DESIGN OF WIDEBAND INDUCTIVE LOADED ANTENNA FOR

SURVEILLIANCE BASED APPLICATIONS

Enrol. No. - 9920102021, 9920102023, 9920102032

Name of Student - Preet Singh Sodhi, Swarnim Pathak, Akshat Sinha
Name of supervisor - Dr. Ashish Gupta

November – 2023

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, NOIDA (U.P.)

I
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the major project report entitled, “Design of Wideband Inductive Loaded

Antenna for Surveillance based Applications” submitted by Preet Singh, Swarnim Pathak, Akshat

Sinha in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology Degree in

Electronics and Communication Engineering of the Jaypee Institute of Information Technology,

Noida is an authentic work carried out by them under my supervision and guidance. The matter embodied

in this report is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Signature of Supervisor:

Name of the Supervisor: Dr Ashish Gupta

ECE Department,

JIIT, Sec-128,

Noida-201304

Dated:04/12/2023

II
 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this written submission represents our own ideas in our own words and where
others' ideas or words have been included, have been adequately cited and referenced the original sources.
We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our submission.

Place: Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sec-128 Noida

Date:04/12/2023

Name: Preet Singh Sodhi

Enrollment: 9920102021

Name: Swarnim Pathak

Enrollment: 9920102023

Name: Akshat Sinha

Enrollment: 9920102032

III
 ABSTRACT
Inductive Loaded Antenna are basically used in wireless communication applications. These can
include various wireless standards such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, RFID, and more. The antenna's
performance should align with the specific frequency bands used in these applications. Inductive loading
allows antennas to achieve resonance at lower frequencies while maintaining a compact physical size.
This is particularly valuable for applications like wearables, IoT devices, and small communication
modules.

Many modern communication systems require support for multiple frequency bands or wide
frequency ranges. Inductive loaded antennas can be designed to cover these bands or ranges, making
them versatile solutions for applications like 5G networks, satellite communication, and cognitive radio
systems with the increasing demand for wireless communication and the scarcity of available frequency
bands, antennas need to operate in diverse frequency ranges. Inductive loading can help shift the resonant
frequency of an antenna, enabling it to cover multiple frequency bands or target specific frequency ranges
efficiently.

They are preferred over conventional antennas for surveillance-based applications due to their
unique characteristics that make them well-suited for the specific requirements of such applications. In
surveillance systems, space constraints are common, especially when multiple antennas need to be
deployed on a single platform or within a confined environment.

These Antennas can be designed by selecting the specific frequency range we need to cover for
the surveillance application then, we can design a Patch Antenna where Optimization may involve
adjusting the lengths and size of patch and positions of inductive elements and with the help of Inductive
Loading Technique we can introduce inductance into the antenna structure, typically by adding inductive
elements like coils or meandering paths. [1]

Ansys Electronics desktop (HFSS) has been used for designing and simulation of structures
mentioned in this project report.

IV
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to place on record our deep sense of gratitude to Dr Ashish Gupta, Senior Professor,
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, India for his generous guidance, help, useful suggestions,
and supervision throughout the course of present work. We would like to express our sincere gratitude
to Dr Raghvendra kumar singh, Dept. of ECE, India, for his help in Clearance of doubts in theoretical
concepts of Electromagnetic and field theory. We express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Ravi, Dept. of
ECE, India, for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and help in technical work. We also
wish to extend our thanks to my classmates for their insightful comments and constructive suggestions
to improve the quality of this project work.

Signature of students

Name: Preet Singh Sodhi

Enrollment: 9920102021

Name: Swarnim Pathak

Enrollment: 9920102023

Name: Akshat Sinha

Enrollment: 9920102032

V
LIST OF ABBREVIAITIONS

FSS Frequency Selective Surface

MIC Microwave Integrated Circuits

PEC Perfect Electric Conductor

CPW Coplanar Waveguide

SLL Side Lobe Level

EBG Electromagnetic Band Group

PAA Phased Array Antenna

VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

VI
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1 Schematics and photographs of the fabricated antenna elements.

(a)Conventional patch antenna. (b) 5×2 inductive loaded patch
antenna.
Fig. 2 Measured radiation characteristics of the conventional and 5×2
inductive loaded patch antennas.
(a) Return loss. (b) E-plane radiation pattern (c) H-plane radiation
pattern (d) Horizontal plane radiation pattern
Fig. 3 (a) Geometrical configuration of the rectangular microstrip patch
antenna on two-layer substrate materials
(b) The radiation characteristics in principle planes of the proposed
antenna at 600 GHz.
(c) Gain characteristics of proposed antenna in E and H plane at 600
GHz.
Fig.4 (a) The configuration of the proposed microstrip patch antenna
(b) The S11 response of the microstrip patch antenna versus the
operating frequencies
Fig.5 (a) Configuration of stand-alone reference CPW-fed inductive slot
antenna
(b) Measured and simulated results of return loss
Fig.6 (a) Side View of the microstrip patch antenna
(b) Top view with a coaxial feed in the bottom
Fig.7 (a) Top View of the Inductive loaded antenna
(b) Side view with a coaxial feed in the bottom of inductive loaded
antenna with vias
Fig.8 (a) Results for S parameter (S11) in conventional patch Antenna
(b) Results for S parameter (S11) in inductive loaded Antenna
Fig.9 (a) E plane Radiation pattern of patch antenna with one co-axial feed
(b) E plane Radiation pattern of Inductive loaded patch antenna
Fig.10 (a) H plane radiation pattern for patch antenna
(b) H plane Radiation pattern for inductive loaded antenna
Fig.11 (a) Horizontal plane Radiation pattern for Patch Antenna
(b) Horizontal plane Radiation pattern of Inductive loaded Antenna
Fig.12 (a) Gain plot for Conventional patch Antenna
(b) Gain plot for Inductive loaded Patch Antenna
Fig.13 Performance comparison between two types of antenna

VII
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Front Page i

Certificate ii

Declaration iii

Abstract iv

Acknowledgment v

Abbreviations vi

Figures vii

1) Chapter-1 Introduction 1

2) Chapter-2 Literature Survey 3

3) Chapter-3 Technical Work 12

4) Chapter-4 Experimental Results and Analysis 16

5) Chapter-5 Future Scope & Conclusion 24

6) References 26

VIII
 Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION

At present scenario when technology is Advancing and improving the lives of Tech users around the
world, Antenna and its applications are also becoming Advance One such application of antenna is
Antennas which are basically used in surveillance Applications and wireless communication systems.

Inductive loaded antennas represent a cutting-edge innovation in the realm of surveillance-based

applications, marking a significant leap in antenna design and functionality. Unlike traditional antennas,
inductive loaded antennas leverage inductive loading techniques to enhance their performance, making
them particularly well-suited for applications demanding superior sensitivity and range.

These antennas capitalize on the principles of electromagnetic induction to optimize their electrical
characteristics, enabling them to operate efficiently across a broad spectrum of frequencies. This
versatility makes them ideal for surveillance applications, where the need to capture and transmit signals
across various frequency bands is paramount.

The inductive loading technology incorporated into these antennas allows for compact designs without
compromising on performance, making them discreet and adaptable for covert surveillance operations.
Furthermore, their ability to operate in challenging environments with minimal signal degradation makes
them invaluable for applications requiring robust and reliable communication. [1]

As the demand for sophisticated surveillance solutions continues to rise, inductive loaded antennas stand
at the forefront, offering a promising avenue for achieving enhanced signal reception and transmission
capabilities in the pursuit of seamless and efficient surveillance-based operations.

Inductive Loaded Antenna are basically used in wireless communication applications. These can include
various wireless standards such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, RFID, and more. The antenna's performance
should align with the specific frequency bands used in these applications. Inductive loading allows
antennas to achieve resonance at lower frequencies while maintaining a compact physical size. This is
particularly valuable for applications like wearables, IoT devices, and small communication modules.

1
Many modern communication systems require support for multiple frequency bands or wide frequency
ranges. Inductive loaded antennas can be designed to cover these bands or ranges, making them versatile
solutions for applications like 5G networks, satellite communication, and cognitive radio systems with
the increasing demand for wireless communication and the scarcity of available frequency bands,
antennas need to operate in diverse frequency ranges. Inductive loading can help shift the resonant
frequency of an antenna, enabling it to cover multiple frequency bands or target specific frequency ranges
efficiently.

They are preferred over conventional antennas for surveillance-based applications due to their unique
characteristics that make them well-suited for the specific requirements of such applications. In
surveillance systems, space constraints are common, especially when multiple antennas need to be
deployed on a single platform or within a confined environment. Inductive loaded antennas allow
designers to achieve wideband performance in a smaller physical footprint compared to conventional
antennas, making them ideal for compact and dense installations.[2]

2
 Chapter-2

LITREATURE SURVEY

2.1 A Linear Phased Array Antenna Composed of Inductive Loaded Patch

Antennas. [3]

In this journal, Radiation characteristics of an inductive loaded patch phased array antenna (PAA) are
compared to those of a conventional patch PAA. The performance of an inductive loaded patch PAA is
significantly improved compared to that of a conventional patch PAA because the mutual coupling
between the adjacent inductive loaded patch antennas is very small compared to that between the adjacent
conventional patch antennas. The radiation characteristics of an inductive loaded patch PAA show
superior performance such as low variations of the main beam gain and sidelobe level over the variation
of the main beam direction.

Microstrip patch antennas have become one of the most popular antennas because they have many
advantages such as low profile, light weight, low fabrication cost, and easy integration with microwave
integrated circuits (MICs). While microstrip patch antennas fabricated on high dielectric constant
substrates are compact and easily integrated with MICs, they can excite large surface waves and
significant amount of radiation along the horizontal plane. The excitation of surface waves and radiation
in the horizontal plane leads to enhanced mutual coupling between antenna elements of phased arrays,
which results in a degradation of performance of phased arrays. Therefore, a great deal of research has
been carried out to reduce the mutual coupling between antenna elements.

Recently, attempts have been made to reduce the mutual coupling between antenna elements by inserting
various types of electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures such as the mushroom EBG, uniplanar
compact EBG, and elongated mushroom EBG between antenna elements of phased arrays. To reduce the
radiation along the horizontal plane, patch antennas with an array of pins interconnecting the patch and
the ground were investigated. A unit cell of a patch antenna with an array of pins is equivalent to that of
an inductive loaded patch antenna.

3
 (a)

(b)

Fig. 1 Schematics and photographs of the fabricated antenna elements.

(a) Conventional patch antenna. (b) 5×2 inductive loaded patch antenna.

The radiation characteristics of the linear seven-element PAAs equidistantly positioned along the E-plane
with a conventional patch antenna and an inductive loaded patch antenna as an antenna element are
measured and compared. The results showed that the performance of the inductive loaded patch PAA is
significantly improved compared to that of the conventional patch PAA because the mutual coupling
between the adjacent antenna elements of the inductive loaded patch PAA is very small compared to that
of the conventional patch PAA.

4
Fig. 2 Measured radiation characteristics of the conventional and 5 2 inductive loaded patch antennas.
(a) Return loss. (b) E-plane radiation pattern (c) H-plane radiation pattern (d) Horizontal plane radiation pattern

The active reflection coefficient of the centre element of the inductive loaded patch PAA is less than 10
dB for the entire range of the scanning angular sector, while that of the conventional PAA is larger than
10 dB for the scanning angular sector of -11° to 11°. The radiation characteristics of the inductive loaded
patch PAA show superior performance such as low variations of the main beam gain and SLL less than
1.8 dB for the variation of the main beam direction from 0° to 25°.

5
2.2 Dual-band rectangular microstrip patch antenna at terahertz frequency for
surveillance system. [4]

In this paper, a rectangular microstrip patch antenna on two-layer substrate materials has been analysed
and simulated at the terahertz frequency regime for the surveillance system. The proposed antenna has
been simulated at 600 and 800 GHz frequencies by using CST Microwave Studio a commercially
available simulator based on finite integral technique. This antenna structure is also simulated by using
finite element method-based simulator Ansoft HFSS and the results are compared with former.

Research paper emphasizes the significance of the terahertz frequency regime in various applications
such as astronomy, space science, ultra-fast chemistry, biological imaging, and gigabit indoor wireless
communication. Specifically, the terahertz spectrum is being explored for surveillance systems and real-
time security screening, potentially replacing multiple reflector systems with dual-band microstrip
antennas. The ability to scan explosive or hazardous materials in real-time is highlighted. The
introduction acknowledges the challenges at terahertz frequencies, emphasizing the need to enhance the
electrical performance, especially the gain, of microstrip antennas to counter losses due to reflection,
refraction, and atmospheric absorption.

Current research indicates the use of photonic crystals as substrates to improve microstrip antenna
performance at microwave/millimetre wave frequencies. However, existing designs suffer from high
radiation losses. While dual-and multi-frequency antennas have been designed for wireless
communication, these are limited to lower frequency regimes. Similarly, multilayer substrate antennas
have been studied but primarily in the microwave region. The introduction establishes the context for the
research, addressing the need for improved terahertz antenna designs to overcome the challenges in
wireless and surveillance systems.

Fig 3(a) Geometrical configuration of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna on two-layer substrate materials

6
 Fig. 3(b)The radiation characteristics in principle planes of the proposed antenna at 600 GHz.

Fig 3(c). Gain characteristics of proposed antenna in E and H plane at 600 GHz.

In this paper, a rectangular microstrip antenna on two-layer substrate materials has been analysed and
simulated. Various losses at terahertz frequency range have been analytically calculated and compared
with the simulation. The antenna feeding technique has been dealt in detail and with the help of series-
loaded capacitance the response at 600 and 800 GHz has been optimized. In the case of single resonance
condition, radiation efficiency upto 79.7% has been achieved. The gain and directivity of this antenna is
equal to 9.8 dB and 10.7 dB, respectively.

7
2.3 Terahertz Microstrip Patch Antenna for The Surveillance Applications. [5]

The research paper introduces a design for a microstrip patch antenna operating within the terahertz
frequency range (700-850 GHz). Given the extremely small dimensions at terahertz frequencies, the
microstrip patch and its feeding network are challenging to fabricate. The proposed antenna addresses
this by employing a multilayer structure with three layers: the top layer models the rectangular patch, the
second layer serves as the substrate, and the bottom layer acts as the ground plane. Using a microwave
simulator, the physical dimensions of the layers and fed-line are optimized to enhance electrical
parameters such as realized gain, bandwidth, total and radiation efficiencies, and radiation patterns.
The paper investigates the impact of the rectangular patch's dimensions on controlling the resonant
frequency of the dominant mode (TM01) and addresses the exclusion of lower and higher propagating
modes from the frequency band of interest. Simulations show that the antenna achieves a realized gain
fluctuating from 6.4 dB to 9.7 dB over the operating frequency range with an extremely large reflection
coefficient bandwidth (S11) below -10dB. The total efficiency is reported to be more than 75%. The
simplicity and wide bandwidth of the proposed antenna make it potentially suitable for various security
and surveillance applications.

The advantages of terahertz frequencies and the terahertz spectrum include a larger bandwidth, enabling
the simultaneous transmission or reception of diverse information like texts, videos, and animations. The
increasing demand for higher data rates further motivates researchers to focus on terahertz
communication systems and their components. However, a significant challenge in terahertz
communication systems is the high free path loss, particularly over long distances. To address this,
employing high gain and wide bandwidth antennas becomes crucial.

Nevertheless, designing high gain antennas at terahertz frequencies faces limitations, primarily due to
the extreme minimization of physical dimensions. Fabricating antennas with current techniques poses a
challenge. Various methods have been presented in the literature to overcome this challenge, such as
silicon micromachining for designing a travelling wave rectangular waveguide antenna, metal deposition
for a corrugated rectangular waveguide, and the graphene metal approach for a reconfigurable loop
antenna. The micromachined SU-8 layers technique is highlighted as a high-precision method for
designing terahertz components.

8
 Fig. 4(a) The configuration of the proposed microstrip patch antenna

Fig. 4(b) The S11 response of the microstrip patch antenna versus the operating frequencies.

9
2.4 A Dual-Band CPW-Fed Inductive Slot-Monopole Hybrid Antenna. [6]

In this research paper a dual-band coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed hybrid antenna consisting of a 5.4
GHz high-band CPW-fed inductive slot antenna and a 2.4 GHz low-band bifurcated F-shaped monopole
antenna is proposed and investigated experimentally. This antenna possesses an appealing characteristic
that the CPW-fed inductive slot antenna reinforces and thus improves the radiation efficiency of the
bifurcated monopole antenna. Moreover, due to field orthogonality, one band resonant frequency and
return loss bandwidth of the proposed hybrid antenna allows almost independent optimization without
noticeably affecting those of the other band.

Research paper discusses the growing demand for lightweight and low-profile dual-band antennas,
prompting cost-effective design exploration. Traditional microstrip antennas are known for their
advantages but suffer from limited bandwidth. Coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed antennas, recognized for
broader bandwidth and surface-mount device integration, have gained attention. Existing dual-band
CPW-fed slot and monopole antennas face challenges with mutual coupling between high- and low-band
radiators, requiring intricate optimization. To address this, a novel approach introduces a dual-band
CPW-fed slot-monopole hybrid antenna with orthogonal polarizations for reduced interdependency
between operation bands.

The paper presents experimental results demonstrating that each band can be independently optimized
without significantly affecting the other's resonant frequency or return loss bandwidth. The antennas are
fabricated on FR4 substrates, and key design parameters are specified, showcasing a 5.4 GHz high-band
CPW-fed inductive slot antenna and various bifurcated monopole designs for the 2.4 GHz low-band
operation. The hybrid antenna exhibits dual-band performance, although there is a slight degradation in
the low-band return loss compared to the stand-alone monopole antenna. The research addresses
challenges in achieving dual-band antenna performance with reduced interdependence between operation
bands.

10
 Fig. 5(a) Configuration of stand-alone reference CPW-fed inductive slot antenna.

Fig. 5(b) Measured and simulated results of return loss

In this paper, a dual-band CPW-fed inductive slot-F-shaped monopole hybrid antenna has been
implemented and experimentally investigated. The measurement results indicate that: 1) the CPW-fed
inductive slot antenna significantly reinforces and improves the low-band antenna performance of the
bifurcated monopole antenna which is oriented parallel to CPW ground planes and 2) the resonant
frequencies and 10 dB return losses (VSWR < 2) bandwidths for both high- and low-bands can nearly
be independently optimized due to the orthogonally-polarized fields of the high and low band element
antenna. Therefore, a dual-band hybrid antenna has been successfully realized and confirmed.

11
 Chapter -3

Technical Work

3.1 Conventional Patch Antenna

The top and side views of the unit cell proposed Structure are presented in Fig 6(a) and 6(b) respectively.
To achieve increase in broadside gain and maximum power reflection at centre frequency of 5GHz, the
geometrical dimensions of the structure have been optimized in such a way that the feed position can be
shifted in x direction to understand and analyse the change in S parameter plot and Gain curve.

Fig.6 (a) Side View of the microstrip patch antenna Fig.6 (b) Top view with a coaxial feed in the bottom

12
Design Parameters of Conventional antenna:

• The unit cell substrate is made up of Taconic CER-10 (tm) (with relative permittivity = 10.2) of
60 x 60 x 3.2 mm.

• The unit cell is pec grounded (with relative permittivity = 1) with a thickness of 0.035 mm.

• The patch is made with pec material with x-dimension as 7.6 mm and y-dimension as 6.1 mm.

• A radiation region box is created at a distance of λ /4, where λ is calculated using centre frequency
of 5GHz.

• The structure is working inside radiation box with appropriate excitation applied through feed.

• Lumped port excitation is assigned with defined u vector on the bottom surface of the Antenna.
Feed is designed using Teflon material and the feed is cylinder shaped to provide coaxial feed to
the circuit.

13
3.2 Inductive Loaded Antenna

The top and side views of the unit cell proposed Structure are presented in Fig 7(a) and 7(b) respectively.
To achieve increase in broadside gain and maximum power reflection at centre frequency of 5 GHz, the
geometrical dimensions of the structure have been optimized in such a way that the feed position and can
be shifted in x direction, Position of vias which is cylinder shaped can be changed and it’s radius can be
varied accordingly to understand and analyse the change in S parameter plot and Gain curve.

Fig.7 (a) Top View of the Inductive loaded antenna

Fig.7 (b) Side view with a coaxial feed in the bottom of inductive loaded antenna with vias

14
Design Parameters of Inductive loaded patch antenna:

• The unit cell substrate is made up of Taconic CER-10 (tm) (with relative permittivity = 10.2) of 60 ×
60 x 3.2 mm.

• The unit cell is pec grounded (with relative permittivity = 1) with a thickness of 0.035 mm.

• The patch is made with pec material with x-dimension as 27.5 mm and y-dimension as 11.3 mm.

• A radiation region box is created at a distance of λ /4, where λ is calculated using centre frequency of
5GHz.

• The structure is working inside radiation box with appropriate excitation applied through feed.

• 10 vias (5 x 2) of pec material are created along x axis of radius 0.6mm each.

• Feed is designed using Teflon material and the feed is cylinder shaped to provide coaxial feed to the
circuit.

• Lumped port excitation is assigned at a distance of 12.05mm from the origin with defined u vector on
the bottom surface of the antenna.

15
 Chapter 4

Results and analysis

After validating and Simulation of the structure mentioned in Chapter 3 Fig.6(a), Fig.6(b), Fig.7(a) and
Fig.7(b). We will Calculate Following parameters and results. We will show the comparison in results
between Convention patch antenna and Inductive Loaded Antenna.

4.1 S parameters

• S-parameters describe the input-output relationship between ports (or terminals) in an electrical
system. For instance, if we have 2 ports, then S12 represents the power transferred from Port 2 to
Port 1. S21 represents the power transferred from Port 1 to Port 2. [7]

• S11 represents how much power is reflected from the antenna, and hence is known as
the reflection coefficient.

• If S11=-10 dB, this implies that if 3 dB of power is delivered to the antenna, -7 dB is the reflected
power. The remainder of the power was "accepted by" or delivered to the antenna. This accepted
power is either radiated or absorbed as losses within the antenna.

• Our results show Antenna radiates best at canter frequency of 5GHz the bandwidth is defined as
the frequency range where S11 is to be less than -10 dB as shown in Fig.8(a) and 8(b), then the
bandwidth would be roughly 5.08GHz at the high end and 4.79GHz at the low end of the
frequency band.
• we can say that power reflection is observed in this bandwidth and using these values we can
calculate -10dB (%) Bandwidth and performance of this parameter is compared in Fig.13.
• The S11 parameter, it represents the reflection coefficient at the input port of the structure and is
related to return loss. Return loss (RL) can be calculated from the reflection coefficient (S11)
using the formula:

16
Fig 8(a) Results for S parameter (S11) in conventional patch Antenna

Fig 8(b) Results for S parameter (S11) in inductive loaded Antenna

17
4.2 E plane Radiation pattern

The E-plane radiation pattern is crucial for designing antenna systems, especially in applications
where the horizontal coverage area is essential, such as point-to-point communication links, radar
systems, and other wireless communication systems. It provides valuable information about the
antenna's behaviour in the azimuthal direction, aiding in the overall system design and performance
evaluation.

The E-plane radiation pattern provides insights into various characteristics of the antenna, such as
the main lobe (the direction of maximum radiation), side lobes (additional, less significant radiation
directions), beamwidth, directivity, and gain. [8]

It helps in determining the coverage area of the antenna, optimizing its performance, and ensuring
that it meets the requirements of the specific application.

Fig.9(a) and 9(b) Shows E plane radiation pattern and significant Increase in Radiation is observed
in E plane in inductive loaded patch antenna in comparison to Conventional patch antenna

Fig 9(a) E plane Radiation pattern of patch antenna with one co-axial feed

18
 Fig 9(b) E plane Radiation pattern of Inductive loaded patch antenna

4.3 H plane Radiation pattern

The H-plane radiation pattern is crucial for designing antenna systems, especially in applications where
the vertical coverage area is essential, such as satellite communication, radar systems, and other wireless
communication systems. It provides valuable information about the antenna's behaviour in the elevation
direction, aiding in the overall system design and performance evaluation.

The H-plane radiation pattern provides insights into various characteristics of the antenna, such as the
main lobe (the direction of maximum radiation), side lobes (additional, less significant radiation
directions), beamwidth, directivity, and gain in the vertical plane. [8]

The result is a plot that shows how the radiated power varies with respect to the elevation angle around
the antenna.

It helps in determining the coverage area of the antenna in the elevation direction, optimizing its
performance, and ensuring that it meets the requirements of the specific application.

Fig.10(a) and 10(b) Shows H plane radiation pattern and significant Increase in Radiation is observed in
H plane in inductive loaded patch antenna in comparison to Conventional patch antenna

19
 Fig 10(a) H plane radiation pattern for patch antenna

Fig 10(b). H plane Radiation pattern for inductive loaded antenna

20
4.4 Horizontal plane Radiation pattern

The Horizontal Plane Radiation Pattern is crucial for designing antenna systems, especially in
applications where the horizontal coverage area is essential, such as point-to-point communication links,
radar systems, and other wireless communication systems. It provides valuable information about the
antenna's behaviour in the azimuthal direction, aiding in the overall system design and performance
evaluation.

Researchers use the Horizontal Plane Radiation Pattern to understand how the antenna radiates energy
horizontally. It helps in determining the coverage area of the antenna, optimizing its performance, and
ensuring that it meets the requirements of the specific application. [8]

The collected data is processed to create a graphical representation of the Horizontal Plane (E-plane)
Radiation Pattern. The result is a plot that shows how the radiated power varies with respect to the
azimuthal angle around the antenna.

At each angle of rotation, the power radiated by the antenna in the horizontal plane is measured. This
measurement is typically done by recording the received signal strength at a fixed distance from the
antenna.

Fig.11(a) and 11(b) shows Horizontal Radiation pattern for conventional patch antenna and inductive
loaded antenna

Fig. 11(a) Horizontal plane Radiation pattern for Patch Antenna

21
 Fig. 11(b)Horizontal plane Radiation pattern of Inductive loaded Antenna

4.5 Gain plot

The gain of an antenna is typically expressed in decibels (dB) and can be calculated using the following
formula:

In Ansys HFSS (High-Frequency Structure Simulator), you can calculate the gain of an antenna by
simulating its performance within the software

3D polar plot of Gain is observed and it is shown in Fig.12(a) and Fig.12(b) and it has been observed
that maximum gain of 5.2 is achieved in Linear patch antenna and maximum gain of 8.1 is achieved in
Inductive loaded patch antenna.

22
 Fig.12(a) Gain plot for Conventional patch Antenna

Fig.12(b) Gain plot for Inductive loaded Patch Antenna

23
 Chapter 5

Conclusion and future scope

• We tried to design the structure on Ansys HFSS after analysing and Understanding Journals and
conference papers based out of Inductive Loaded Antennas.

• We continued working on this structure and by optimising the structure we have achieved
Significant Similarity in Gain Return loss and Radiation patterns.

• S11 is more than -30dB on the operating frequency of 4.9 GHz which shows we can get more
power reflection from this antenna that is given in the research paper.

• Inductive loading is done by inserting vias of copper at equal distances creating mutual coupling
between vias.

• Structure has been designed using design parameters given in [1], then we have designed a
metamaterial surface with multiple vias in the 5 x 2 format.

• Then applied appropriate Boundary and Excitation on the Antenna.

• Plotted graph for S Parameter and plotted curve for Return loss, Gain and H plane Radiation
pattern report to analyse the change in broadside gain shown by inductive loaded antenna in
comparison to Conventional Patch antenna. we observed improvement in Broadside Gain and to
make sure antenna perform surveillance application Broadside Gain should be high.

• Performance Comparison between Conventional patch antenna and inductive loaded antenna is
shown in in Fig.13

Fig.13 Performance comparison between two types of antenna

24
Future scope

• As Technology continues to evolve, the future scope of inductive loaded antennas is likely to
expand, contributing to advancements in wireless communication, sensing, and connectivity
across a wide range of applications. [3]

• Integration of inductive loaded antennas into phased array systems for advanced beamforming
capabilities in communication, radar, surveillance and remote sensing applications.

• Research on overcoming challenges associated with mutual coupling and optimizing the
performance of inductive loaded elements in phased arrays.

• The designed Inductive loaded Antenna can be used in surveillance applications because to
achieve surveillance applications Antenna must show increase in broadside gain.

• The future of inductive loaded antennas holds several promising avenues, driven by ongoing
technological advancements and evolving communication requirements.

25
 REFRENCES

[1] Kim, T. Y., Yoon, Y. M., Kim, G. S., & Kim, B. G. (2011). A linear phased array antenna composed
of inductive loaded patch antennas. IEEE antennas and wireless propagation letters, 10, 1051-1054.

[2] Kishor, T., Neebha, T. M., Chelladurai, A. S., Sharma, S. P., Andrusia, A. D., & Bhaskar, B. (2023,
March). Design Aspects of Miniaturized Spiral Microstrip Patch Antenna with Inductive Loading
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