C. Guide Questions…………………........………………………………. 35

D. Surveying of the Respondents..……………………….....…………….. 37

E. Curriculum Vitae………..………………….…………………………. 38

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 CHAPTER I

Introduction

Background of the Study

The Philippines is renowned for its incredibly rich cultural heritage, which is deeply rooted

in its diverse and vibrant society. From the national level to the Cordillera region, further down

to the Barangays within the province, the cultural wealth of the Philippines is evident (Philippine

Department of Tourism). The Cordillera region, is known for its vibrant indigenous cultures,

including the Igorots, who have preserved their distinct customs, rituals, and craftsmanship.

This intricate tapestry of cultural heritage at every level highlights the Philippines'

commitment to preserving and celebrating its diverse cultural identity. One of the unique

practices that's applied in some communities is "Sapata". These communities can be found in

provinces such as Benguet, Mountain Province, Kalinga, Ifugao, and other areas within the

Cordillera Administrative Region. Specifically, one of the Barangay in Mountain Province that

have this kind of practice is Dacudac.

Sapata, as a traditional justice system, is a unique practice that highlights the importance of

integrity and honesty in resolving issues within the community. By seeking the help of their gods

and following a ritual, the community members involved in Sapata aim to identify the person

responsible for a crime. This process emphasizes the value of honesty and discourages lying.

While Sapata may be considered an unconventional practice, it reflects the community's

commitment to upholding integrity and honesty in their pursuit of justice. (Samoda, 2020)

10
 The justice system before in rural Barangays like Dacudac faced challenges in effectively

and quickly addressing issues or crimes. Limited resources and infrastructure, the lack of proper

transportation, communication networks, and well-equipped facilities were some of the factors

that hindered the prompt and efficient functioning of the justice system. This made it difficult for

the authorities to respond promptly to incidents or reach remote locations in a timely manner.

This resulted in delays in investigations, gathering evidence, and apprehending suspects. (Aslam,

2023)

Justice was often administered by the community itself, with local leaders or elders playing

a crucial role in resolving disputes and addressing crimes. These traditional justice systems were

deeply rooted in the local culture and customs, aiming to maintain peace and harmony within the

community. (Bayao, 2002)

Integrity and honesty are crucial in solving issues in Barangay as they contribute to

effective problem-solving, foster trust and credibility, promote transparency, and encourage

community participation. By upholding these values, the Barangay can thrive as a united and

progressive community, working together towards a brighter future.

Integrity and honesty are fundamental values that contribute to the well-being and trust

within communities. Communities that prioritize these values tend to have stronger social bonds,

increased cooperation, and a more positive environment. However, many communities face

challenges related to ethical behavior and honesty, which can undermine trust and hinder social

progress. According to Johnson (2018), upholding integrity and honesty within a community

leads to stronger social bonds, increased cooperation, and a more positive environment.

2
 It would be valuable to explore the specific challenges faced by rural Barangays, such as

Dacudac, in effectively and quickly addressing issues or crimes. Understanding the extent of

limited resources, infrastructure, transportation, communication networks, and well-equipped

facilities can provide insights into the barriers that hinder the prompt and efficient functioning of

the justice system. This research would help identify the specific areas where improvements are

needed to enhance the accessibility and effectiveness of justice services in these communities.

Additionally, further research could be conducted on the traditional justice systems, like

Sapata, practiced in the Cordillera region. Exploring the origins, processes, and principles of

these systems would provide a deeper understanding of their role in resolving issues within the

community and maintaining peace and harmony. Investigating the effectiveness and outcomes of

these traditional justice systems would contribute to the existing knowledge and shed light on

their relevance and potential for adaptation in contemporary settings.

Furthermore, it would be beneficial to delve into the impact of upholding integrity and

honesty in Barangays. Researching the specific ways in which these values contribute to

effective problem-solving, trust-building, transparency, and community participation would

provide evidence for their importance in fostering a united and progressive community. This

research can also explore strategies and initiatives that can be implemented to promote ethical

behavior and honesty within communities, addressing the challenges that undermine trust and

hinder social progress.

Overall, conducting research in these areas would help to deepen our understanding of the

cultural heritage, traditional justice systems, and the significance of integrity and honesty in the

Dacudac community. It would provide valuable insights into the challenges faced by this
3
communities and contribute to the development of strategies and interventions that can enhance

the functioning of the justice system and promote a positive and cohesive community

environment.

Conceptual Framework:

Input: Process: Output:

 Offences that require the  Data collection  Effects of Sapata in

performance of Sapata through interview Dacudac

Community
 Requirements when  Data examination

doing or applying Sapata and interpretation  Sapata in fostering

of the data honesty and

 Process of Sapata being
integrity at
done at Dacudac
Barangay Dacudac
community
community
 Sapata fosters integrity

and honesty at Dacudac

community

4
Statement of the Problem:

The study aims to explore and understand how Sapata fosters integrity and honesty at

Dacudac Community. Specifically, the research aims to address the following questions:

1. What offences requires the performance of Sapata?

2. What are the requirements when doing/applying Sapata?

3. How is the process of Sapata being done at Barangay Dacudac?

4. How does Sapata fosters integrity and honesty at Dacudac Community?

Scope and Delimitation:

The scope of this study focuses on investigating the implementation and impact of the

Sapata program in promoting integrity and honesty within the Dacudac Community including

elders and barangay officials who witnessed the performance of Sapata at Dacudac. The data

collection will be conducted from the year 2024 over the selected geographic area.

5
Significance of the Study:

The significance of the Study lies on its potential to contribute in the community. This

includes:

1. Community Leaders/Barangay officials: The research findings can be valuable for

Barangay officials who are responsible for creating policies and programs that promote

integrity and honesty. They can use the research to develop initiatives that address

ethical issues and foster a culture of integrity within the community.

2. Community Members: The research aims to create a culture of integrity and honesty

within the community. Community members will benefit from a more trustworthy and

ethical environment, which can lead to improved relationships, cooperation, and overall

well-being. The word "inayan" can be more implemented for this word involves

consequences to every actions and words that will be done.

3. Students: Students may have knowledge on what Sapata is and how this solves issues in

the community. They will benefit from a learning environment that promotes integrity

and honesty. They will develop strong moral values, ethical decision-making skills, and

a sense of responsibility in making decisions and actions.

4. Teachers and Educators: Teachers play a vital role in shaping the values and

behaviors of students. The research may provide insights and strategies for educators to

effectively teach integrity and honesty. They can teach these practices in their

classrooms and contribute to the development of responsible and ethical individuals.

6
Definition of terms:

1. Barangay: In the Philippines, a barangay is the smallest administrative division and the

primary unit of government. It is often referred to as a village or neighborhood.

2. Community: A community is a group of people who share common interests,

characteristics, or goals and live in close proximity to one another. They often interact

and support each other.

3. Crimes: Crimes are illegal activities that are punishable by law. They involve actions

that harm individuals, society, or property and are considered offenses against the legal

system.

4. Culture: Culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts

that characterize a group or society. It includes language, traditions, art, music, and other

aspects of human expression.

5. Cultural Heritage: Cultural heritage refers to the tangible and intangible artifacts,

traditions, and practices that are inherited from past generations. It represents the cultural

identity and history of a community or society.

6. Cultural Identity: Cultural identity is the sense of belonging and identification with a

particular culture or group. It encompasses the shared customs, traditions, values, and

beliefs that define a person's sense of self.

7
7. Customs: Customs are the traditional practices, behaviors, and rituals that are specific to

a particular culture or society. They often reflect the values, norms, and social

expectations of a community.

8. Elders: Elders are individuals who are older and have gained wisdom, knowledge, and

experience throughout their lives. They often hold respected positions within their

communities and provide guidance and advice.

9. Foster: To foster means to promote the growth, development, or well-being of

something or someone. It often refers to providing care and support to individuals,

especially children, who are not biologically related.

10. Integrity: Integrity is the quality of being honest, ethical, and having strong moral

principles. It involves consistency in actions, values, and behavior.

11. Issues: Issues are topics or subjects that are of concern or importance to individuals,

communities, or societies. They can range from social, political, environmental, or

economic matters.

12. Justice: Justice is the principle of fairness and the administration of law in society. It

involves the protection of rights, the punishment of wrongdoing, and the maintenance of

social order.

13. Sapata: Sapata is a traditional justice system, and a unique practice that highlights the

importance of integrity and honesty in resolving issues within the community.

8
14. Tapestry: A tapestry is a form of textile art that involves weaving together different

colored threads to create a picture or design. It can also metaphorically represent the

diverse and interconnected elements of a community or society.

15. Tradition: Tradition refers to the customs, practices, and beliefs that are passed down

from generation to generation within a community or society. It helps to shape the

cultural identity and values of a group.

9
 CHAPTER II

Methodology

The study focuses on investigating the implementation and impact of the Sapata program in

promoting integrity and honesty within the Dacudac Community. This chapter was into sub-parts

addressing the research design, respondents of the Study, locale of the study, data gathering

procedure and data gathering tool/instrument.

Research Design:

The research design involves using qualitative research to investigate Sapata practice at

Barangay Dacudac.The data aim to explore and understand how Sapata fosters integrity and

honesty at Dacudac Community.

Respondents of the study:

The respondents of the study will be elders and barangay officials who have firsthand

knowledge and have witnessed the traditional practice of Sapata in Barangay Dacudac. The

researchers have opted for purposive sampling, which involves selecting participants who

possess specific characteristics or experiences that are directly relevant to the topic of Sapata.

This approach ensures that the participants can provide detailed responses and share their unique

perspectives, which will greatly contribute to the depth and richness of the study's findings.

10
13
 Locale of the study:

The study will be conducted in Dacudac, a barangay located in Sunny Side, Tadian,

Mountain Province. This locale was chosen for several reasons including easily accessible,

making it convenient for the researchers to travel to and from the area. Additionally, the

community in Dacudac has shown a great willingness to participate in this research, which is

crucial for obtaining accurate and comprehensive data.

Moreover, Dacudac holds a special significance in the context of the study as it is a place

where the practice of Sapata has been observed in the past. This means that there is a wealth of

knowledge and firsthand experiences related to Sapata within the community. By conducting the

study in Dacudac, the researchers will have the opportunity to engage with individuals who have

a deep understanding of the practice and can provide valuable insights.

Another factor that influenced the choice of this locale is that the researchers themselves

reside in Dacudac. This proximity allows them to establish a strong connection with the

community members and facilitates the gathering of information. Being familiar with the area

and the people also helps in building trust and rapport, which is essential for successful data

collection.

These factors contribute to a more efficient and thorough gathering of information,

ultimately enhancing the quality and validity of the research findings.

14
Data Gathering Procedure:

Prior to the data collection process, ethical considerations were taken into account. The

researchers obtained the necessary permissions and approvals from the chosen respondents to the

school authorities, and to the barangay officials, explaining the purpose, and possible risks or

benefits of the study. Once the consent is obtained, student assent will also be acquired.

Interview questionnaire will be administered to gather in-depth insights and perspectives

from participants regarding their experiences with the Sapata initiative, its impact on fostering

integrity and honesty, and any challenges or opportunities associated with the topic. The open-

ended nature of the questions will allow participants to provide detailed responses and share their

unique perspectives.

Data gathering tool:

The tools that we will use to gather data and information are the following:

• Interview Questionnaires - Researchers will use interview questionnaire in gathering data and

information.

• Audio recorder- researchers will use this to record the data and information that the

participants will respond.

• Cellphone - Researchers will use this to note down the gathered data and information and for

taking documentation.
15
 CHAPTER III

Presentation and Discussion of Data

This chapter contains detailed of presentations and discussion of the gathered data and

the results of this study. The charts below present the insights gathered from the respondents

answers due to the diverse inquiries included in the interview, supplemented by further

discussion.

Table 1: Offences or crimes that typically require the performance of sapata

Based in the interview, almost all of the respondents stated that the offences or crime that

typically require the performance of sapata is anything that didn’t obey the law, including

killing, stealing, and rape. Based on the figure above, majority of the respondents stated that

stealing or “akew” is the offence or crime that commonly been addressed through sapata before.

30% each of the respondents uttered that vase and money are the most common issue that’s been

addressed before, 20% is cow while 10% each in chicken and egg.
16
 The information gathered from the interview indicated that the respondents

predominantly believe that sapata is typically necessitated for offences or crimes that contravene

the law, such as killing, stealing, and rape. Moreover, stealing is the most common crime

addressed through sapata according to majority of the respondents. Following that, issues related

to vases and money are the most common matters addressed.

Sapata serves as a traditional method of addressing serious offences that go against the

law and have significant consequences within the community. The focus on stealing as the most

common offences addressed through sapata indicates the importance placed on the property

rights and the impact of theft on individuals and the community.

Severity of the offences is important in determining whether sapata is applied. The

respondents mention that sapata is not performed for minor accidents such as a small amount of

stolen money. It is emphasized that the reason for invoking sapata should be reasonable and

make sense. For example, if the victims had experienced a substantial loss of money that is not

easily replaceable or returnable, sapata may be considered.

Sapata is reserved for cases where the offences is significant and has a profound impact

on the victim or the community. It reflects a sense of justice and the need for a formalized

process to determine the truth and administer appropriate consequences. The severity of the

offences and the reasonability of invoking sapata are important factors in deciding whether to

proceed with the ritual.

Overall, this highlights the role of sapata as a cultural practice used to address offences

that violate the law, with stealing being the most commonly addressed offences. It emphasizes

17
the seriousness of the offences and the need for a reasonable and justifiable reason to invoke

sapata.

Table 2: Requirements on conducting sapata:

According to the respondents, there is no specific law or rules before applying sapata

however, there were some requirements that will be applied in performing it. This includes

butchering of pigs and chicken, boiling water, prayer and ricewine.

Based on the figure that before applying sapata, 31% stated that it needs to butcher

chicken, 30% stated that it needs to perform prayer, 22% stated that it needs to butcher pig, 13%

on ricewine or tapey, and 4% on boiling water. However, no other animals are allowed in this

practice like cows, dogs and carabao exemption on pigs and chickens.

The sapata ritual is a traditional practice in Barangay of Dacudac that involves seeking

the truth about a crime or misdeed. It is based on the belief in a supernatural being called

18
Kabunyan who is believed to have the power to reveal the truth. The ritual is performed by elders

in the community who use various methods to determine the guilt or innocence of an accused

person.

The butchered chicken, pig, and ricewine will be shared with the persons involved, in

able for it to work and their prayers will be heard by Kabunyan or God in the present. This serves

as the way for the community to seek divine intervention and guidance from Kabunyan in

determining the truth in criminal case.

Regardless of it, they will give a chance to the accused to tell if it’s their crime so that

they won’t regret it in the end. This signifies the opportunity given to the accused to confess their

crime before proceeding with sapata. This gesture demonstrates a belief in redemption and the

chance for the accused to avoid regret in the future. However, if the accused refuses to admit

guilt and accepts or challenges the continuation of sapata, the elders proceed with the ritual

without turning back.

In performing sapata, there are several performances that will be applied in seeking the

criminal including prayer. The elders will start it by a praying with Kabunyan, invoking the

consequences that will befall the accused if they are lying. This includes death, sickness, some

parts of the body will be cut and will be caught by thunder. After praying to Kabunyan, they may

perform other requirements such as using of boiling water. This serves as a lie detector to the

accused. They will put the hand of the accused to the top of open boiling water. If the accused

person did the crime, the boiling water will rise up and scorch his/her hands.

19
 Butchering chicken is also a way in seeking the truth. If they will butcher the chicken and

saw that the appendix is dirty or gone, that means that the accused person did the crime.

However, if the appendix is healthy, it means that the accuse is not true and the accused person is

innocent.

In the context of sapata, the use of prayer serves to reinforce the belief in Kabunyan and

the power of the supernatural. The ritual also highlights the importance of community in

resolving conflicts and maintaining social order. By involving the entire community in the

process of seeking the truth, the sapata ritual ensures that justice is served and that the harm

caused by the crime is addressed. It reflects the community’s belief in divine intervention and the

consequences of dishonesty. The rituals and requirements involve symbolize the sacrifice,

offering, and the importance of prayer in seeking guidance to a higher power.

Table 3: Participants in sapata proceedings

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 According to the respondents, there is no specific people or members involved in

applying sapata. All it need is the accuser, accused, and elders. 81% of the respondents uttered

that the members of the community will be gathered in doing this ritual, while elder Pablito

(2024) said that the members of the community are no longer need when doing this, the

important person that must be there will be the accused, victim and elders.

Before applying sapata, there must be issues or crime that happened. The victim will go

and report it to the barangay officials, then if the officials can’t solve the issue, the victim is

asked to identify their suspect. If the suspected person denies the crime, the accuser and the

accused are given the opportunity to challenge each other to perform sapata. This challenge is

carried out with the consent of the barangay officials and elders. However, the accused person

has the right to challenge the accuser or victim, that if their accuse is not true, the consequence of

it will return to them.

The sapata ritual in Barangay Dacudac is a community-driven process that involves the

entire community in seeking justice. The respondents indicate that the ritual is applied when

there is a crime or issue that cannot be resolved through traditional means. The victim reports the

crime to the barangay officials, who then involve the elders in the process.

The elders play a crucial role in determining the validity of the accusation and ensuring

that the sapata ritual is conducted fairly. They also serve as witnesses to the ritual and its

consequences. The respondents suggest that the members of the community are gathered during

the sapata ritual, which reinforces the importance of community involvement in maintaining

social order.

21
 The sapata ritual is a unique way of promoting integrity and honesty in Barangay

Dacudac. It holds individuals accountable for their actions and encourages them to seek

resolution through traditional means. By involving the entire community in the process, it fosters

a sense of unity and shared responsibility, creating a harmonious and peaceful environment.

Table 4: Sapata in fostering integrity and honesty in Dacudac Community

According to the respondents, there is a way that sapata fosters integrity and honesty in

Barangay Dacudac. 58% stated that the suspect will change, be kinder and feared to do evil

actions again meanwhile 42% stated that sapata gives fear to the people to commit crime and

evil actions.

If the suspect was found out and he/she already tasted yet saved on the consequences of

sapata, the suspect has the possibility to change and not to do any evil crimes again. However, if

the suspect will do it again and don’t fear the danger that sapata brings, Kabunyan may reap
22
their lives for they don’t know how to change and give importance to the chance that’s been

given for them to live.

According to the respondents that the suspect who undergoes sapata will change and

become kinder, fearing to commit evil actions again. This indicates that the experience of sapata

and its consequences is a wake-up call to the suspect, leading to a change in behavior and a

commitment to avoid further wrongdoing.

On the other hand, the respondents mentions that sapata instills fear in people,

discouraging them from committing crimes or engaging in evil actions. This indicated that the

potential consequences of sapata act as a deterrent or not to cause something, creating a sense of

caution and accountability within the community.

This indicated that that if a suspect is found guilty through sapata and experiences the

consequences, they have the possibility to change and refrain from committing further crimes.

However, if the suspects repeat their actions without fearing the dangers associated with sapata,

it is believed that Kabunian may take their life as a result. This highlights the belief in the

importance of personal transformation and the consequences of one’s actions.

The sapata ritual in Barangay Dacudac fosters integrity and honesty by holding

individuals accountable for their actions and encouraging them to change their ways. When a

person is found guilty through the sapata ritual, they are subjected to extreme consequences such

as physical pain or even death.

The practice of sapata is seen as a means to create a peaceful and harmonious community

in Barangay Dacudac. The extreme and dangerous consequences associated with sapata serve as

23
a deterrent, encouraging community members to abide rules and regulations and refrain from

engaging in harmful behavior. Additionally, this serves as a deterrent for future criminal

behavior and encourages individuals to live honest and upright lives. The belief in the concept of

‘inayan’ or karma reinforces the idea that negative actions will eventually have consequences.

Overall. This highlights the transformative power of sapata in promoting integrity,

honesty, and adherence to community values. It underscores the community’s commitments to

maintaining a peaceful by instilling fear, and deterring criminal behavior. By embracing the

practice of sapata and its consequences, the Dacudac community aims to create where

individuals are held accountable to their actions and have the opportunity to change for the

better, ultimately contributing to an honest, integrity and harmonious community.

24
 CHAPTER IV

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:

Sapata serves as a traditional means of addressing serious offences that have significant

consequences within the community. The focus on stealing as the most commonly addressed

offence indicates the importance placed on property rights and the impact of theft on individuals

and the community. It is important to note that sapata is not performed for minor accidents or

small amounts of stolen money. The reason for invoking sapata should be reasonable and make

sense, such as a substantial loss of money that is not easily replaceable or returnable.

Sapata is a traditional practice in Barangay of Dacudac that is used to seek the truth about

a crime or misdeed. The ritual involves various requirements such as butchering pigs and

chickens, boiling water, prayer, and the use of ricewine. These requirements are believed to be

necessary for the ritual to be effective. The ritual is performed by elders in the community and is

based on the belief in a supernatural being called Kabunyan who has the power to reveal the

truth. The community seeks divine intervention and guidance from Kabunyan in determining the

truth in criminal cases.

The sapata ritual in Barangay of Dacudac does not have specific laws or rules, but it has

certain requirements that must be followed. These requirements include butchering pigs and

chickens, boiling water, prayer, and the use of ricewine. The ritual involves seeking the truth

through various methods such as prayer and the use of boiling water as a lie detector. The

10
community believes that by performing these rituals and requirements, they can seek divine

intervention and ensure that justice is served.

The sapata ritual in Barangay Dacudac is a unique and community-oriented approach to

seeking justice. It involves the accuser, accused, and elders, with the entire community gathered

during the ritual. The involvement of the community reinforces the importance of unity and

shared responsibility in maintaining social order. The ritual promotes integrity and honesty,

holding individuals accountable for their actions and encouraging resolution through traditional

means. By involving the elders and following a structured process, the sapata ritual ensures

fairness and a sense of justice in the community.

The sapata ritual in Barangay Dacudac fosters integrity and honesty by holding

individuals accountable for their actions and encouraging them to change their ways. The

consequences associated with sapata act as a deterrent, instilling fear and discouraging

community members from engaging in criminal behavior. The belief in personal transformation

and the concept of karma reinforces the importance of living honest and upright lives within the

community.

The sapata serves as a powerful tool in promoting integrity and honesty within the

community. It holds individuals accountable for their actions and encourages them to change

their behavior. The extreme consequences associated with sapata act as a deterrent, instilling

fear and discouraging community members from engaging in criminal behavior. By embracing

the practice of sapata, the community aims to create a peaceful and harmonious environment

where individuals are held accountable and have the opportunity to transform their lives.

26
RECOMMENDATION:

1. The researchers recommend that the sense of integrity and honesty will remain at

barangay Dacudac even though sapata practice is not commonly applied. This can make

the community peaceful and happy place to live in.

2. Educators will teach and educate learners on the positive effects of sapata, on how it

fosters integrity and honesty in a community. This will make the learners reflect and be

aware on their behaviors for they know that all actions have consequences. By raising

awareness and having a deeper understanding on ‘sapata’, educators can create a school

harmonious and have an honest and integrate community.

3. It is recommended to preserve and give importance on the ‘inayan’ culture in this century

for this is one of the cultures of Dacudac community that cherished by many. By

preserving this culture, Dacudac community will be discourage to commit any evil

actions for they know that inayan gives karma to those who don’t believe and follow it.

4. Researchers recommended that further research can be conducted to explore and

understand deeper on what are the negative effects of sapata into an individual and into a

community. They can explore if sapata practice can be preserved and be recovered and if

it doesn’t affect certain religion that each individuals in the community have.

27
 REFERENCES

Samoda, 2020 https://www.igorotage.com › blog Sapata: An Igorot Lie Detector

Aslam, 2023

http://maldivesmission.com/index.php/statements/statement_on_crime_prevention_and_criminal

_justice_and_international_drug_control_by_he_mr_aslam_shakir

Bayao, 2002

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://

lailluminator.com/2024/01/19/supreme-court-map/

&ved=2ahUKEwiLlJ3QkIKGAxWDUWwGHUvvC9gQFnoECDUQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3kZjzd

_USOCdO0iL3cmIzY

Johnson, 2018

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://

www.onecommunityglobal.org/honesty-and-integrity/

&ved=2ahUKEwjZgOeBkYKGAxXjcmwGHcO8BQsQFnoECCMQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3zbOC

7n8w3KBHoOPrMryRv

Pablito, 2024

Cuyangoan, 2024

28
Kikiyong, 2024)

Labutan, 2024)

Federico, 2024

Paidoc, 2024

29
 Appendix A

Republic of The Philippines

Department of Education

Cordillera Administrative Region

Schools Division of Mountain Province

TADIAN DISTRICT II

DACUDAC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Dacudac, Tadian, Mountain Province

April 1, 2024

BENSON B. CULLA-AG
School Head
Dacudac National High School
Dacudac, Tadian, Mountain Province

Sir:

An astonishing day to your office sir!

We the Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences students, would like to ask for your permission
to allow us to conduct our interview about the “SAPATA: FOSTERING INTEGRITY AND
HONESTY AT BARANGAY COMMUNITY” as part of the requirements in our subject
Inquiries, Investigation, Immersion.

30
The purpose of the interview is to gather information and insights about “Sapata”. It will be
conducted on April 2-5, 2024 during our class period from 2:30-4:30 pm at Dacudac, Tadian,
Mountain Province.

Rest assured that the data collected and the result of the study will be confidential and for
academic purposes only. We promise to give a copy of results of the study to the school as soon
as the research will be completed.

Thank you for taking the time to read this letter. And we are hoping for your approval on this
request. Thank you once again.

Respectfully,

ALFRED B. NGANGAY ARIO D. ATAYAN LANDER B. GAYASO

Researcher Researcher Researcher

MARK A. COYANGOAN MHARICRIS D. LACADEN

Researcher Researcher

Noted: Approved:

LORELYN B. PATRON BENSON B. CULLA-AG

Inquiries, Investigation, School Head
Immersion Teacher

31
 Republic of The Philippines
Department of Education
Cordillera Administrative Region
Schools Division of Mountain Province
TADIAN DISTRICT II
DACUDAC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Dacudac, Tadian, Mountain Province

April 1, 2024

FABIAN P. BILAYAN
Barangay Captain
Dacudac, Tadian, Mountain Province

Sir:

A wonderful day to you!

We the Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences students, would like to ask for your permission
to allow us to conduct our interview about the “SAPATA: FOSTERING INTEGRITY AND
HONESTY AT DACUDAC COMMUNITY” as part of the requirements in our subject
Inquiries, Investigation, Immersion.

The purpose of the interview is to gather information and insights about “sapata”. It will be
conducted on April 2-5, 2024 during our class period from 2:30-4:30 pm at Dacudac, Tadian,
Mountain Province.

Rest assured that the data collected and the result of the study will be strictly confidential and for
academic purposes only.

Thank you for taking the time to read this letter. And we are hoping for your approval on this
request. Thank you once again.

32
Respectfully,

ALFRED B. NGANGAY ARIO D. ATAYAN LANDER B. GAYASO

Researcher Researcher Researcher

MARK A. COYANGOAN MHARICRIS D. LACADEN

Researcher Researcher

Noted: Approved:

LORELYN B. PATRON FABIAN P. BILAYAN

Inquiries, Investigation, Barangay Captain
Immersion Teacher

33
 APPENDIX B

Interview Questionnaire

1. What offences requires the performance of Sapata?

1. What specific offenses or crimes within the community typically require the performance

of Sapata? (Sinu ay amag uno krimen di shat maisapataan?)

A. What requires the administration of offenses that are more commonly addressed

through Sapata? (Sinu san kanayon ay maisapataan sina Dacudac?)

2. What are the requirements when doing/applying Sapata?

2. What are the key requirements or conditions that must be met when conducting or

applying Sapata? (Sinu dadin kondisyon uno linteg ay patien nu mansapata?)

A. What are the specific qualifications or roles that individuals involved in Sapata must

possess? (Sinu dadin syat isagana ay mausar nu mansapata?)

B. What are the prerequisites or preparations that need to be completed before initiating

the Sapata process? (Sinu dadin syat maamag sakbay ay mansapata?)

3. How is the process of Sapata being done at Barangay Dacudac?

3. Can you provide a detailed explanation of the step-by-step process of how Sapata is

conducted in Barangay Dacudac? (Man ibaga ka kud nu kasanu din proseson di sapata

ed dacudac?)

34
 A. Who are the key participants or stakeholders in the Sapata proceedings, and what are

their roles? (Sinu dadin iipogaw ay mairaman sin sapata ya sinu din ubla da?)

4. How does Sapata fosters integrity and honesty at Dacudac Community?

4. In what ways does the practice of Sapata foster integrity and honesty within the Dacudac

community? (Kasanu ay din sapata et pawad wadaan na di kinaanus ya kinatetewan di

ipugaw ed Dacudac?)

A. How does the sapata contribute on the emphasis and effectiveness of integrity and

honesty in solving issues? (Kasanu ay din nay sapata et pawad wadaan na di

kinaanus ya kinatetewa sin panangsulbar sin problema?)

B. Can you provide examples or anecdotes that highlight the positive impact of Sapata

on integrity and honesty within the community? (Manidawat ka kd si enggay

nasulbaran ay problema ay man ipapaila si positibo ay epekton di sapata?)

35
 APPENDIX C

Interviewing the Respondents

CURICCULUM VITAE

36
Researcher 1

NAME: Ario Daguyon Atayan Jr.

BIRTHDATE: May 27, 2006

GENDER: Male

AGE: 17

ADDRESS: Dacudac Tadian Mountain Province

MOTHER: Pearly Daguyon Atayan

FATHER: Ario Daguyon Atayan Sr.

ADDRESS: Taambuwan Besao Mountain Province

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

ELEMENTARY: Taambuwan Elementary School S.Y 2011-2018

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Taambuwan National High School S.Y 2018-2022

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Dacudac National High School S.Y 2022-2024

TRACK: Academics

STRAND: Humanities in Social Sciences

SCHOOL YEAR: 2023-2024

Researcher 2

NAME: Alfred Bolidan Ngangay

BIRTHDATE: June 06, 2006

37
GENDER: Male

AGE: 17

ADDRESS: Dacudac Tadian Mountain Province

MOTHER: Irene Bolidan Ngangay

FATHER: Arsenio Abliwan Ngangay

ADDRESS: Dacudac, Tadian, Mountain Province

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

ELEMENTARY: Dacudac Elementary School S.Y. 2012-2018

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Dacudac National High School S.Y. 2018-2022

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Dacudac National High School S.Y. 2022-2024

TRACK: Academics

STRAND: Humanities in Social Sciences

SCHOOL YEAR: 2023-2024

Researcher 3

NAME: Lander Benana Gayaso

BIRTHDATE: September 01, 2005

GENDER: Male
38
AGE: 18

ADDRESS: Dacudac Tadian Mountain Province

MOTHER: Marina Benana Gayaso

FATHER: Michael Soliman Gayaso

ADDRESS: Dacudac, Tadian, Mountain Province

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

ELEMENTARY: Dacudac Elementary School S.Y. 2012-2018

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Dacudac National High School S.Y. 2018-2022

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Dacudac National High School S.Y. 2022-2024

TRACK: Academics

STRAND: Humanities in Social Sciences

SCHOOL YEAR: 2023-2024

Researcher 4

NAME: Mark Anasan Coyangoan

BIRTHDATE: March 11, 2005

GENDER: Male

39
AGE: 19

ADDRESS: Dacudac Tadian Mountain Province

MOTHER: Marcelina Anasan Cuyangoan

FATHER: John Bastian Cuyangoan

ADDRESS: Dacudac, Tadian, Mountain Province

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

ELEMENTARY: Dacudac Elementary School S.Y. 2012-2018

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Dacudac National High School S.Y. 2018-2022

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Dacudac National High School S.Y. 2022-2024

TRACK: Academics

STRAND: Humanities in Social Sciences

SCHOOL YEAR: 2023-2024

Researcher 5

NAME: Mharicris Dino Lacaden

BIRTHDATE: October 30, 2006

GENDER: Female

40
AGE: 17

ADDRESS: Dacudac Tadian Mountain Province

MOTHER: Marissa Dino Lacaden

FATHER: Crispin Laoyan Lacaden

ADDRESS: Dacudac, Tadian, Mountain Province

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

ELEMENTARY: Dacudac Elementary School S.Y. 2012-2018

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Dacudac National High School S.Y. 2018-2022

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Magsaysay National High School S.Y. 2022-2023

Dacudac National High School S.Y. 2023-2024

TRACK: Academics

STRAND: Humanities in Social Sciences

SCHOOL YEAR: 2023-2024

41