A DICTIONARY OF

JAPANESE
PARTICLES
Sue A. Kawashima

KODANSHA INTERNATIONAL
Tokyo * New York * London

(e
To my students
 PREFACE

Although there are many difficult grammatical points that a student

must master in learning the Japanese language, particles belong in a class by
themselves. Appearing in nearly every sentence, they are absolutely crucial to
a proper understanding of the intended meaning. A student may possess a
large vocabulary and a good grasp of verb conjugation, but without a firm
command of particles, he or she cannot hope to construct consistently cor-
rect sentences. In choice and placement, particles can completely transform
the meaning of two sentences that are otherwise exactly the same.
Throughout my teaching career I have felt that particles were the key to
learning Japanese. Though not a linguist, I have many years of teaching expe-
rience, and in this book I hope to have made good use of that experience by
helping students come to a better understanding of particle usage. If the stu-
dent benefits in any substantial way, I will feel my efforts have been rewarded.
I wish to thank my students at Hunter College, who, by posing many
thought-provoking questions, have contributed to the making of this book.
I would also like to express my sincere gratitude t6 Tetsuo Kuramochi of
Kodansha International, who helped to bring about this incarnation of the
original edition, Particles Plus.
Lastly, I am indebted for much of the translation herein to my daughter,
a professor of Japanese literature, who has edited all of my work.

Sue A. Kawashima
Spring, 1999
Previously published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Japan as Particles Plus.
Distributed in the United States by Kodansha America, Inc., 575 Lexington
Avenue, New York N.Y. 10022, and in the United Kingdom and continental
Europe by Kodansha Europe Ltd., 95 Aldwych, London WC2B 4JF. Published
by Kodansha International Ltd., 17-14 Otowa 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
112-8652, and Kodansha America, Inc.
Copyright © 1999 by Sue A. Kawashima
All rights reserved. Printed in Japan
First edition, 1999
99000102 10987654321
ISBN 4-7700-2352-9
 CONTENTS

PREFACE
INTRODUCTION cccccccccccccccccccccccevccecccccscccenessecsceeessenssesesseseeeeees i

(C.P. = Combination Particles)

BA (¥# WrrTrrrrrrt rt rer rrr rrr rrr eer rere errr errr reer errer rer |
BAKARI (fA) wee e cence cece tect e eee e cence nee e nett eee e eee e eee neeeeeeeeeees 5
DAKE PE [DPocvecccrccccec ccc eccececcecenseeeesensecensecenseseecensensessessesseserenes 10
DAKE-NI ZE([F IT (C.P.) creeceec cee eeeeeececeeteetenceecenseeseeeeestenssneeaeess 13
DANO FEC corereeccecceccecceeeeeeceeeseeseeesssesesesseeeeesesesessesenseeseeeens 14
DATTE FEDT coccttecccceteceeteeeeesseeeeesssecerecseeeeeeescseseeseneeeeeeseees 15
DE Co ceccctectetceeceeeccececeuseneseeeesseeeenes
sess eessesenes eenseneeeeeeneeeeeenees 17
DEMO CH Perret rrr errr TT rrr rr ee errr 26

DOKORO CTA ccccrccereccenseeeteneneeecccascessecssecescssscsseseessesseeses 99

DOKOROKA COTA crrrsrcrceccccscnecesscnseesecesenceenseeeseesseeseneseeees 29
DOMO 224) correccctteeeeeeeeeeencesceceseeensseeeseneeeseeseesseeneeeeeseeeseeess 30
EA, coccccssccccencsecncescecencccccceceessesene
ress eeeeeseseen ese eeesse ses seeeeseeneee 30

GA TD crcrrccccccccccccccccrcecceececescccecesenescccsscecsseseesseseeeeeeeeeeneeeeees 34
GA-NA (GA-NAA) HS-7E (7-7 H) (C.P.) wee e eee c ence cece ccceescceeenee 42
GATERA JST ccccccccceccescececeeeecseeensseessnsesssceeeneseesssceessseeeaess 42
HODO [Rr ereerceccececcecceceeseccececteceesecensccseessscessenseeseseessessaseseess 43
HOKA [EPP cccccccccteeteccecececeeeeeeeceseceesecsecencecescnesensenseeressaseneass 45
ee Oe REESE TESEICO CEPeereeereereeceerrecerrecerrereeeereer
renee rrreer rere rrrerreee 45
0 Wb ECE 46
KA-I AL\(C.P.) POPPE eee eee eee eee Sere ere eee eee eee eeeeee eee eee eeee eee eee eee ee 51
KA-NA (KA-NAA) D-7E(AY-7EB) (C.P.) vere ecceceeceeeecceeesceeeneeees 52
KARA JY ceccccrctccccceceeeceseseneenececeescceseeeseeseneeeeeeresessseeeensseeeees 53
KARA-SHITE PD *5-L TCP.) cccccrcetecetceceeceeeseneeeenseuesceeeeseaeoees 65
KASHIRA JL cocceccreccccseeceeeeeeenceeeeeesscecesssenseeessesasenseeeeeeees 66
KE [Fo cecececececececectcscececsesssenseesensnensesesreseeeeusseeneeeeeene
nese eeees 69
KEREDOMO(KEREDO,KEDO,KEDOMO)
FALE
HB (IFIVE, (FE (FEB) reece eee eee eee eee teen eeeee a eeeene ees 710
KIR] PEO cevccceccececeecncecteeecececeneecensececenteseneneeneneeeetesenenteeeneeeees 73
KOSO Tecrressesececenseesecenseccncecsecessessscensesesseesenssseesenseaeeseneees 75
KOTO Code crreceretctereeneteeecnssaeeeeecnesenseeeeeasseaseeseensseaseeesenseeseeess 77

KURAI(GURAI) Ǥ K HUN CELA) i cerecter ere ee er eet ete e et ee erste eee eeeeees 79
KUSE-NI <tE-[T(C.P.) cerert eet eec eter tet ec eect eee ee eect eee erseneseeeneeeeeeees 8]
MADE eCreeeeecctccecc etc eeeencenseesecccnseesenseessneessseceeseeessasestenseneeaes 83
MADE-MO £C-(CIP.) ccccecetetet eset et eseeeteeeeeeeeeeneeeseneeeeenenenens 88
MADE-NI # C=[K(C.P.) crccccetcectecceec
etetecene escereeeeseseteneeeeeneeeeeens 89
MO FH ccccccccccccecseseesseeeeeeeenssseeseeeeeensnsseeeceesseeeeaaeeeeeesseeeaneeeeees 91
MONO FQ) cocecccetccecteceectecseteeteetenseneessensensenseseeessensesseeseneen
ens 98
MONO-DE(MON-DE) $@-@(Au-C) (C.P.) ccccreerssreeeeeer
sees 99
MONOKA(MONKA) =
SXODYA)Ga¥,07)) Meee, 100
MONONARA (MON-NARA) E, DEB (BAHT) corceceeeeceee
eteeees 101
VO) NO) \(@ BE 3 00)0) MU eee 102
(0) \(@ 50 BNE<0)
Sy Recor eer 103
NA (NAA) 40 0;.) eee 105
NADO (NANKA) yA aa 07 © VyA)) ee 108
NN Cy: 27 Wi A ©2) > BC ee 110
NAGARA-MO = ZEASH-B(C.P.) cecreerr cert eect ert teen eet tee e test teeceeeeeeees 11]
NYAN 2 9k Geo 112
NARI ZO coccecctscsceccceeeccessescecceesscscecerererssssccsssesscerssersseusseenes 113
\ SD)=a VEX Gel(OF -7)MCC eee 115
NE (NEE) Al € Ab @) eee 116
NI [Coccecccecccccccecceccceececccescerccsesecssnsseeseeennssnseneseesseessseseeaseeseees 118
NI-MO [T-(C.P.) cevececectceteceseseseteserecesesesesseeeseeeseesseeesenenenees 136
NI-FMO-KAKAWARA-ZU_ [Z--7AYOBD-FUC.P.) ceceecetereeeteeeeees 137
NI-OI-TE ([Z-dSUV-C(C.P.) cerert tec teceeceectee terete eeeeeeeseeesereeseerees 138
NI-SHITE [ZT-L T(C.P.) coccececcec eee eececetcesete rer eeeeeeeeeeeesserereeaeenens 140
NI-SHITE-MO) [C-L Z-$)(C.P.) verter erect tree eter e teeter eeeee eee eeeeeeeees 140
NI-SHITE-WA [Z-L CH-lE(C.P.) creer reer eect e eee eee eter eter teen eee eneeeeeees 14]
Nf oe Ay eee 142
NO(N) Q(Ad) ocrrerrerectereeteeteeeeeeeeseeeeeeesensenerseesesereeneseee
ences 143
NO-DA(N-DA) D-72 (Av-72) (C.P.) vecececeeeeerectceeeeeeeeeeeseeneeneees 158
NO-DAROO(N-DAROO) @-72S3(A-7ESBS)(CPL) crreteeseeeees 159
NODE(N-DE) DC (Ar-C) sce eeseaeeeeeeneens
crrettceeteteteeeteneeeeeeeeeae 160
NO-DE O-C(CP.) coccccecetstteteeneeeeteeseeeneneetenceeeeseeessesenseseaenens 162
NO-DE ARU Q-CEZ(CP.) crccececretecteeeeeeeeeeeeeenenseeeeseseeseseees 163
NO-DESHOO(N-DESHOO) @-CTUL&S(A-TUKS)(C.P.) oe 164
NO-DESU (N-DESU) D-CSF (Au- OF) (CP) crerereveceecereceeeeeeeees 164
NOMI Gh cocectecceceteeeeceneeeeneencee
seseeseeeeesenneneeeeseeeneteeteeeeeeeen ees 166
NONI QT coreetecec tec eteceeeeenceeeeeeeecesssessneeeeseseeseneeeeeeeeseeseeeeees 167
NO-NI Q-[X(C.P.) ccccceteeseeceeeteeeteeeeeteeeteseneneeeeereesseeeeeeeseseeees 169
O(WO) ——_eererrreseceeeecececsceeeteeneseenerseesseeeeneeeeeesenensnseseneesece
sees 170
[oy a, SEE EEE EEE ESE EEEESEEE EOELS SLES ES SLE EE SOC Sree eee eee eeeeee eee eee 177
SAE DO Zeccccccescrceeeccecescssseneeseeseeeeseeeeeeessnenseeeeeeeeeseseeenseeeeeeees 179
SHI Up cececccceceseececeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenseeneeeee
erenceesses eeenees teens eaeeeet eee 180
SHIKA LU Ddereceserere ccc eceeeeeeceeeneeeencnseesneeeeeseeseeeeeeeneeseeneeeereneenee 182
SHIMO pi corre rec receteeteceeeeeeeeensseeeesnseseeeeeseeeseseneeesaseeeeseeeeeees 183
SURA FE ceccesececeeee reese eeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeseseseseseteneseeeeteeneeesesees 185
TARA FEED cee ces etc ec eee ec tee eeteeeeneeeeeseeeesneeeeeeneneeeeee
eens eeeeeeeeeeneee es 186
TAR] FEO creccsecececceseveteeeeeeeneecseeeeseeeeerecessteseseteseseseeseeseeeseeers 188
TATTE FED T ccccrttetetttsseeceneeeceseessseeeeeeseesesseeesenscecesseeeeeenseees 189
TE TC cetertsteteseneeeenreeeeeseeeeeeneeeeneeeeeenseseee
eee eeeeeenees eeeeeeeeeeneon te 190
TEBA Cd cccccccecececectecetececeeeeeesnsneeseseeeeeecnsnseser
eneeseseseeeesaeeeees 195
TEMO(DEMO) TC (CB) crcrerrerctt rete eee tetet ee eee ee teeeeenseeeeeeeeeeens 196
a se \|Se A)(ON
2) MER 198
use)7 eets (© 9) Ce 198
TO i cecteceteeetecetec eee en eee neeeeeeeeeeeeee een e eee anneeseseesetreeeeeeeenseneneeees 200
TO-IE-BA E-ULVZ-[E(C.P.) cececeet ect eceeeeeteeceseeteeeeesceeseeseeseaeeees 210
sO) | umrana a0) (ON 0 MCC ECCCEee eee 710
TO-ITTA E-LADFE(CIP.) cereececeet eet ect sense eeeeeeeeeeesseeereeeeanenenees 211
TO-ITTE E-LID TCP.) cereereteeteeteceeeetseneeeeesenerseseesseneaeenenees I11
TO-IWA-ZU EE -LVAD-F(CLP.) crete eceeteeteteeteeteeeeteseeeseneeesneeeeenees 212
TOKA DD ccccrcecceceeeeeecncneneeeeenncnenseeesesecesenenssseneaceseeeneeeeseceeees 213
TOKORO LA crcceetetttececeneeenesenseeesesececeseeseseatases
sees enereee ees 215
TOKORO-E EL CA-A(CP.) cecccceceteeceeeeeeeeeeecneeeeteseeteseneneeneeees 216
TOKOROGA CADPR cccrrrccecccccecseccccecensnccecceseseseecessseeessseeseeees 216
TOKORO-O LA R-mAy cocscctcccee cence neeeenseeeteeeeeeeenseeneeteneeeaseensenags 217
TOMO ofierecccersccctceecceeteeeeesenseeesseeeeeee
sees eeseeeseeeneeeseeeeeseeeeees 718
TO-MO E-F(C.P.) wer tec tert eecteeceenteeceeecenceeesecaneesseeeeeeesneeseeees 220
TO-MO-ARE €-$5-GAU(C.P.) ceceetetceteceeteceeceeeeeeseecnceseeseeeeeenes 220
TO-SHI-FTE E-LU-CT(C.P.) certetceteceeceeeecnteeeeseeenceeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeees 222
TO-SHITE-MO =E-L CT-(C.P.) cercectcetceeceteeeceeeteeeeeeeseeseneceeeees 223
TO-SHITE-WA E-LU C-HlK(C.P.) ccccccectceeceeseeeeeeeeeceenceeneveneeenees 224
TO-WA E-[E(C.P.) ceccerceececceeeceecteccceceeeceeneceeeesseeeeeseseserreees 225
TO-WACIE E-[E-LVZ(C.P.) cccceccceeeeccerceseeeeesceesentenseesseneseeeesues 226
TO-YUU E-LAS(CP.) certecccettceeeeeseeeeeecectenteneeeeenseereeecesensenes 227
TO-YUU-KOTO-WA E-LID-ZER-[K(C.P.) ccceceeceeeseeeeeeee
ceeeeeeae 229

TO-YUU-NO-WA(MO) = E-UWND-O-IE
(5) (CP) vererrrrreeeee eters: 230
TO-YUU-TO E-LID-E(CP.) cercerteeeteecenseeseseeeeeetcneenseesensenseaes 23]
TTE DD Cicccrcccteeesecsceceecsceecsssceeeeeeeseeeenneeeeeeeneeeeeeeenesseneeeseeneeess 232
7 ee 235
WA FO crrtertcecteteeeceecseececeens
eee eneeeeseneee essere seen neeeeeeeeseneeeanees ens 239
VA AD crcccccecsceseecccennccneenseesseeesseeeeeeeeeenese
eee eneseenaseeateneseeetes 241
VAL APL cocccccccccececccsecececeneceeeeeeseeeeeeeeseseesseeeeseeeneenaseeereneceeanes 246
YA-INA-YA PUNE AAP (C.P.) ceeceec ees ceeecceee eee ete cesses eeeeeeeeeeeesees 247
4-\2y ie 0)> Ee eee 248
40 er Ween 251
40)>| ee 0 ee 253
7A=e C eee 257

740 We oP er 258
ZUTSU FD Cece eee e erence ence eee e eect e eee eee enero ee en eee e eee seeeeeneserscences 259

MASTERING PARTICLES ° EXERCISES -ccceccccccccccccccsccccesscceccseeccccscssesseeess 261

ANSWER KEYS. coccccccecsecsttsssteeeeeseeseeesseesserescesessseeeseesseeeseestecssreseeeegs 319
PATTERNS ccccccccceccccccsceseccesseeeneseeesseeenseescsseeseseeesseenccsssasessssesaseeesees 324
GLOSSARY (English-Japanese) Pee e eee e cence ene n cence teen an eens enone eee teceesensantenes 329
GLOSSARY (Japanese-English) Creme reece enc cece ene a enna eee eseeesecccceccenscccsecescs 339
 INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION OF PARTICLES

|) A particle (834 joshi) in the Japanese language follows a word to:

A) show its relationship to other words in a sentence, and/or

B) give that word a particular meaning or nuance.

2) Unlike verbs, adjectives and adverbs, particles are not inflected, and

therefore stay in the same form regardless of where they appear in a

sentence.

3) Generally, particles are considered to be equivalent to prepositions,

conjunctions and interjections of the English language; of these three,

the majority of particles belong to the first category.

4) A particle should always be placed after the word it modifies, which

means that in translating them into English, the word order should be

changed.

Example:

English phrase: “top of the desk”

Japanese phrase: tsukue no ue = “(the) desk of top”

WHEN TO USE PARTICLES

Consider the following sentence: “My mother and my father had dinner

at a restaurant iz Tokyo with a friend.”

 This example contains three prepositions (at, in, with) and one conjunc-

tion (and). However, the same sentence translated into Japanese is:

“Watashi no haha to chichi wa tomodachi to issho ni tookyoo no

resutoran de yuushoku o tabe-mashita.”

There are eight particles in the above example. Note, then, two points:

1) You cannot simply replace English prepositions, conjunctions and inter-

jections with particles; there are particles that cannot be translated into

English but still have vital functions in a Japanese sentence.

2) Nouns are usually followed by particles.

When you are just starting to learn Japanese, get into the habit of

looking for the appropriate particle every time you see a noun. Of

course, there are exceptions to this rule:

A) Particles are normally not placed directly before a copula (desu, da,

deshita, datta, etc.).

Example: “This is an apple.” = kore wa ringo desu.

Note the absence of any particles before “desu,” even though rvingo

(“apple”) is a noun.

B) Words that express quantity, extent, or numbers are not usually

followed by particles, even though they are considered nouns.

Example: “Please give me three of those.” = sore o mit-tsu kudasai.

Note that mit-tsu (“three”) is not followed by a particle, though it is

considered a noun.

Particles also follow verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, though less fre-

quently than nouns. Learning when to use particles after verbs, adjectives,

il
and adverbs is really a matter of memorization.

FUNCTIONS OF PARTICLES

As stated above, particles are vital in Japanese. Consider the case of

pronouns in English: “I,” “my,” and “me” are separate words that indepen-

dently signify their functions in a sentence. However, in Japanese, there is

one word watashi that serves as the basic “stem” for the singular first-

person pronoun, and the subjective, possessive, and objective cases are

constructed in the following ways, through the use of particles:

“[” = watashi [wal/watashi beEL[IS|/DeL

“my” = watashi dizl [|

“me” = watashi | |ni|

ni|/watashi lo(wo)| bEL fiz|/peL[
L |e
#|
|

It’s clear, then, that only through the use of particles can the precise

function of the stem “watashi” be identified.

Let’s look at another set of examples. The meaning of the English

sentence “I eat fish” is straightforward: the subject is “I,” the verb “eat” is

a transitive verb that requires an object, which is “fish” in this case.

However, if we translate it into Japanese without particles, it would look

like this:

watashi sakana taberu.

As it stands, this group of words has no apparent meaning. If we were to

insert some possible particles after the two nouns, we can create sentences

with vastly different meanings (particles are enclosed in squares):

iii
watashi sakana |0| taberu. “I eat fish” (the meaning of the

original English sentence)

 watashi sakana taberu. “I eat fish also (as well as other

things).”

There are other possibilities as well, but you can see from these rather

humorous examples that you could be communicating completely different

messages depending on the particles you choose, even though your nouns,

verbs, and other parts of speech in a sentence remain the same! It is

therefore essential for you to grasp the usage of particles in order to master

the Japanese language.

FEATURES OF THIS BOOK

This book is designed for use by students of Japanese at almost all

levels. For the beginners, the most fundamental particles are shown in bold

face, explained in detail, and accompanied by illustrations where appropri-

Vv
ate. Since this book contains most particles in the Japanese language with

their usages and examples, even intermediate- and advanced-level students

can use it as a reference tool.

(1) Only particles used in Modern Japanese are included. Some archaic or

very rarely-used particles have been omitted. Certain combination particles

(C.P.) called rengo (:#2%) which frequently occur are also explained in this

book. The combination particle (C.P.) combines particles and other words

such as adverbs, copulas, etc.

(2) Particles have squares around them every time they appear in an

example sentence (such as [no}), and parts of speech of the words, or

phrases/clauses that they modify are underlined: ,, for nouns, ,

for verbs, ag. for adjectives, aay. for adverbs, . for

copulas, ¢. for clauses, ph. for phrases, etc. However, certain

patterns and phrases are not underlined, since they are considered one unit,

including the particle enclosed in the square. Their usages are listed in

outline form, together with the closest approximate English equivalents

where applicable. Sample sentences using the particles follow their defini-

tions.

(3) Particles are listed in alphabetical order in dictionary form, and there

is a glossary at the back that lists the approximate English meanings and

the corresponding particles. Also, for quick reference, see the chart on the

endpapers.

(4) Although the Japanese sentences contain mostly Joo-yoo-Kanji (most

commonly used standard Kanji), there are a few exceptions where other

Kanji appear.

vil
(5) Some sample sentences contain some compounds that are slightly

advanced, but most of the sample sentences rely on basic vocabulary so that

they are easy to understand, even for beginning-level students.

(6) All Kanji (Chinese characters) are accompanied by furigana (phonetic

readings in hiragana) over them so that the student can immediately recog-

nize their pronunciation.

(7) Grammar is explained in a way that English-speaking students can

understand clearly; consequently, the method differs from the way grammar

is taught to native Japanese speakers.

(8) Question marks appear much less frequently in a Japanese question

than in English. However, in order to clearly indicate interrogative sen-

tences, they are followed by question marks.

(9) There are exercises at the back of the book that are designed to

familiarize the beginning-level student with the most fundamental particles.

An answer key is also provided.

(10) The Romanization system of this book basically follows the Hepburn

system as shown in the chart below.

ad Po it 4 uy 7 ez = o8b a
kat #4 kiXS * ku¢ 7 kel? 7 koc 2

sax ++ shill ¥Y sutv 2% set +e sot VY

taz# 9% chi F tsumD Y teT TF tor h
naz F nil? = nuda & neva KF non VF

hali 7 hid cE fus. 7 hen ~~ hol #

mat 7 miH = mut A meH X mot

yar Fw — yup 2 — york a4

Vil
 Ta5 7 or") ) rus IV re# L roy 0

wad YF — — o(wo)2 7

nA Y

gay* Ww gi®& 7aCc gelf TF got 2

zaxs FF ziU zet#t# =—lKOKO

dax JF jib Zu det 7F dor

bald 7% bitv BA
~™
4k
NN bus:

pal 7. pil’ ‘ay pu-s: pex ~~ pol #

kyax~ 4+ kyu kyoX: *¥2

shaL ye Yr shuLl shoLl kt Ya

chabe Fr chubs choS&z Fa

nyaloe =r nyul= » nyol-s: =2

hyabe Ev hyuU hyoUsr Ea

mya4%~~ = myu4 wp myoAt ia

rya) ~e ryu) » ryo) s a

jal Y julw joUs Ya

byaUe Ev byuU byoUs Ea

pyabve Ev pyuU' pyoUsr Ea

(a) Long vowels are indicated by two vowels placed one after the other.

Example: Tokyo Tookyoo

The second vowel will remind the beginning-level student that there

should be a hiragana character there that stands in for the long vowel

sound.

Example: To kyoO (Tokyo) ; e ga (movie)

a HOfe t S/O Pavan?)Vv oF
Vili
(b) Two identical vowels that are placed right next to each other are

separated by hyphens, in order to avoid confusion with the long vowel

sound.

Example: kinoo (yesterday)

mono-o (particle “mono” + another particle “o”)

(c) Some words are divided by hyphens to indicate the separate syllables,

or the separate units, that compose the word, so that it is easier to

identify these elements visually.

Examples: 4) £¥ tA ari-masen (there is/are not)

FLIRT Zrverrsereees benkyoo-suru (to study)

Cen | Ce iki-jibiki (a walking dictionary)

RAVES cerre reece omoi-dasu (to remenber)

Up tice eeeeeeeeeeeeeeens on-na (a woman)

L TUG ceceereeeees shite-iru (be doing)

BEN FEM verre erences tabe-tai (to want to eat)

Be ET Vecee
eeeeeees yoma-nai (do not read)

(d) The honorific prefixes “o” and “go” are considered as being part of the

word, and therefore are not set off by a hyphen.

Example: oree (appreciation) omatsuri (festival)

gohan (meal) gochisoo (delicacies)

 List of Abbreviations

adj. = adjective

adv. = adverb

c. = copula (da/desu, datta/deshita, daroo/deshoo, etc.)

cl. = clause

conj. = conjunction

c.p. = combination particle

g. = gerund (te/de form)

interj. = interjection

m. = mimesis

n. = noun (including pronouns), and nominal

oO. = onomatopoeia

p. = particle

ph. = phrase
BA ([d
1. Presents a condition that would result in the clause that follows.

English approximation: “if...”

A) Shou aliz|Micsia te.

Ima , dekakere bal maniai-masu yo.

If you leave now, you’ll make it in time.

B) cAuxy te dEvalle] eZ
Kon-na pen demo ,q, yokere [bal doozo.
If this sort of pen is okay with you, go ahead (and use it). (implica-

tion: the pen is not so great.)

C) ma cin [e] St EEMRO BOD As,

Ame sae , fure ba] hoosaku wa machigai-nai noda ga.

If only it would rain, there’s sure to be a bountiful harvest.

2. Shows a cause-and-effect relationship between the topic it presents and

the clause or phrase that follows.

English approximation: “when (something happens)...” (instead of “if...”

above)

A) CBASABS HUES MY,

Koorogi ga ,, naki-dase aki mo ma-jikal.

When crickets start to chirp, autumn is just around the corner.

B) Pei elie |BARH eS.

Yuuyake ni , nare bal yokujitsu wa tenki ni naru.

When there’s a vivid sunset, the next day will be clear.

3. Inset patterns such as “... toieba ~%'2 1X,” and “... hara ba ~2

1
1X,” indicates the topic which is to be discussed in the phrase or clause

that follows.

English approximation: the nuance is similar to “speaking of (topic)...,” 9

“in
668

terms of (topic)...,” or “according to (topic)...”

A) Bd Leb] SoBe Boluses.

Osushi ,. nara ano mise ga oishii desu yo.

In terms of sushi, that restaurant is a good one.

B) Sb xiccalid], REUBALANASLY,
Uwasa ni , yore Iba], kanojo wa koibito to wakareta rashii.

According to rumors, she broke up with her boyfriend.

C) SAF) tk Us altar PoliN ky tay 7Oe8—- BEM,

Misuterti eega to , ie Ibal, yappari Hicchikokku no ga ichiban da

ne.

Speaking of mystery movies, Hitchcock’s are the best after all,

don’t you think?

4. Similar to the meanings of the patterns “... suru to ~t 4%” and “...

shita tokoro ga ~L HY I4A*.”

English approximation: “considering (something, it is evident that ...)

A) HOES B2[iz|, SOLELRE LOTT.

Mae no shigoto o , omoe [bal, ima no shigoto wa rakuna mono

desu.

Considering my former job, my current job is pretty easy.

WEBEL
Ant], COBEROARI OR BELLIK.
nn2hprie
B)
Yoron-choosa kara , mire [bal, sono seejika no ninki wa kanari

ochita yoo da.

 In looking at the public opinion polls, it seems that the politician’s

popularity has fallen quite a bit.

5. Ina“...mo..ba ~2t~lz” pattern, serves to list events, categories and

things.

English approximation: “(something) and (something) also,” ”

or “neither ...

nor ... ”

A) kb vn[it] Bb
On-na mo ,, ire otoko mo iru.

There are women, and there are also men.

B) #exshenunlia], eomson,
Taberu mono mo ,, nakere ibal, sumu tokoro mo nai.
There isn’t anything to eat, or anywhere to live. (i.e. There’s neither

food nor shelter.)

C) meer 7emo ETEATT.

Kanojo wa piano mo ,,hike [bal e mo kaku tasai na hito desu.

She’s a multi-talented person who can play the piano and paint as

well.

6. Inthe patterns “ne ba nara-nai “alt 5 4\.” and “nakere ba nara-nai/

nari-masen #itnlege5ow1./49 F4A,” to indicate that something has

to be done or that a standard must be observed.

English approximation: “must do (something).”

A) RRLEA ERA ei H[E]e 722A.

Tookyoo ni wa maitsuki shucchoo de ,,,ikanakere nar-

imasen.
(I) have to go to Tokyo every month on business trips.
 SRA CHweatallz] eon.
& ZAG hramy< Ad

Yosan-nai de keekaku o ,,.tatene naranal.

(I) must devise plans within the budget.

At OMRLES WI H[IE] WS WV,

BE OK ES xb ,

Hito to no yakusoku wa ,,,.mamoranakere naranal.

One has to keep promises one makes to others.

7. Inset patterns such as “iwa ba \\4IX” and “tatoe ba EX AIX.”

English approximation: “let us say ...” or “so to speak.”

A) NODF—Vlt, KUA[|BAOBROLI BLOTS.

Harowiin wa, ,,.tatoe nihon no obon no yoo na mono desu.

Halloween is, let us say, similar to the Obon festival in Japan.

lt, \b[E]ESFIOLIZLORN.
Kare wa, pp.iwa iki-jibiki no yoo na mono da.
He is, so to speak, like a living dictionary.

8. Inthe set pattern “naze nara ba @+#4 6512.”

English approximation: “the reason being...” or “because...”

UCU DA . & Le we : " z3 v A
A) PEMA aid, ABCC NA, RHR S|L|ZOGOREETSD
kD

KLHSZA 5b,

Jikan ga are ba, kisha de iku beki da. ,,,Naze nara [ba] sono hoo
ga keshiki o juubun tanoshimeru kara.

If (you) have the time, (you) should go by train, because (you) will

be able to fully enjoy the scenery that way.

US vw U bs . U BA be <
Alc BeBe epaulijg dsvy, Bes b[lx]\om 8 lL R>D TR

ADbF.

Hito ni ijiwaru o shi-nai hoo ga ii. ,,.Naze nara itsuka jibun

 ni modotte-kuru kara da.

One shouldn’t do mean things to others, because some day, (your

deeds) might be returned to you.

BAKARI [£A‘)

1. Indicates a limit.

I) Shows that something is always limited to a particular action, place, or

thing. Similar to “dake #!+” or “nomi 24.”

English approximation: “always just doing (something),” or “doing only one

thing all the time”

A) ZOFRAV
DEM [EH vd F.
Sono koinu wa itsumo , nemutte |bakari| i-masu.
That puppy is always just sleeping.

WOE TERA Cle DOs THM TEBOW ESOL.

Itsu made mo , asonde i-nai de hayaku shoku demo

mitsuke nasai yo.

Why don’t you stop playing around all the time and look for a job

or something?

7 i2[1xa 9 [vtec 7 x (REL 7.

Uchi ,. ni i-nai de, tama ni wa gaishutsu-shiyoo.
Instead of just being at home all the time, let’s go out once ina

while.

2)
English approximation: “could only do (something)
”
 A) 20=2-Z2EMOT, MIURKBS
BST SEA D|TLA
Sono nyuusu o kiite, kare wa tada , oro-oro-suru

deshita.

Hearing that news, he could only panic.

B) ROW SI KR Le EEE d Fak.

Totsuzen no teeden ni hito-bito wa , uoo-saoo-suru

datta.

In the sudden blackout, all people could do was wander in confu-

sion.

3) Inthe pattern “bakari ni [X%*4 I.”

English approximation: the nuance is “solely due to (one cause), matters

took a turn for the worse.”

A) SOSH Ror[EH [Ic RHIuOK.

Ano densha ni , notta ni, jiko ni atta.

It was only because I got on that train that I was involved in an

accident.

B) EO hEBSoen[s
7lic, SHR SDENTL!
Ava > t c

2 rz.

Hanzai no ba ni tama-tama , i-awaseta |bakari| ni, jiken ni

maki-komarete shimatta.

It was only because (I) just happened to be at the scene of the crime

that (I) got dragged into the case.

2. Indicates a degree of things.

1) Similar to “hodo liX%” and “kurai/gurai¢ 64./¢ 64.,” Usually

preceded by a number or quantity.

English approximation: “approximately”

A) ls x—b [ido |b dSRB CT.

Kare wa _ ,.ni-meetoru mo aru 0oo-otoko desu.

He is a big man, at about two meters tall.

B) RTORMESRCAT SALES) doh

Ryokoo no hiyoo wa zenbu de ,, gojuu-man en kakatta.

The total cost of the trip came to about five hundred thousand yen.

C) bALIA+ alice) ei at.

Watashi wa ,, tooka rusu ni shi-masu.
I will be away for about ten days.

2) Following a verb, shows that the action is/was about to be carried out.

English approximation: “just about to do (something)”

A) RECHT, BI RNS XA N|OLIBI, SAD oT

ZELK,
Shokuji o tsukuri-owatte, moo , taberu no tokoro ni,
denwa ga kakatte ki-mashita.

I had finished cooking the meal and was about to eat it when there

was a phone call.

B) mate DAL DEB.

Ame ga , furi-dasan no sora moyoo da.

The sky looks like it’s about to rain.

3) Inthe pattern “...ta bakari ~#IX2*,” to indicate that an action has/

had just been completed.

English approximation: “have/has just done (something)”

A) br Litho eke 10 BABE RO THELK

 Watashi wa_ , naratta no nihon-go o tsukatte mi-
mashita.

I tried using Japanese that I had just learned.

B) sok8N2 [FD ]QoOl, AAT CBEDATOCLE on.

Sakki , tabeta na noni, mata sugu onaka ga suite
shimatta.

Although I had just eaten a little while ago, I was hungry again

right away.

3. Inthe pattern “bakari ka [44° 4.” (also see p. 12 4.)

English approximation: “not only (something), but also (Something)...”

A) Aiea Dolor] ban.

n,Atama ka nodo mo itai.

Not only my head but my throat hurts, too.

B) boeeHI Leetelle Dla. avarvT7ECL TOUR

BELAICT4ZAZIR,
Ano seeto wa kyooju ni ,.goma-o-suru ka, kanningu

made shite ii ten o toroo to suru soo da.

I hear that student not only butters up professors, but even cheats

to get good grades.

4. Inthe patterns “... bakari de (wa) naku...mo ~IX4.0 Td) aw ¢ ~d,”

“bakari ja naku... mo ~li2) Ce w¢( ~t.” (also see p. 12)

English approximation: “not only ... (a noun, an adjective, a verb) but also

... (a noun, an adjective, a verb)”

A) Bota) |ww , ROFEABUALS

n, Otoko no ko ja naku, on-na no ko mo oozee ita yo.
 There were not only boys but also many girls.

brid, BARBS
| Ce (PRE LBL AV.
Watashi wa, ,, Nihon-go de naku, Chuugoku-go mo

benkyoo-shitai.

I would like to study not only Japanese but also Chinese.

C) = DFR, FHA va EHD [CH MRL EIB K

Kono tesage wa, dezain ga gil de naku, nedan mo

tegoro da.

As for this bag, not only is its design nice, but the price is reason-

able as well.

DOBBN F: CH(, BED ETOK.

Nodo ga , kawaita de naku, onaka mo suita.

Not only am I thirsty, but I’m also hungry.

5. In the pattern “bakashi !%%4*L,” a variant of “bakari [¥4:*",” used

casually.

1) Indicates an approximate amount, often with the implication that it is

not very much.

English approximation: “(only) about...”

ZW bh TOe CRA
A) bELOMAMDRANINABAXA LILA,
Watashi no saifu no naka ni wa ,,.go-hyaku en shika

nal.

There is only about five hundred yen in my wallet.

B) cnlite lowe cid, HiT BTU EY.

n. Kore no chokin de wa, ryokoo ni mo ike-nai.
With only about this much savings, (I) can’t even go on a trip.
2) Indicates a limit.

English approximation: “only”

A) SOA, “BP BAITS

LRA THOS,
Ano hito wa, ichi-nichi-juu ,,osake nonde-iru.

That person is drinking only liquor all day.

B) ZAM EOLA LENSTOSL, RHE! L.

Son-na Ni ,, p»,amai mono tabete-iru to, mushiba ni

naru yo.

If (you) keep eating only sweets like that, (you)’ll get cavities.

3) Shows that it has only been a short while after an action has been

completed.

English approximation: “just”

A) BRBOFAbAHOA[EALIROI, KIT IY RBOFZS

Te,
Nihon-go no tesuto ga , atta na noni, tsugi wa

furansu-go no tesuto da.

We’ve just had a Japanese test, but we have a French test next.

B) SuueAlizel oes, SHOT ES.

Ima ,, iketa no hana yo. Kiree deshoo.

These are the flowers that I just finished arranging. Aren’t they

beautiful?

DAKE 7(F

1. Indicates a limit imposed upon something.

10
English approximation: “only” or “just”

A) RON ACEVEDO KSY. of)

Akai ,. ringo mittsu kudasai. © ©OO@

Please give me three of the red apples only.

B) brLIL-A[
EU |RD RAK.
Watashi wa ,, hitori tori-nokosareta.

I was left all alone. (Only I was left.)

Kit HY]Clb a 5 tev,

Hito wa ,, gaiken de wa wakara-nai.
You can’t tell a person just by his/her looks.

Dll Zo a BA 7 THF.
Koko ni aru no wa furui , shinbun desu.

What’s available here is only some old newspapers.

FE) SSH CHA, DALIGMBRRENBL TOZATH.

n. Koko no hanashi desu ga, watashi wa nankyoku-

tanken o keekaku-shite-iru-n desu.

This is just between you and me, but I’m planning an antarctic

expedition.

2. Placed after the potential form of verbs “... ru ~4,” “... reru ~~” 4”

and “...rareru~5%"4,” refers to a degree of something, with the implica-

tion that that degree cannot be surpassed.

English approximation: “as much as...”

A) bf: Li2¥3[EG|F Sa LA
Watashi wa , arukeru aruki-mashita.

I walked as much as I could.

 B) BRS[AG |B CHIL 3.
v. Dekiru tasukete age-mashoo.

I'll try to help you as much as I can.

C) enalHu|Potasris.
v. Yareru yatte miyoo yo.

Let’s try to do as much as (we) can.

3. In the pattern “... ba... dake ~IX~HU,”

English approximation: “the more (something), the ...”

A) Ri MLE HG ]OUcH.
Yasukere ba ag, yasui ii desu.

The cheaper the better.

B) Bi tnlss 2/KU FAX.

> ed 3 9

Hayaku sure ba , suru yuuri da.

The faster you do it, the more advantageous it is.

4. Inthe pattern “... dake de (ja) naku .. mo ~EI} T(K ee) at ~ db.”
English approximation: “not only ... but (also) ...”

A) 7-Al[KU
| CHK. FA AZY-LEEXEL rk

IE.
~

n. Keeki de naku, aisukuriimu mo tabe-mashoo yo.

Let’s eat not only a cake, but also ice cream.

nN U4 BD»

B) CMBR [KY|CH6, UTE ASA,

Kono heya wa ag, hiroi de naku, totemo akarui ne.

This room is not only spacious, but also very sunny.

rey A) Us3i¥f ses if
C) CORA, EFRC AGITE (BEI EU.
Kono inu wa, joozu ni ,, oyogu de naku gee mo umai.

This dog not only swims well, but also does tricks well.
DAKE-NI = (F- (<= Combination particle

A combination of the particles “dake i+” and “ni |<,” Often takes the

form “dake atte Kilt} H7 T.”

1. Expresses an opinion that a situation is appropriate and fulfills its

expectations.

English approximation: “since/because ..., (as expected) ...”

5 «IRL [ZEIT], ORE COMB L Zee

RAL W Nis Fak
A)
Yoku , benkyoo-shita |dake nil, ii seeseki de gookaku-shita.

Since I studied hard, (as expected) I passed with good grades.

OIHW PRAIA S EVES Bk BLT
B) CllsA SBMA EVI, BAK XSADAABHNG,

Koko wa yuumee na ,. kankoo-chi , Mainichi takusan

no hito ga otozureru.

Since it’s a famous tourist spot, (as expected) many people visit it

every day.
Sa al BD B2

C) Cold al EIA], FOO Biya,

Koko wa sekidoo ni ag. chikai [dake ni], sugoku atsui ne.

Since this place is close to the equator, it’s terribly hot, isn’t it?

2. Indicates that something did not proceed as expected, with the implica-

tion that it was an unexpected surprise.

English approximation: “since (... was not expected) ...”

PU & CA b

A) PRISE IASPAZBVFEAZLCASOATWIRIEVIZ|, BHADDO

tx

CRP BIL, UC TLINL DOR,

Kare ni wa moo ae-nai daroo to , akiramete-ita |dake nil,

denwa ga kakatte-kita toki ni wa, totemo ureshikatta.

 Since I had thought that I’d never be able to see him again, I was

very happy when he called (unexpectedly).

uD aw BS z5 7209 »
B) PU 7T-YOREDRKSHoKEEVIZ|, COM OBBS) IB
& tt
LikZ LOX HD,

Harikeen no higai ga 4 ookikatta [dake ni], sono machi no

fukkoo-buri ni wa me o miharu mono ga atta.

Since the damages caused by the hurricane were extensive, that

town’s rate of rebuilding was quite something to behold.

DANO #@
Used to list things successively, usually in a “... dano ... dano ~- OAw~ #

J)” pattern.

English approximation: similar in feeling to “things like (something) and

(something).”

A) RA[HO)Ee [HO], Biko pots,

,. Kamikuzu n, akikan |dano], michi ni chirakatte-iru.
Things like scraps of paper and empty cans are scattered on the

street.

B) —A¥ SER EO], wTRIBO[KO], -2—a-7idlo

FUR onSKE ED been,

Hitori aruki wa _,, kiken [dano], chikatetsu wa ,q, kowai |dano],

Nyuuyooku ni hikkosu to kimattara tomodachi kara odokasar-

eta.

When it was decided that I was to move to New York, my friends

14
 scared me, saying things like “it’s dangerous to walk alone” and

“subways are frightening.”

DATTE KDT

1. Takes a special case and shows that it is really the same as other cases.

English approximation: in the sense of “even (something) is/does ...”

zx es
A) FRIKo ten 6 SU bHN ET,
n. Kodomo |datte| sore kurai wakari-masu.

Even children can understand something like that.

B) RAMLt|Kot|HAstTSILEDS.
LAMDZFIL

n, ohinyuu-dooshi kenka-suru koto mo aru.

Even best friends quarrel sometimes.

C) R/T BES.
uO rex u

n, Natsu hada-zamui hi mo aru.

Even in the summer, there are chilly days.

2. Lists things in order to show that each thing is the same as the other,

ina“... datte...datte ~K>7T€~#- T” (or, variation: “... tatte...tatte ~#

2 €T~kw7T”) pattern. Note that for this usage, “datte 7 -T” can also

take the form “tatte 7 T,”

English approximation: “whether it’s (something) or (something) ...”

A) &LE[ Hot), S8ot[Kot], Moserd,

DE

n. Ashita [datte|], n. asatte [datte], kamai-masen yo.

It’s fine with me, whether it’s tomorrow or the day after.

B) ARTHo|Aot|, RR CTH o|HoT|, MRI KE.

BEIPD » ExRL5 OD aRA BS
 Oosaka de ,,kat tatte|, Tookyoo de ,,kat tate], nedan wa

Onaji da yo.

It’s the same price, whether you buy it in Osaka or Tokyo.

3. Follows an interrogative pronoun.

1) To qualify anything in its category as valid in the clause that follows.

English approximation: “anyone” “anytime” “anywhere” etc.

A) wol#ot|Rons ts
4

n.Itsu |datte| mirare-masu yo.

You can see it anytime.

B) ZA wwe CIc[7> C15 S >

Son-na mono wa ,,doko ni aru Sa.

That sort of thing can be found anywhere.

C) En|Ko ten bbe Slt TT.

n, Dare sore kurai wakaru hazu desu.

Anyone should be able to understand something like that.

2) Ina negative sentence, to show that nothing in the group specified by

the interrogative pronoun wants to be something or does something.

English approximation: “no one” “nothing” etc.

A) Kaleo t|PSIO HK.

n, Dare binboo wa iya da.
No one likes being poor. (literally: Everyone doesn’t like being

poor.)

B) CAM Ko TTA (Bh.

rcs

Don-na ,, tokoro iki-taku-nal.

No matter where it may be, (I) don’t want to go.

 C) ZAR ILIA WOKoTILAC BY.
Son-na koto wa, ,,itsu shitaku-nai.
I never want to do something like that.

4. Placed at the end of a sentence, expresses surprise (and sometimes

disapproval) after quoting something someone else has said.

English approximation: “he/she said that ...”

A) HIBSRA
DHE TOEELE[HoClo BHEOML be
¢|. Boku wa okane nanka karite i-masen yo [datte]. Wasureta no

kashira.

He said to me, “I haven’t borrowed any money.” I wonder if he

forgot?

B) SRERCF—bRolKot), £ (MAB ODA, BOXK,

a. Konya mo kare to deeto na no [datte |. Yoku aki-nai wa ne,

ano futari.

She said, “I’ve got a date with him again tonight.” They’re not

bored with each other, those two (i.e. it’s a wonder that they’re not).

DE ¢

FUNDAMENTALS OF “DE 7@”

1. Placed after a noun of location, indicates it is where an action takes/

took place. It is static. Note that the particles “ni |<” or “e ~\” indicate the

direction of the action. Compare the following:

 A) ¥4[]Mes2. B) #48(i:|i ¢.
for35 NABEI ors ey

Gakkoo|de|benkyoo-suru. Gakkoo| nijiku.

(I) study at school. (I) go to school.

(he
a———srmaer,
euseanaituanee
61!
Woo oO
_oOO
oa
¥ Joa
————

C) 47, 2[ ct]Sse HIS, D) 474 a(t: ]BBE HIS.

CA D CA b

Ofiisu|de|denwa o kakeru. Ofiisu [ni |denwa o kakeru.

(I) make a call at the office. (I) telephone the office.

English approximation: “at” “in

> 66ol OP

A) br Lise[ TRS a LK
Watashi wa ,,umi oyogi-mashita.

I swam in the ocean.

B) bOAOT( THEY ERNE LEG.

Ano ki no ,,shita obentoo o tabe-mashoo.

Let’s have lunch under that tree. _—

 We
C) br Liske|c] BRB EBBL COST.
Watashi wa _,, daigaku lde| nihon-go o benkyoo-shite-i-masu.

I’m studying Japanese at college.

D) F—bLCEBEL Coe, KB THBEROE LA.

n, Depaato shokuji o shite kara, ,, hon-ya jisho o

kai-mashita.
After eating at the department store, I bought a dictionary at the

bookstore.

2. Indicates the superlative.

English abproximation: “in” “among”

9 66

A) SBSAlL, 79 Rb| CSREN ET.

WEIZALP rae

Miyata-san wa _ ,, kurasSu-juu ide} ichiban

hayaku hashiri-masu.

Ms. Miyata is the fastest runner in our class.

B) Lob Cin AHO BIR EMIT CARY?

ua ; i i ic)

(O,@
oN

Kono ,,naka ide} dare ga neko no kubi ni ;

suzu 0 tsuke ni iku-n dai? Of>s a)

Among us, who’s going to go hang a bell Li ==

on the cat’s neck? =

3. Inthe pattern “...de mo... demo, ~tTt ~Tt,” lists locations.

English approximation: _ (Vocation) and in/at (location) ...”

coft]t. Hec[e]b. FeO

A CHS, tt,
n, Koko ide} mo, »,asoko ide| mo, ge “t, Ue vp!
kodomo-tachi ga asonde-iru. a: Yo

Here and over there children are playing.

 B) Sm id#[ ] bib C]ba L
Kotoshi no natsu wa , umi mo ,.yama mo jiko ga

zokuhatsu-shita.

This summer, accidents occurred one after another both at the

ocean and in the mountains.

4. Indicates the time when an action or process happened or happens.

1) Shows the time period when something occurred/occurs, often found in

“de wa Tli” and “de mo tC?” patterns.

English approximation: “in” “at”

A) — "2 BO FR Cit, CARRIE ORZIK.

PASO IVBS CLAUS IDARYW

n, oen-kyuuhyaku-yonjuu-nen-dai wa, kon-na uta ga

hayatta soo da.

In the 1940’s, this sort of song was supposedly popular.

B) A{c]i, coORientoats.
n, Ima mo, sono shuukan wa nao okonawarete-iru.
Even now (at present), that custom is still carried out.

2) Indicates the age of a person.

English approximation: “at

6é ”

A) fRIR3s + mR] CBRL

pn ZC Uwrey EWS <

Kare wa _ ,, rokujus-sai taishoku-shita.

He retired at age sixty.

B) #ls i +Am| CLA.

iaid kUe3i Faw olAad

Haha wa , nijuu-go-sai ide| kekkon-shita.

My mother got married at age twenty-five.

3) Imposes a time limit on an action or occurrence.

20
English approximation: “in (amount of time)”

A) LORI + 3 |C]BRE TA?

Lwe kes hh tC x

Kono shigoto wa ,,nijup-pun deki-masu ka?

Can you do this job in twenty minutes?

B) $3 iM] t/RAAI EN ET.

_ ELI RA BIOs

Moo , ni-shuukan natsu-yasumi ni nari-masu.

Summer vacation is coming in two weeks.

C) #li—- P|CRECH HTS,

OPO WEULIMA bees wD mA

Hikari wa ,, ichi-byookan chikyuu 0 nana-mawari-han suru.

Light travels around the earth seven and a half times in one second.

5. Indicates what method or tool is/was employed for an action.

English approximation: “do (something) by using (something)”

A) bE LISSRAB
ME Clio TOE T.
Mors UC TALS DS

Watashi wa gakkoo e ,, jitensha kayotte-i-masu.

I commute to school by bicycle.

eileen La alabelatanet 1)
MANTRA

21
 br LiaRiTe|C]oy Fricttota 5, Blcand vices
Lr.
Watashi wa_,, hikooki rondon ni itte kara, ,.fune

supein ni iki-mashita.

I went to London by plane, then went to Spain by boat.

C) bELIERY
SH TiBL ELE
Watashi wa chichi to ,, denwa
hanashi-mashita.

I talked with my father on (liter-

ally: by using) the phone.

D) oSseg Rae ener

n, Enpitsu Ide| kaite kudasai.

Please write with a pencil.

E) BUA Ck CF EROB AOE.

n, oekken yoku te 0 arai-nasai yo.

Wash your hands thoroughly with soap.

F) iso a—-47[C]4ruekovat,
Kare wa itsumo ,, yuumoa min-na o warawase-masu.

He always makes everyone laugh with his sense of humor.

G) Bi TEL TK SU.
n, Nihon-go hanashite kudasai.

Please speak in Japanese.

H) wo a[ClBEY
LM > TL EDEL
n, Garasu yubi o sukoshi kitte shimai-mashita.

I cut my finger a little on glass.

22
6. Gives the price of something.

English approximation: “at” “for”

A) 40K G2 FM[C|ROSLA.
Sono hon o ,, ni-sen en ide} kai-mashita.

I bought the book for two thousand yen.

B) 74nd ¢5[t]frate?
Hawai e wa ,,ikura ike-masu ka?
How much would it cost for a trip to Hawaii?

7. Indicates time or quantity that makes a unit.

English approximation: “by” “for”

A) Blac] Psd be LTO,

Boku wa ,, jikan ide} arubaito o shite-iru.

I’m working part time by the hour.

B) @A)y s\t=3[t]zBA CT.

Sono ringo wa ,,futatsu ide} go-hyaku en desu.

Those apples are two for five hundred yen.

C) brL€oF—-Als-S4[ Tor.
Watashi-tachi no chiimu wa ,It-ten-sa ide} katta.

Our team won the game by only one point.

8. Indicates the composition of an object.

English approximation: “from” “of”

A) onls7on2ty 2[C] CAAT.

Kore wa _ , purasuchikku lde| dekita hako desu.

This is a box made out of plastic.

B) 2nlata[tEoe
BCT.
brake 2¢ 372b

23
 Sore wa ,,nendo tsukutta utsuwa desu.

It’s a vessel made of clay.

C) vx7-taena[c]en at.
Bataa wa , miruku tsukuri-masu.

Butter is made from milk.

9. Indicates the manner of an action, or the condition/intention at the time

of occurrence/action.

English approximation: “(in this manner) ...” “(with intention to) ...”
39 66

A) beELIZS[ T]mo Its LAS

We ct

Watashi wa ,,isoi ide} dekake-mashita. Yip

I left in a rush.

B) lt#P| cK.
int é

Kare wa , muchuu ide} hashitta. G <<

He ran frantically. x IN
XY
C) #l2L 4308 9[(t]eono TAY.
rf 4 vo

Boku wa shikaru , tsumori itta no de wa nai.

I didn’t say it with the intention to scold (you).

10. Indicates a reason or motive for an action or occurrence.

English approximation: “due to ...” “owing to ...”

9 66

A) Ris RES CRA BBR, —

pn ailicda eats DUKA . B Ca

))

Kare wa _,, fuchuui ide} kaidan kara ochita.¢

He fell down the stairs due to carelessness.

B) lao BAB CPR ERATE.

¢ +3 I~ BRoe3 ey

24
 Boku wa kyoo ,, kaze ide} gakkoo o yasunda.

Today, I was absent from school due to a cold.

C) Ra [C]FARA 9 Ke
n, pamusa te ga kogoe soo da.

My hands are almost frozen from the cold.

SOFA 1 OFA CEAKRH,

Ax HWvitAUL3
D)
Kono dezain no ,, ryuukoo mise wa dai-hanjoo da.

Due to the popularity of this design, the store is doing very well.

11. Indicates the source of information, basis of a condition.

English approximation: “by” “from” 99 66

“on” 39 66
“according to”

HBORRFB| CIRSL, SALES IK

LARA TA 8 233
A)
Shinbun no ,, tenki-yohoo miru to, kyoo wa kumori da soo

da.

According to the weather forecast in the paper, it will be cloudy

today.

B) b te12 MH |C]1S SB CHD ?

Anata no ,, tokee ide} wa ima nan-ji desu ka?
What time is it now according to your watch?

C) RAUCKMA TOZB OL, BE|C]bs3.

Kare ga hidoku nayande-iru no wa, ,,kao-iro ide} wakaru.

I can tell from his face that he is very troubled.

12. Indicates the basis of evaluation.

English approximation: “depending on 39 6¢

according to”

25
 A) APA OWES &[-C] 2 T.
tb RA BS bz

Mikan no nedan wa ,, ookisa chigai-masu.

The price of oranges varies depending on their size.

B) io MHlsRs cwas| C/E. ST.

et 5 arA U4 RA YD Pd

Tochi no nedan wa , hirosa to benrisa ide} kawari-masu.

The price of land changes according to the size and location.

13. Shows which party is/was responsible for an action.

English approximation: in the sense of “(something) is/was done by (some-

thing).”
wy #¢ &
A) tna CROLL CT.
Sore wa ,, kazoku kimeta koto desu.

It was a decision made by (my) family.

LARA tors ior
B) 4 Daf Bls¥R|
C/BT ANT.
Sono shinbun wa ,, gakkoo Ide| hakkoo-sareta.

That newspaper was published by the school.

DEMO CS

1. Presents an extreme example to make the point that since something

applies to such a case, it therefore certainly applies to more normal cases.

English approximation: “even”

A) R#[ Chloe SRT SF.

tAttw

n, 2ensee wakara-nai deshoo.

Even the teacher probably won’t be able to understand it.

a 5 RWAL

B) 6:72 CH |LBL La*hrx7TlikKRE,

26
 ,, Chotto mi-otoshi ga atte wa taihen da.

If (we) miss even one thing, there’ll be grave consequences.

2. In the pattern “don-na ..demo YA¢~Th.”

English approximation: “no matter what/how (something) ...” or “regard-
9

less of the fact that...”

A) HOKHILCA RHEL EE CH.

Ano sensee wa don-na muzukashil , mondai tokeru.

That teacher can solve any problem, no matter how difficult it may

be.

B) br LISCA REN CEE EX TARO RO aT.

Watashi wa don-na , tabemono ichido wa tabete mi-tai

to omoi-masu.

Regardless of the type of food, I’d like to try eating it once.

3. After an interrogative pronoun, indicates an all-inclusiveness.

English approximation: “whatever” “whenever ” etc.

A) vo[tb]onaes Bot (Hau,

n, Doko ii kara suwatte kudasai.

Please sit wherever you like. (more literally: “Please sit; anywhere

is fine.”)

B) wal Cbs ULOEERL TOUd,

n, Nan suki na mono o chuumon-shite Ii yo.

You can order whatever you like.

4. Used in casually mentioning something as a suggestion.

English approximation: in the sense of “something like ...”

B) 1 [= a—t—(Cb RAI O EL ?

27
 Kaeri ni, koohii nomi ni ika-nai?

Why don’t we go have coffee or something on the way home?

B) cc LUMIEKEBL STH,
. %eL

a, Koko yokere ba ohanashi-shi-masu ga.

If it’s all right to talk somewhere like here, I will.

5. To express wishful thinking; sometimes in a “semete ... demo ... + T

~Tt~” pattern.

English approximation: “if only there were (something), even just a little bit

of it ...”
tec BLA
A) HHTHLEW| ChE SOK SwA,
Semete sukoshi , dake chokin ga attara naa.

If only I had even just a little bit of savings ...

B) REBATH|TLSok SWOOSH,
<b tes

Koshi o orosu_, tokoro attara ii no ni naa.

If only there were some place I could sit down ...

6. Often ina “manzara...demo 4A *5~7C2” pattern and/or a double

negative, to indicate that there are other attributes to something, besides

the obvious.

English approximation: examples are “not all bad” and “not unthinkable.”
BE Wo .
A) SMAMDFICLIA, EA XSIS| THAW,
Ano hito no yuu koto wa, manzara , uso nai.

What that person says isn’t all untrue.

B) Lostmls, RRPTHAdY(TH]AV.
trom ¢ CITA bh PMI

Kono keekaku wa, jitsugen fukanoo na , wake nal.

This plan isn’t impossible to carry out.

28
DOKORO €c4

Takes an extreme case of a certain situation and emphatically negates its

possibility.

English approximation: “not possible to do, (for example)”

A) CASE TIA, Do OR EMEF 2 CEB,

Koo hito ga ooku te wa, yukkuri e o , kanshoo-suru

de wa nai.

With this many people, it’s out of the question to, say, enjoy looking

at the paintings.

A) Scecerel ¢ c. Rimes
4lowe cle,
Ima totemo isogashiku te, ,. kyuuka no sawagi de wa

nal.

I’m so busy now that it’s not even plausible to, for example, take

a vacation.

DOKOROKA ¢€247.

Serves to negate the clause it modifies, in order to emphasize the point

made by the clause that follows.

English approximation: the nuance is “never mind (something)...”

A) 5OFIH BT S(CoAA], —BPHA TIONS,

Ano ko wa ,. benkyoo-suru [dokoroka], ichi-nichi-juu asonde

bakari iru.

Never mind studying, all that child does is play all day.

29
 » af tc
B) BA Ae)
RA AREY.
n, Oyu mizu sae de-nai.
Never mind hot water, there’s not even cold water.

DOMO ¢%
Placed after a verb.

English approximation: “(even) though”

A) BMKCVA[LB|\MRL 0 T $). PEOKRY ORG BILD bE,

Shinyuu to , ie (shinyuu to itte mo), kanojo no hontoo

no kimochi wa wakara-nai.

Though we are best friends, I don’t know how she really feels.

B) fulee tule tlio bio tb), Pe OXPRK OK.

v. Ike [domo], ike (itte mo itte mo), suna bakari no

dai-sabaku datta.
Though we went on and on, we saw nothing but the sand in the vast

desert.

EN

FUNDAMENTALS OF “E ~”

First, note that the character ‘“~\,” used as a particle, is read “e,” even

though it is normally read “he.” Placed after a noun, it indicates that the

noun is the destination, direction or the goal of the action.

Some frequently used verbs that follow “e ~\” are:

30
 ageru EI}
4(to lift)
aruku > ¢ (to walk)

dekakeru Hatt 4 (to go out)

denwa o kakeru £86

£4°14 3 (to telephone)
denwa oO suru SHet % (to telephone)

deru HH4(to exit)

hairu » 3(to enter)

ireru xn 4 (to put in )

iku 47¢(to go)

kaeru ie 2 (to return)

kaku # < (to write)

kuru Bs4(to come)
modoru Re (to come back)

mukau ab 4 (to head for)

oku 2 ¢ (to place)

okuru Re 4 (to present)

okuru 1 4 (to send)

ryokoo-suru ATT 4 (to travel)

shuppatsu-suru get 4(to depart)

taoreru #14 4(to fall down)

tegami o kaku ER EE ¢ (to write a letter)

tenkin-suru 8284+ 2 (to be transferred)

tsuku x ¢ (to arrive)

It is interchangeable with the particle “ni !<” in most cases. Note,

however, that this rule does not apply when the particle “e ~\” is followed

31
by the particle “no ™”; “e ~” then cannot be replaced by “ni {2.”

Examples:

A) beLISG[A]7
ERY PERU ELK.
Watashi wa haha le| purezento o okuri-mashita.

I sent my mother a present.

br Lisa[e|7L
ey bERD ELK
Watashi wa haha [ni purezento o okuri-mashita.

I sent my mother a present.

B) cnise[A]o7rer bet.
Kore wa haha |e| no purezento desu.

This is a present for my mother.

Wrong:

nite Korey bt.

Kore wa haha Dat] no purezento desu.

1. Shows the direction where an action is headed.

English approximation: “to” “toward”

A) bre Lisrk[
A] S24.
BES

Watashi wa , oosaka le| iki-masu.

I’m going to Osaka.

B) RlEROG[A] HOTA ELK

Ph 28 LF
Sy)

Kare wa eki no , hoo le|aruite iki-mashita.

He walked toward the station.

C) st8fAAlSS—oy7|Alh R PTH.
zen Ler5i3505

Kitano-san wa ,. yooroppa le|shucchoo-chuu desu.

32
 Mr. Kitano is currently on a business trip to Europe.

D) mE CAME O34 [AMOK

Jishin de go-kai-date no tatemono ga _,,ushiro le|katamuita.

Because of the earthquake, the five-storied building leaned toward

the back.

2. Shows the ending point or destination of an action.

English approximation: “at”

A) bELIESER[A] HSS LAL

Watashi wa ima _, kuukoo |e|tsuki-mashita.

I arrived at the airport just now.

B) WoBA[A| BHD IaD ELAM?

Itsu_,, nihon |e| Okaeri ni nari-mashita ka?

When did you come back to Japan?

C) Bicone, SPS
een cease anc Bur.
Boku wa michi ni mayotta ageku, sanjup-pun mo okurete ,

kaigi-joo |e|tadori-tsuita.

After getting lost, I arrived at the meeting place thirty minutes

late.

3. Indicates the person or thing to which an action is directed.

English approximation: 66
“to” “for”

A) cnliser[Alo7rer b ct.
Kore wa ,, anata le|no purezento desu.

This is a present for you.

B) 2Histt|A]ObFRKSOBBLL TA.
Kore wa ,.sensee le| no otegami dakara owatashi-shite ne.

33
 This is a letter to the teacher, so please hand it to (him/her).

4. In the pattern .. tokoro e ~% 2 4~,” describes a situation that

exists when an action takes place.

English approximation: “(this was the situation) when (something else

happened).”

BHO Rb oh ULS|A|KREARUICRK.
Leck & ERS bt ; 2

A)
Shukudai ga owatta , tokoro |e|tomodachi ga asobi ni kita.

I had just finished my homework when my friend came over.

Re
T aoe S[A|, mao Tk.
wa b . ct ry) a

Kasa 0 motazu ni dekaketa , tokoro le], ame ga futte-kita.

I had just left without bringing an umbrella when it started to rain.

GA 7»
FUNDAMENTALS OF “GA 2°”

A major function of the particle “ga 4*” is to emphasize the subject by

following directly after it. However, other particles such as “wa (i” in

particular (see p. 235) also serve the same purpose. Deciding when to use

which may be one of the most difficult factors in constructing Japanese

sentences; in fact, even native speakers sometimes have to stop and think

about the choices. The following are some basic guidelines to help you with

this task.

I. When to use “ga 4*” after the subject or topic:

1. “Ga 4*” appears in sentences that indicate the existence of something,

34
in the sense of “there is/are/was/were ...” Note that in Japanese, you must

differentiate between living things and non-living things by using separate

verbs that both mean “to be in a place.” “Iru \\ 4” is for the former group,

and “aru 4 4” is for the latter.

A) A[a]os (tt). B) 4[4°]53(5 024).

Ve ZA

,, Hito iru (i-masu). n, Hon aru (ari-masu).

There is a person. There is a book.

Even in talking about the same thing, you must use different verbs

depending on whether or not it is animate:

C) A[a]os (at). D) @[a]53 (#034).

n, oakana iru (i-masu). ,, Sakana aru (ari-masu).
“There is a fish.” (animate) “There is a fish.” (inanimate)

2. To express desire, need, ability or opinion, “ga” follows the topic.

ze
A) br LlarPt Azz Y—L[a|ENKV.

Watashi wa ,, aisukuriimu tabe-tai.

35
 I want to eat ice cream.

B) br Liskes[a:]aees +.
Watashi wa ,, eego hanase-masu.

I can speak English.

C) messes] a CF.
Kanojo wa ,, ongaku suki desu.

She likes music.

“Ga 4*” follows an interrogative pronoun or noun phrase.

A) nla |Ra LAA?

». Dare |gal ki-mashita ka?
Who came?

B) HUICARENSM[A PES THA?

Anata wa ,, p»,don-na tabemono suki desu ka?

What kind of food do you like?

C) fee[ae|ucr a2
».Nan-ji [ga] ii desu ka?
What time is good (for you)?

“Ga 4*” often follows a noun that is modified by an adjective.

A) #[2]3\.
n, Nami takai.

The waves are high.

B) bELIKD
[A]Ouct.
Watashi wa ,,kibun ii desu.
I feel good.

C) apa[a]e.
36
 n, Heya atsul.

The room is hot.

5. In describing one of the five senses, “ga 4*” often accompanies the

noun.
A) wuts a]s 3.
li ,, nioi suru.
(It) smells good.

B) Hues] ts.
Amai ,. aji suru.

(It) tastes sweet.

6. Sentences with intransitive verbs usually have subjects that are

followed by “ga 4*,”

A) Pla |Paa 2.
n, LO shimaru.

The door closes.

B) ER[a|HAh.
». Denki [ga] kieta.
The lights went off.

C) Ala )be.
n, Lsuki deta.
The moon has come out.

II. Other uses of “ga 4*” include the following:

1. Functions like a conjunction after “sore ga (ne) @#4*(4a)” and

“tokoro ga (ne) & < 44*(4a),” with a feeling of unexpected surprise.

37
 A) en[a], Me bot RA TORAK
Sore lgal, nanto monosugoku konde ita-n da.

But actually, it was really crowded.

B) 13 3 SR TT. ar) hr, hops TzAHEX, TIL.

Boku wa moo akiramete ita. Tokoro ne, mitsukatta-n da yo,

nan to.

I had already given up. But, it was actually found!

2. After a verb, in the patterns “ga gotoku 4°27 2% ¢” and “ga mamani 4°

x12,”
English approximation: with “gotoku “2% ¢” = “as if”, with “mamani

#12” = “exactly as (something)”

A) Wea, AMOS) AER LE[S |OU (otk

Sensoo-kinenhi wa, ningen no arasou saga o , kanashimu

gotoku tatte ita.

The war memorial stood, as if grieving over the nature of human-

kind to fight against each other.

B) lt, BOSH HS(H] Ss FREI ok,

Kare wa, haha no , susumeru mama ni, gishi ni natta.

Following his mother’s advice exactly, he became an engineer.

3. Makes an introductory clause before the main point.

English approximation: “as” in the patterns “as for...,” “as you’ve already

heard ...,” etc.

A) 2mAct[s], BoC RL (BAL TC KAY.

Sono ten ,.desu lgal, motto kuwashiku setsumee-shite

kudasai.

38
 As for that point, please explain it in more detail.

B) CIB LEVEL 7=[4°], 2 OBB ORB MBO LV EOLRL

iT.
Sude ni ,. mooshi-age-mashita lgal, kono keekaku no seekoo

wa machigai-nai mono to omoi-masu.

As I’ve said before, I think that this plan will undoubtedly succeed.

4. Functions like a conjunction.

English approximation: “but” in the sense of “despite doing (something)” or

“although.”

A) #laxarer cra], kokonr.

Boku wa besuto o , tsukushita lgal, dame datta.

I did the best I could, but I failed.

B) amj HSH AL 44]. BEFCLA.

Kinoo , odenwa-shi-mashita lgal, orusu deshita.

I called yesterday, but (you/he/she) was/were not home.

C) Rimes ze[s], ZEUBH IED OK.

Boku wa hitoban-juu , kangaeta lgal, mee-an wa_ ukaba-

nakatta.

I pondered all night, but couldn’t come up with any great ideas.

5. In the patterns “... uga ~7 4°” and “... mai ga ~ ¥4.4*,”

English approximation: “no matter (something)” or “whether (you) do

(something) or not, it doesn’t matter...”

A) Barvcnoale], Foe RETOOL.

Boku ga doko e , ikoo lgal, zutto tomodachi de iyoo.

No matter where I go, let’s stay friends.

39
 B) £45[4), €o2a0[a|] micSoaukss,
y, Hashiroo lgal, y. hashiru-mal lgal, mani-awa-nai daroo.

(You) won’t be on time whether (you) run or not.

6. Indicates wishful thinking in presenting an imaginary, desirable situa-

tion that is the opposite of the current, actual situation. Similar to “noni ®

lz,” (See p.167)

English approximation: “(if ...), can/would do..., (but ...)”

A) Batenixoulsa es,
Yuki ga fure ba ag,Ii naa.

It would be good if it were to snow (i.e. I wish it would snow).

B) EC LAH OAD IML DBS.

Takarakuji ga atattara ,4 ureshii naa.

I’d be happy if I were to win the lottery (i.e. I wish I could win the

lottery).

7. At the end of the sentence, serves to soften a request or opinion. Takes

a straightforward statement that would sound too direct and transforms it

into a more indirect approach.

English approximation: somewhat akin to the English phrase “I’m wonder-

ing if I could...” or “(this is what I think), but...”

A) HERA BEAD DAUA THA o

Shachoo-san ni , Omeni-kakari-tai-n desu lgal.

I’d like to meet the president ...

(compare: “shachoo-san ni omeni-kakari-tai-n desu” by itself tends

to sound too forward and impolite.)

B) so —-Bme cn nvr cts]o

40
 Moo ichi-nichi kyuuka 0 ,, tori-tai-n desu [ga].
I'd like to take one more day of vacation ...

C) bALIA cose TOULRILATHA,

Watashi wa, kono-mama de ii to , Omou-n desu lgal.

I think it would be fine to leave it the way it is ...

8. Placed at the end of a sentence; exclamatory. Modifies nouns, and is

said scornfully and disapprovingly. Men’s language. Not translatable.

A) 295 %0%H [a5]!

Kono , usotsuki-me lgal|!

You liar!

B) cawxwla]!
Kono ,, gaki-me lgal!

You little brat! (“Gaki” is slang for “little boy,” but it often has

negative implications.)

9. Expresses uncertainty or puzzlement.

English approximation: the nuance is “I’d thought (I)’d done (something)

but...”

A) BEA cc [But BorAtt|4']q

Tashika ni koko ni oite-oita-n , desu lgal.

I had definitely put it here, but ... (i.e. “I thought I had put it here

wu’)

B) BHAAHoC 6 SUTEAL([A |.CILEAKS 5.

Denwa ga kakatte kuru hazu na-n , da lgal. Dooshita-n daroo.

I’m supposed to get a phone call (i.e. he/she is supposed to call me)

. I wonder what happened.

41
GA-NA(GA-NAA) D-75 (1-75) Combination particle

A combination of the particles “ga 4*” and “na(a) @(4).” Expresses

wishful thinking, which is rather unlikely to happen in reality.

English approximation: “I hope ..., though ....”

ry) an nr TA &
A) MAD BLA. BLEDEF7 HAvyT7lawwnwBRAFE
ZW

BE (AeA) |.

Ame ga furi-dashita. Ashita no pikunikku wa ii otenki da to

aqj.ti |ga na(ga naa)}.

It has started to rain. I hope it’s going to be a nice day for the

picnic tomorrow, though.

. POUE CA b Bx 3 Bb eo
B) 3D7V4ReKU EBA CIaAOK FolLPIITK.4x%BI

Arty (AH) |,

Kinoo mo kanojo wa denwa o kakete konakatta. Kyoo wa

kakete kuru to , omou |ga na(ga naa)|.

She didn’t call again yesterday. I think she will call today, though.

GATERA 7**T5

Indicates that while one action is being carried out, another related action

is also carried out; much like “killing two birds with one stone.”

English approximation: “while doing ..., on the way, do ... ”

A) oe BRI AST HI, Howicitotl La.

Kodomo o gakkoo ni ,, okuri [gateral, kaimono ni itte-koyoo.

While I’m out taking the kids to school, Ill go shopping (on the

42
 way).

BEEK) L[A TH], RRIADI SIFT

th t 2) ; BU . <

Otera ni , omairi-shi [gatera], ojisan no uchi ni yotte-kita.

While I was out worshiping at the temple, I went to visit my uncle

(on the way).

HODO [EC
1. After a quantity, indicates that the amount is an approximation.

Interchangeable with the particle “kurai(gurai) ¢ 5‘.(¢' 5\\).” (See p.79)

English approximation: “about approximately”

A) COeFISU— BMC |SnISHRES IST.

L te WoLeIPAaA ct & Sb

Kono shigoto wa ato ,,is-shuukan are ba dekiagari-

masu.
This job will be done in about a week.

HU AAC |CHRAILES,
Ato ,,ik-ka-getsu de natsu-yasumi ni naru.

It'll] be summer vacation in about a month.

2. Takes a specific situation and evaluates its extent.

English approximation: “to the extent that ...”

A) Id, REIS SNT AT ZOeROEL[LEC]L ETS.

Or DAU * eS

Kare wa, kanojo ni furarete, mite-iru no ga 4g kinodoku_na

shogete-iru.

She broke up with him, and he’s depressed to the extent that just

seeing him makes you feel bad (for him).

43
 B) bf Lltay 7—-IWIRBL TC. RATS jULDOK.
WILI3 “AR y]

Watashi wa konkuuru ni yuushoo-shite, namida ga , deru

ureshikatta.

Winning the competition, I was so happy I cried.

3. Followed by a negation, establishes a standard for comparison.

English approximation: “(not) as much/little as ...”

A) S#OMMIA, WOREC TRAE (

feu > ma deg BE

Kotoshi no tsuyu wa, , itsumo ame ga ooku-nai.

During this year’s rainy season, there hasn’t been as much rain as

usual.

B) BRAC FSRLUO LOL,

BZIes 2 YB

n, Natsu-yasumi machi-dooshii mono wa nai.

There’s nothing that (I) look forward to more than summer vaca-

tion.

4. Often in the patterns “... suru hodo ~}41/i%” and “... ba ... hodo

~|i~lI rv, ” shows that as one thing increases, the other increases as well.

English approximation: “the more ..., the more ....”

A) BATE, MBG Hiss 2(r] EFS.

Na-n demo, renshuu sure ba , suru joozu ni naru.

With everything, the more (you) practice, the better (you) will get.

B) Fri Bls, Siu niss [le lsd 3.

Kottoohin wa, furukere ba 4 furui kachi ga aru.

As for antiques, the older it is, the more value it has.

44
HOKA [&7)

Followed by a negative, it serves to exclude all possibilities other than the

one mentioned.

English approximation: The implication is “nothing except for ...”; the

meaning is similar to “only.” Interchangeable with

“shika L 4.” (See p.182)

A) BOAR, LITLE THOT L SOTHO TI, BET 3[Eo|

BRN
Ano hito-tachi wa, moo soko made itte-shimatte ite wa,

y, rikon-suru shikata ga nai.

For those people, since they’ve already gone that far, there’s

nothing left to do but to get a divorce.

B) CAuUCOMTI, SHORSIPLS 2[ae] oon,

Kon-na-ni hidoi ame de wa, kyoo no shiai wa _ , chuushi-suru

nai ne.

Since it’s raining so heavily, we can do nothing but cancel today’s

match.

| Uy

Used mostly in men’s language. Not translatable.

1. At the end of a sentence, serves to emphasize it.

A) Z9bbbe, Ror[O].
Sono omocha, boku no . da| i|.

45
 That toy is mine!

B) bL’#erokb[v].
Washi mo toshi o totta >. wal i|.
(Oh,) I’ve grown old (sigh)!

C) WAlasNKAD || ?
Ika wa tabeta >. kali |?
Did you eat the squid?

2. Reinforces the interrogative.

A) Be
ey ePbRValO]?
Konban maajan yara-nai ».kal i |?
Why don’t we play mahjong tonight?

B) St Rona] 2
Ima sugu korare-nai >. kali |?
Can’t you come right now?

KA 7

1. Expresses uncertainty of the topic it marks.

English approximation: “if” “whether”

A) BRIS C Ola, WoE sla} RK be SEY.

Nihon ni iku no wa, itsu ni , naru [kal mattaku wakara-nai.

I have no idea when I’1] be going to Japan. (literally: As for going

to Japan, when it will be, I have no idea.)

B) coms, BAKU. Bade Aerealpaoe

endo
WAX \\ 42,

46
 Kono kawa wa, mita dake de wa, umi nan , da [kal kawa nan

¢. da [kal wakara-nai kurai ookii ne.

This river is so big, you can’t tell if it’s an ocean or a river just by

looking (at it). (literally: As for this river, just by looking (at it),

whether it’s an ocean or a river, one can’t tell—that’s the extent of

its size, isn’t it?)

2. Expresses a conjecture with an implied sense of doubt.

English approximation: “perhaps because of ...”

A) BALA RIERA. FhaHT erat s |Mato ws ot,

U PA Zk bP & 2

Moo kon-na jikan ka. Soto ga akarui , see ki ga tsuka-

nakatta.

It’s so late already. Maybe it’s because it’s light outside, I

hadn’t noticed.

PINGKATS Ola], SHHEOTEO,

Yuube wa nomi-sugita , no [ka], kesa wa atama ga itai.

Perhaps I had too much to drink last night; this morning I have a

headache.

3. Inthe pattern “... ka .. ka ~24:~%:,” lists a number of choices.

English approximation: “... or ...”

A) 60|[a|zo[a], Biko TLE

Migi ,,no [ka] hidari , no [ka], hayaku kimete yo.
The one on the right or the one on the left? Make up your mind

quickly!

Tolplienools], vosun?
Iku ,.no ika-nai 5no [ka], docchi na no?

47
 Are you going or not going, which is it?

4. Inthe pattern “... ka ... ~*~,” gives an approximate number.

English approximation: “(number) or (number)”

A) 2&[s 2RE09 BI EBLANC, BFK.

n, Nido sando kimi no uchi ni denwa-shita kedo, rusu datta.
I called you at home two or three times, but no one answered.

B) bE LEIS Blas |dit

malt st.
Watashi-tachi wa ,. mikka yokka ryokoo ni dekake-masu.

We're going on a trip for three or four days.

C) 404 xe7F-, —o[mJZobRLEL BEI.

Sono kyandee, ,,hitotsu futatsu watashi ni mo choodai.

Give me one or two of those candies, too.

5. Placed at the end of a sentence.

1) Makes the sentence into an interrogative or a rhetorical question. Not

translatable.

A) SDUICIL CRED OEOTH|D]?

Kinoo wa dooshite konakatta no , desu ?

Why didn’t you come yesterday?

B) WEEBTZOURTRUOES 3 [h]?
Sensoo o sakeru no wa fukanoo na no , daroo ?

Is it impossible to avoid war?

C) Yeo SoLebat[s]?
Dochira-sama de , irasshai-masu kal?

May I ask who this is?

2) Indicates a confirmation. Not translatable.

48
 A) brot[a], BILRLTSAL OBE,
v. Wakatta [ka]. Moo nido to suru-n ja nai yo.

Do you understand? Don’t ever do this again.

B) AMSLERT Hat[D]?
Hontoo ni ashita , kite-kure-masu ?

Are you really going to come (on my behalf) tomorrow?

3) Rhetorical question. Not translatable.

A) COL TEARL EME ENZESI[D |.

Dooshite son-na koto ga shinji-rareru , daroo [ka].
How can (I) believe something like that?

B) CAMLUIM SLI, KMAMRL EES 3 [Do

Kon-na koto ni naru to wa, dare ga soozoo-shita , daroo [ka].

Who would have imagined that this would happen? (literally: As for

this happening, who would have imagined?)

C) CAmRPI AAT (Bl UHHH I [Do

Kon-na yonaka ni hito ga tazunete kuru koto ga , aroo [ka].

Is it possible that someone has come to visit at such a late hour?

4) Expresses a rebuttal or objection to a previous sentence. Not translata-

ble.

A) ZABLE OTHEATL ES 3[F |,

Son-na koto-tte aru-n , deshoo [ka].

Can something like that really happen?

B) RHCALATL £340
Hontoo ni daijoobu . deshoo [ka].
Is it really going to be all right?

49
5) Adds a critical, scolding tone. Not translatable.

A) CARRS THAT. AH 124([2],

Kon-na jikan made asonde-kuru hito ga ,, ari-masu [ka].

You're out playing so late! (literally: “Is there anyone who'd stay

out playing until this hour? ”)

B) DAUIATON, COFRETO ESHKO[D,

An-na ni tanonda no ni, kono tegami dasu no o wasureta ,, no [ka].
I asked you so many times, and still you forgot to mail this letter!

6) Often in the pattern “... de wa/ja nai ka ~ Tli@VvH/U eBid,”

asks a rhetorical question for emphasis.

English approximation: “wasn’t it so that ...”

A) BASF BiMo THU TL oA TELA,

Akarui uchi ni kaette oide to itta de wa , nai [ka].
Didn’t I tell you to come home while it was still light outside?

B) spb, ADITARU OBA],

Sakadachi, kinoo wa dekita ja , nai [ka].

Weren’t you able to do a handstand yesterday?

7) Makes a casual suggestion.

English approximation: “why don’t we ...” “ do you want to ...” “ let’s ...”

A) ie ') 12 Re 4 7 ES
Kaeri ni ippai ,, yaroo [ka].
Do you want to have a drink on our way home?

bio TALI Tee [>].

Moo ichido tashikamete miyoo ja ,. nai [ka].

Why don’t we make sure one more time?

50
8) Often ina“... taradooka ~# 5 & 4 4»” pattern, makes a roundabout,

softened command.

English approximation: “why don’t you do ...”

A) 2AWITEEOVORS, Hota e5[D],

Son-na ni iki-tai no nara, itte-mitara ,4,do0o [ka].

If you want to go that badly, why don’t you go?

B) 2) CURL TOZED, VAARALMO

TAR LG [De
Hitori de shinpai-shite-iru yori, iron-na hito ni kiite-mitara a.

doo [ka].
Instead of worrying all by yourself, why don’t you ask lots of

people (for advice)?

9) Asa sort of self-utterance, often with a reminiscent or some emotional

overtone. Not translatable.

A) 23[]. ravi SBLAla]. ki PoAM.

adv. DOO [ka]. Tootoo , gookaku-shita [ka]. Yoku yatta na.

Really, (you) finally passed (the test). (You) did well.

B) warr, Bl>], WHOL Bor.

Naan da, ,. kage [ka]. Yuuree ka to omotta.

Oh, it’s only a shadow. I thought it was a ghost.

KA-I 7‘-U\ Combination particle

A combination of the particles “ka 4°” and “i \..” Placed at the end of a

Sentence to indicate that it is an interrogative, or to express that it opposes

the statement that was just previously made by another party.

51
Emphatic. Not translatable.

A) E22 e, Fe LSAWVH] 9
Sorya, uso ja ,, nai ka i]?
Isn’t that a lie?

B) CARWURKI, MEADS LALO],

Kon-na ii tenki ni, ame nan ka furu ,.mon [kaij.
When it’s this nice out, there’s no way it’s going to rain.

C) BR? 2AusceLalau.
Kaidan? Son-na mon ,, shinjiru |ka i}.

Ghost stories? I’d never believe in something like that!

KA-NA(KA-NAA) 1-7. (1-7) Combination particle

A combination of the particles “ka 4” and “na *%” or “na(naa) #@(z%

h).”

1. Casually expresses doubt, with a very light exclamatory tone.

English approximation: “(I) wonder ...?”

Fost k aie feu .

A) KFAR, SFIOFLIFE CIC Aa(*ABS) |.

Daigaku nyuushi, kotoshi koso wa_ , umaku-iku

ka na(ka naa)|.

I wonder if maybe college entrance examinations will finally go

well this year?

—_ BE YN ct
B) CILTHATHHVEDAB(ABS) |.

Dooshite hitori de dekaketa , no |ka na(ka naa)|.

I wonder why (he/she) went out alone?

52
2. Used in making a suggestion to oneself.

English approximation: “(I) think/(I) will do .

”

A) a—-t—-Cbndi[pa(ews)|.
Koohii demo ,, ireyoo |ka na(ka naa) |.

I think I’m going to make some coffee

B) £52484
5[pe].
Soro-soro , kaeroo [ka nal.

I think I’m going to go home soon.

3. In the pattern “... nai kana ~4\\4°%,” indicates wishful thinking.

English approximation: “I wish (it) would ...”

*Sad ins
A) Fo mILa bavlrn (saws) .
Hayaku haru ni , nara-nai |ka na(ka naa)|.

I wish spring would come soon.

t3 iP Lep7bs35 WA
BRAAE CH FRAG MoT Aaulsa (ABA) |,
B) 4

Otoosan hayaku shucchoo. kara kaette , ko-nai

ka na(ka naa)}.

I wish Dad would come home soon from his business trip.

KARA 75

FUNDAMENTALS OF “KARA #65”

In general, you can understand the function of “kara 4.5” by identifying

the part of speech of the word immediately preceding it. When “kara 4°45”

is placed after a noun or a nominal it usually means “from,” whereas after

an adjective or a verb and a copula, “kara 4.5” usually indicates reason or

53
Cause.

1. Placed after a noun or a nominal.

I) After a pronoun, interrogative pronoun, a person’s name or Social

position, indicates that an action or a deed is directed from that person.

English approximation: “from”

br LILZ OBE LEO

5 MAS LE
se tA 3

A)
Watashi wa sono hanashi o , sensee

kiki-mashita.
I heard that story from my teacher.

F< ROUSE
fiiihe| Po|TILI-EbbOK.
Boku wa ,, kanojo raburetaa Oo moratta.

I received a love letter from her.

cnkern[ys |e e LAD?
Sono hon o ,, dare kari-mashita ka?

From whom did you borrow the book?

beLILEE|
Pb |ROSNTINL OOK.
Watashi wa ,, sensee homerarete ureshikatta.
I was happy that my teacher gave me a compliment.

par[ao|es SBBL EAL.

n, Anata doozo ohanashi kudasai.

54
 Please, if you could start talking first. (literally: (Starting) with

you, please tell us your story.)

bHLEB RAS lRLLAVA

TT.
tx BP Rina

Watashi mo hayaku , oya dokuritsu shi-tai-n desu.

I, too, would like to become independent from my parents soon.

2) Placed after a noun, showing a place/space, indicates that something

starts/started at that place.

English approximation: “from

9? 66
through” “out of” “in”

A) late y b[e5|HORERI BLAS

Kare wa _,. poketto kuruma no kagi

o tori-dashita.

He took his car keys out of his pocket.

RIZE [db |X 75‘,

Doroboo wa ,.mado haitta rashil.
It looks like the robber got into the house

through the window.

& 3
ALA b|N ACRE TR
n. Ki ringo ga ochite kita.
An apple fell from the tree.

nC rs ee aoe
RWED
D)
Taiyoo wa ,, higashi [kara|
|kara| nobori-masu.

The sun rises in the east.

 E) AFVOB
LA 5|PLLARZELK.
BLUE > USA 4

Hoteru no ,, okujoo Fujisan ga mie-mashita.

I saw Mt. Fuji from the roof top

of the hotel.

AFVYE TIAA
S/F BAALAL THOS,
n, oUtendogurasu yuuhi ga sashi-konde-iru.

The rays of the setting sun are shining through /

the stained glass. /

t 2
G) biel lb DORE AO 5 |S Le.

Watashi wa sono chishiki o , hon

e-mashita.

I obtained that knowledge from a book.

3) After a time word, indicates that something begins/began at that

moment.

English approximation: “from > 66

at” “since”

A) BABORRIL, Wi [5 kes 04F,

Nihon-go no jugyoo wa, asa ,,ku-ji hajimari-masu.

The Japanese language class begins at nine

o’clock in the morning.

56
 SVL H5
KB [Ab [seas EITIt
n, Raishuu chikatetsu ga ne-age ni naru.
From next week, the subway fare will go up.

bELIA, TEL 6 C, SOI OR HGF OC ETOSHA,

Watashi wa, isogashikute, ,,kinoo no yoru zutto nete

i-masen.

I’ve been so busy that I haven’t slept at all since last night.

D) FIL. #145 | BRI fBbotCUSHETH.

Tanabata wa_ , mukashi nihon ni tsutawatte-iru gyooji

desu.

The Tanabata festival is a traditional event observed since olden

times in Japan.

beLIA, BRIER SSE ILEUS.

Watashi wa, nihon ni , kite moo ni-nen ni nari-masu.
Two years have already passed since I came to Japan.

meet (notes |zEnb alr.

Sofu ga , nakunatte go-nen tachi-mashita.
It’s been five years since my grandfather passed away.

4) Inthe pattern “... kara .. made ~4-5~2 T,” shows a range/span of

space or time.

English approximation: “from/to” “between”

A) comes, LRle 5 ORs TOF HEIST.

Kono yoochien ni wa, , ni-sai |kara| yon-sai made no kodomo-

tachi ga i-masu.

57
 There are children between the ages of two and four at this

kindergarten.

= go [vaRE SECOMIERT CHA,

n, oan-ji yo-ji made no aida ni kite kudasai.

Please come over between three and four o’clock.

br Lid, EORREB[
DS |Bs TRAELA.
Watashi wa, sono kijio ,, sumi sumi made yomi-mashita.

I’ve read the article from the beginning to the end. (literally: from

one corner to the other)

LARFYEWoTE, Ey[AS|SDE THIET.

Resutoran to itte mo, , pin kiri made ari-masu.

When it comes to restaurants, there’s a wide range of them.

(literally: from the first to the last)

FREES
TP 5 |RS FCI Z
Yuushoku o , tabete neru made ni yo-jikan aru.
After dinner, I’ll have four hours before I go to bed.

5) In the pattern . kara .. @ ~4*5~~,” the particle “kara 4-5” is

placed between repeated words, to indicate that the same action occurs

one after another in succession.

English approximation: “one after another”

A) Tek, RDS RACH

BLY ONE. |
Hanabi ga, ,, tsugi [kara| tsugi e to uchi- WE oar
agerareta. | i

Fireworks were shot up into the sky one after

another. (literally: from next to the next)

58
 BEA ks 22# B B3
B) ARA Kl 5 |AACHLEE
TAK.
Oo-nami ga ,,tsugi tsugi e to oshi-yosete kita.

One after another, great waves came rolling in.

“

yw + Y

PUP —C ey re
s "

C) bE LER CED BAC RAK.

Watashi-tachi wa hikooki de , shima shima e to tonda.

We flew by plane from one island to another.

6) Indicates the composition of something. Interchangeable with the

particle “de T.”

English approximation: “from” “of” “out of”

A) DipissHeR[
a5 Eons F. a
AN
vu!
t

Hamono wa ,kootetsu |kara| tsukurare-masu. 4/

Cutlery is made of steel.

ruee 2¢
B) Sydob ED ET.
Pan wa , komugi-ko |kara| tsukuri-masu. ‘TF4
. A)
(We) make bread out of flour. BO
Ne

59
 C) AILS 5|TRTOET.
tA » 4

Hon wa , kami dekite i-masu.

Books are made of paper.

D) BAIBOORKS
BAS] ots F. A\
Nihon wa yottsu no ookii ,.shima :

natte i-masu.

Japan consists of four big islands. 5) ow)

E) LOB OBA, RHLSR ATH S|RY ots,

Kono kuni no keezai wa, booeki ni yoru ,. shuunyuu

nari-tatte-iru.

The economy of this country is based on its trade income.

7) Placed after a noun, indicates an approximate amount/number.

English approximation: “as many as” “as much as” “no less than”
9? 66 99 «66

A) Ble 5|DABb Fy TAHA TOS,

Beck BEMK _ %6

n, dyaku-dai no oogata torakku ga narande-iru.

More than one hundred big trucks are lined up.

B) FA|a5|ORH SO. BALL SBN,

tAKA , DATARS ¢ zES BEF

n, 2en-nin no kankoo-kyaku ga, mainichi koko o otozure-

ru.

As many as one thousand tourists visit this place every day.

2. Placed after an abstract noun, an adjective or a verb.

1) Indicates a cause or a reason for an action/attitude that is described in

the predicate clause. This inverted structure makes the sentence

60
 emphatic.

English approximation: “as” “so” “since” “due to” “for” “because” “con-
iT) 9? «66 > 66

sidering” “seeing”
4 et
A) BASRP
on Pb) AAR OSL
Osakana ga 44; yasukatta takusan

kai-mashita.

Because I found the fish inexpensive, I

bought lots of them.

BALOU BRA [Ob], RIMS 37% 9

Kyoo wa ii otenki ,. da [kara], sakura wa mankai ni naru daroo.

Since the weather is very nice today, cherry

blossoms will probably be in full bloom.

bELIL7 Oy TYMEa S|, BREN,

fokw hk

Watashi wa burokkori wa kirai ,.da kara], zettai ni tabe-nai.

Because I don’t like broccoli, I never eat it.

BABA ESE OAV [HS], — 2Mee BLT.

Nihon-go ga joozu ni_,, nari-tai [kara], isshoo-kenmee

benkyoo-shi-masu.

Since I want to be good at Japanese, I'l] work hard.

2 lLRES RR BVOIL, J BIMLA DS orb |#

Kimi ni tomodachi ga deki-nai no wa, uchi ni bakari ,. iru
da yo.

The reason why you can’t make friends is that you stay home most

of the time.

61
 i aE “LF AIL, 2oRR CME pokl|as|He.
Boku ga nori-sugoshita no wa, kimi ga , oshiete-kure-nakatta

da zo.

The reason why I missed my stop was that you didn’t tell me

(where to get off).

Rit, Brolyos], WELK.

Kare wa tsuma to no , fuwa [kara], bekkyo-shita.

Due to the fact that he didn’t get along with his wife, they separat-

ed.

H) ld, BROMO S| RES LEG CriwoK,

Kare wa, kookoo no ,, seeseki kara], shoogakukin o morau
koto ni natta.

Because of his (excellent) grades in high school, he is to be granted

a scholarship.

2) Placed after an abstract noun, indicates one’s judgment/viewpoint.

English approximation: “from a viewpoint of” “judging from” “by”

“according to”

Hurok(as|Rnlt, CORKABETL £3.

L we PARA

A)
Anata no ,,me mire ba, kono shigoto wa kantan deshoo.

From your viewpoint, this task may seem to be easy.

> OFKOWS|
+5 FMT SC. RRA BFS SLY.
Tt HA a ay) YHEF L&3

Kono tegami no_ ,.naiyoo handan-suru to, kare wa

kachoo ni shooshin suru rashii.

Judging from the contents of this letter, it seems that he will be

promoted to manager. (literally: section chief)

62
 BE Hobo Stalk, ROM ELT NIVEL ESS,
Igaku-teki ,, kenchi sure ba, kare no kenkyuu wa

nooberu-shoo ni mo atai suru.

From a medical point of view, his research is worth the Nobel

Prize.

3) Placed after an abstract noun of emotion, indicates that such an

emotion results in the action/state described in the predicate clause.

English approximation: “from 99> 66

out of” “due to”

A) bELIZINL s [45 [RU Lah,

Watashi wa , ureshisa tobi-agatta.

I jumped for joy.

B) ald, LBZ BEoeL REVS AST Aa L TLEDH.

Boku wa, kudoo-kun to chotto shita_ ,,li-ai kenka-shite
shimatta.
I ended up having a fight with Kudo over something that arose out

of a minor argument.

C) RIL IER |ob [SARL Pe

Kare wa ,, sekinin-kan jishoku-shita.

He resigned from his office out of a sense of responsibility.

3. Inthe pattern “... kara to itte ~4+5 %\\> T,” introduces a restriction

or a warning.

English approximation: “even though”

LO oT MOBS SUL TCA BS

a Fs 2D + .

A) BEV Eb SALAS
to
Okozukai o , moratta to itte, tsukai-sugiru to, sugu

63
 nakunaru yo.

Even though you’ve received an allowance, if you spend it too fast,

it will soon be gone.

B) RiloelCorot, AC SAM COU SHA.

adj. Y ASUI to itte, takusan katte wa ike-masen.

Even though they may be a bargain, don’t buy too many at a time.

C) Mar recar[as|evot, ACH OLARTT.

Nareta tokoro ,. da to itte, hitori de aruku no wa kiken desu.

Even though you are familiar with the area, it is dangerous to walk

around alone.

4. In the pattern “... kara ni wa ~#*51-1(4,” expresses a determination

or a resolution.

English approximation: “since now that”

9? 66

A) cAHURM BLES ]ilk, SoC SBL TRESS.

RABE TIDY

Kore dake , benkyoo shita ni wa, kitto gookaku-shite

miseru zo.

Now that I’ve studied this hard, I will pass the entrance exam

without fail!
gw2re ia - aA 2 L \

B) MENT [arb lilt, SLORILE L( HSOBUNIIBSBW,

Gaikoku e , iku ni wa, soko no bunka o yoku shira-

nakere-ba-nara-nai.

Now that you are going to a foreign country, you must got to know

its culture very well.

= OBRIEX HELE [lb — ERP IIR 5

POLS KetiLe WolLedtAwvata wt

Kono kaisha ni , nyuusha-shita ni wa, isshoo-kenmee

64
 ganbaroo.

Now that I’ve been accepted by this company, I will do my best.

5. Inthe pattern “... kara ni ~4*5 12.”

English approximation: “just by doing ...”

A) ReILHS IL ZIBATTA,
RPOUE a Hs . BE

Kanojo wa , miru ni yasashi-soo na hito desu ne.

Just by looking at her, you can tell that she’s probably a very kind

person.
& tb
B) €MISBI< |4>5 [REE
wee

Sore wa ,, kiku ni kowai hanashi da.

Just by listening to it, the story sends a chill up my spine.

KARA-SHITE 7‘5-U TC Combination particle

A combination of the particles “kara 4-5” and “shite L T.”

1. Cites one characteristic of something/someone in order to make an

emphatic statement about the whole thing/person.

English approximation: “starting with ...”

A) BOBOAILA & BL ovEK.

Ano otoko no hito wa ,, kaotsuki chotto hen da.

Starting with his face, he is a little strange.

B) Reso
wl e UTR. HK
Kanojo wa ,. mochimono zeetaku da.

Starting with her possessions, she is extravagant.

2. A more emphatic form of “kara 4:5” used in the sense of “because/

65
since”; similar to “node * T.”

English approximation: “consequently”

EEOREIRETH S(O UT), RELBALARECL ES.

Le3cl
A)
Kotoshi no shuushi wa akaji .. de-aru [kara shite], rainen wa
nantoka kuroji ni shiyoo.

Our balance sheet is in the red this year; consequently, let’s try to

somehow come out on top next year.

B) 905 7 bAK[PSELT), HOAAUM

BT 344.
Soo-yuu uwasa ,da [kara shite], ano futari wa_ chikajika

kekkon-suru daroo.

Since that sort of rumor is going around, consequently, it’s likely

that those two will get married soon.

KASHIRA 7‘U5

Found in women’s language.

1. Following an interrogative pronoun, poses a question.

English approximation: “(I) wonder ...

WETA L
A) nla Lb|, SAP EEA Old
n, Dare |kashira], imagoro to o tataku no wa.

I wonder who is knocking on my door at this hour.

B) BEASI cc ee cate AFR E, Bivb, VS [al 5].

Tashika ni koko ni oita hazu da kedo, nai wa. , Doko [kashira].

I thought I had definitely put it here, but it’s not here. I wonder

where it could be?

66
 BE 22
C) Asta, wi[HL5],
4.

Ookina tsutsumi ne. , Nani .

That’s a big package. I wonder what it is?

2. Casually softens a question or a sense of doubt addressed to oneself or

another party. Not translatable.

A) CORE OKO, WoKoK[AL4].

Kono hon o katta no, itsu , datta |kashira].
When was it that I bought this book?

B) bRL, tAMILESA[H LS]. BA COMOUGL

Watashi, son-na koto ,itta . Oboete-i-nai kedo.
Did I say something like that? I don’t remember it.

3. Softens an interrogative sentence. Not translatable.

A) ALLO b 5 L eWETIHLd |e
Kondo wa Itsu , irasshai-masu [kashira].

When will (you) be coming by again?

B) SABRC 3[HL Se
Kyoo mise wa ,,aite-iru |kashira].

I wonder, is the store open today?

4. Makes a casual suggestion to oneself or another party.

English approximation: “should (I/we) do ...”

A) Seppem cits 5 [aL

5].
Konban eega ni ,, ikoo [kashira].

Should I go to the movies tonight?

67
 B) 7-4 ER CHG [DLS].
2

Keeki o katte , kaeroo [kashira]. B)

Should I buy a cake on the way home?

5. Following a negation:

1) Indicates wishful thinking or softens a statement asking someone for a

favor.

English approximation: “I wish ...” “could (you) do ...”

A) (SB mores5|.
Fe TIMKD

Hayaku gookaku-tsuuchi ga ,, ko-nai [kashira].

I wish the acceptance letter would arrive soon.

B) St oR Chala5].
Ima sugu ,, kite kure-nai [kashira].

Could you come right away?

2) Expresses concern over an uncertain or potentially negative situation.

English approximation: “I wonder ...”

A) Sho Th. FeO ARMS 3 [FL SI.

we t Cedt & Le z rs)

Ima dekake te mo, juu-ji no kisha ni , mani-au [kashira].

Even if you were to leave now, I wonder if you could make it in

time to catch the ten o’clock train.

Bb
B) tMA-VYT—-A, BFS AVS 5].
Sono suutsu-keesu, ,,0moO-sugi-nai [kashira].

I wonder if that suitcase isn’t too heavy.

68
KE (Ft

Colloquial. Usually placed at the end of the sentence after the copula “da

7,” which is the informal form of “desu t+,” to form patterns such as

“dakke 71+” and “dattakke KoA 71+.”

1. Used in reminiscing about a past event.

English approximation: ‘((I) remember)”

A) PEER, ERED ELABD(BA) E(B]

Chiisai toki, yoku ki-nobori o shita mono (mo-n) ., da-k{ke].
When (I) was little, (I) used to climb trees all the time, (I remember).

B) £5 0ald, 2A aR HOAO[H]
AZ.
Soo ie ba, son-na tokoro e ,, itta-k/ke| nee.
That’s right, we did go somewhere like that, (I remember) (didn’t

we).

2. In an interrogative, actively solicits an answer from the party addres-

sed.

English approximation: “when is/was it ...2” “what is/was it ...2” etc.

A) Won2¢Hoko(G), SUBS Kol.

Itsu no koto - datta-k/ke], kimi to ongak-kai ni itta no wa.

When was it now, that I went with you to the concert?

B) SNAOUIAZNEBEE, MEL [tt].

Ano hito no tokoro no denwa-bangoo, nan-ban - da-k[ke].

That person’s phone number, what is it now?

69
KEREDOMO (KEREDO, KEDO, KEDOMO) [t1¢%
(IFME, IFC. (IFC)
Colloquial forms: “keredo (tv ~%,” “kedo |} %,” and “kedomo tt % 24.”

1. A conjunctive particle.

1) After one statement, functions as an adversative conjunction leading

into the next clause/phrase.

English approximation: “even though” “but”

9239 2 t #
A) 2 OPBILBUO LOU ETS OFM EADS,
Kono ryoori wa ,g.oishii |keredomo}|, tsukuru no ni tema ga

kakaru.

Even though this dish is delicious, it’s a hassle to make.

Be oUMRE|UGNLE], SRON-F 4-H EB TITS

Ct A cA & i)

B)
4
Chotto jimi .. da [keredomo], kon-ya no paatii ni wa kore o kite
ikoo.
Even though it’s a bit subdued, I’ll wear this to the party tonight.

2) Following an apologetic remark, connects it to the main point that

follows.

English approximation: “though” “but”

A) ih, ADF LTHN], LET HS.

te » sat

Kore, hon no sukoshi . desu |keredomo|], meshi-agatte

kudasai.

Though there’s only a little bit here, please have it (to eat).

RACHUNCE |, SLEBHSE TORE ET.

Totsuzen , desu |keredomo], kaisha oO yamesasete itada-

70
 kimasu.

I know it’s sudden, but I wish to quit the company.

3) Simply connects two unrelated statements.

English approximation: (like a comma)

Waa cad
A) ADA TSN G |, ENDL
ZAU eB?
Inu ga , hoete-iru [keredomo], dare ka soto ni iru-n ja nai?

The dog’s barking, isn’t there someone out there?

B) [OMAR CMG), RYCRBS ZEA,

Kono chihoo wa samui to ,kiita [keredomo], hontoo ni maini-

chi hie-komu ne.

I had heard that it was cold in this region, and it’s truly quite chilly

every day.

2. At the end of a sentence or clause.

1) Expresses wishful thinking; a hope that the situation at hand will be

reversed.

English approximation: “(if ...), but...”

te i HA S
A) LIS LARA (bHSLOUOE|NL4|.
Moo sukoshi Nihon-go ga yoku wakaru to ii no .da

keredomo|.

It would be better if I could understand Japanese a little more,

but ....

LIS LKEMENIL, SOAFLAAHZ ZOHANS|.

ve Dr »

B)
Moo sukoshi okane ga are ba, ano sutereo ga kaeru no ..da

keredomo|.

If I had a bit more money, I’d be able to buy that stereo, but ....

71
2) Often in the pattern “doose ... keredomo “3+~lIth Xt,” gives the

sentence an overtone of hopelessness, cynicism, or scorn. Not translata-

ble.

A) #5 kot C4 tPA LL ad te [ita vd]

Hashitta-tte doose , mani-awa-nai |keredomo].

Even if (I) were to run, there’s no way (I) would make it on time.

B) CARED, Hoth raet (lbnsrss [Gace|

Kon-na yasumono, katte mo doose sugu kowareru .. daroo

[keredomo)
This is so cheap, even if I were to buy it, it would surely break right

away.

3) Used in making an indirect suggestion or statement.

English approximation: “(excuse me, but)”

A) PeORRTL EB, FASS RHU SEM CH ONL S|.

Juu-ji no kisha deshita ne. Soro-soro dekakeru jikan .. desu

keredomo].
Your train is at ten, right? (Excuse me, but) I think it’s about time

to leave.

B) (FoiromAsS 1a [NC S|.

Botsu-botsu koogi ga ,, hajimari-masu [keredomo].

(Excuse me, but) the lecture should be starting pretty soon.

3. A conjunction which is different from the usage of the above particle

“keredomo t}# 22.” Placed after a complete sentence:

1) Introduces another statement that conflicts with it.

English approximation: “however”

72
 A) BABEL. [Fnt|] “Mee
BT ni, By bss L
71224,
Nihon-go wa muzukashii. [Keredomo], isshoo-kenmee

benkyoo-sure ba, kanarazu wakaru yoo ni naru.

Japanese is difficult. However, if you study hard, you will definitely

be able to understand it.

B) ld, Bai TRS LOMMCT. [FALE], MATL LECT

bb, LEA.
Neko wa, tashika ni kawairashii doobutsu desu. [Keredomo],

watashi wa arerugii desu kara, kae-masen.

Cats are cute animals, to be sure. However, I’m allergic, so I

can’t keep one.

2) Expresses agreement with the first sentence, then offers another

related alternative.
yet”
English approximation: “however
BOoy Pz WD ; 34

A) BRA, DIC ONE, [lin eb|, Bt FAVA,

Natsu-yasumi ni wa, yama ni iku no moii. [Keredomo], umimo

mata Ii ne.

It’s nice to go to the mountains during summer break. However, it

would be nice to go to the beach, too.

KIRI ran8)
1. Establishes a limit for a topic.

1) In referring to quantity:

73
English approximation: “only” “just”

A) SABO] Cle HOTL EMAL.

n, Futari de dokoka e itte-shimai-tai.
I want to go away somewhere, just the two of us.

B) SELES Oy siil4a, Rit 7[ 0] tt.

Watashi wa yooroppa ni wa, ichido ,,itta desu.

I have been to Europe only once (so far).

2) In referring to a state or condition, shows that it has been unchanged.

English approximation: “continuously only doing ...”

A) FHA, RAL V]cGoK.

Toshi oita chichi wa, ,, neta |kiri] ni natta.
My aged father became bed-ridden. (literally: My aged father has

become confined to continuously lying down.)

B) BE o[S 0|CHEEMU ADT, AA lok.

V.Suwari-k|kiri) de shigoto o tsuzuketa node, kata ga kotta.
Since I have been working sitting down continuously, my shoulders

have gotten tense.

3) Often followed later in the sentence by a negative, shows that there is

a limit that has not yet been surpassed.

English approximation: “after doing ..., (not once done ...)”

A) RiS-REBEDU TAKS), Thos SHA,

Kare wa ichi-do denwa o kakete ,kita Kiri), yukue ga wakari-

masen.

He called just once, and after that, (I) don’t know where he went.

B) Reris, FFAoA[R|, FRbwmU Coen,

74
 Kanojo to wa, kyonen ,atta Kiri), tegami mo dashite i-nai.

As for her, after I saw her last year, I haven’t even sent her (a

single) letter.

2. In the pattern “marukkiri ¢ 42% ",” followed by a negative or

negative situation.

English approximation: “at all”

A) lt, Bld [3
7|BRE LK.
Boku wa, osake wa maruk|kiri| dame da.

I can’t drink at all.

B) bALIZ, £30[5 0 KUROA

TS,
Watashi wa, maruk |{kiri| oyoge nai-n desu.

I can’t swim at all.

KOSO <Cé

1. Emphasizes what is preceded.

English approximation: “(indeed)”

A) HOWL2), KK SAOBLES RE BL LS
Ano ,, yama |koso], takusan no tozan-sha ga inochi 0 otoshita

yama da.

That mountain is (indeed) one on which many mountain climbers

have lost their lives.

B) R#(2Z|BRAG TALS,
n, Rainen nihon e itte mi yoo.
Next year, (finally, indeed), let’s go to Japan.

75
2. Often in the “... kara koso ~4*5< 2” or “... ba koso ~IX< 4” pat-

tern, emphasizes a reason for an action.

English approximation: “(precisely) because”

LURZIUM DH OTURA DCS], DELILGERL BD OKO

SAW
~
A)
TH.

Koo naru koto ga wakatte ita , kara [koso], watashi wa sansee

shinakatta no desu.

It’s precisely because I knew things were going to work out this

way that I didn’t agree (before).

HUROLLERAMI[
Z|, RMEBOU ZED,
PA nt . WORK Bb .
B)
Anata no koto o kangaere , ba [koso], ketsudan o omoi-
todomatta no yo.

It’s precisely because I thought about you that I stopped short of

making a decision.

3. In the pattern “koso sure © @ tw,” shows that the statement that

precedes it is true or acceptable, but another opinion or additional com-

ments are to follow.

English approximation: “do (something), but ...”

A) SOAK, UL ERC
e|tH. UeLACU aa,
u z

Ano hito wa, hito o home sure, kenashita koto wa nai.

That person does make encouraging remarks about others, but has

never made pejorative ones.

4. Inthe pattern “sore koso @#< 4,” emphatic.

English approximation: “that (would ...) ...”

A) FREOMIAY IVEY HK Che moks, Enc e/ARK

_ 22 RWALK

76
 to
Tesuto no mae ni infuruenza ni demo kakattara, sore

taihen da yo.

If you were to catch the flu or something before your exam, that

would be disastrous.

B) ZAWILEREIEBI BOBS, TH[LS|AK TUBE BL

to
Son-na koto o kanojo ni ioo mono nara, sore tada de wa

suma-nai yo.

If you were to say something like that to her, that would get you

into trouble.

KOTO ca

Women’s language (except No. 6).

1. Serves to soften the impact of an opinion that is expressed. Not

translatable.

A) CAMIMDETELENTBBAT SRKSLCBV[EE|
to
Son-na ni itsu made mo shogete-iru nante, anata ag, rashiku-nai

yo.
It’s not like you to be so down for so long.
w oe
B) LAKHS oCbEKbASEVONS, BIRORO/CUL.
Kore dake itte mo mada wakara-nai no nara, moo ,, shira-nai

yo.
77
 If you still don’t understand after all I’ve said, then I just give up.

2. Expresses a mild surprise or a positive impression. Not translatable.

A) BR. BLY Bawslcx,

oT 6 e949

Oya, mezurashii tori ga , iru koto |.

Look, there’s a rare bird!

th. Tse coring.

z

Maa, suteki nae , da nee.

My goodness, what a wonderful painting!

3. Placed at the end of a sentence, accompanies a casual question. Not

translatable.

A) Lhe ebUe sl Tbvufer|?

Kore kara ojama-shite mo ag; ii koto |?

Would it be all right to come over now?

B) BlAb 5 toeN ke. wor[ez]?

Kaze wa moo sukkari ,, yokunatta ?

Are you completely over your cold?

4. Makes a rhetorical question that is exclamatory.

English approximation: “isn’t it ...”

A) WbRe—oynctoc? +car{eel.
Shinkon-ryokoo wa yooroppa desu-tte? Suteki , da ;

I’ve heard that (your) honeymoon will be in Europe. Isn’t that

wonderful!

B) REDS, ERABM CFO. FOPELO[SE].

Kanojo no kaisha, nenkyuu go-shuukan desu-tte. ,q urayama-

shii[koto].
78
 Her company has five weeks vacation per year, I hear. Isn’t it

enviable!

5. Expresses a casual suggestion for action, following a negative form of

a verb.

English approximation: “how about ...2.” “why don’t we ...? ”

A) Lhe owl CLTSEUALCE]?

Kore kara eega ni demo , iki-masen ?

How about going to a movie now?

B) Bi tokms, 97y—-thBpen [er]?

Osoku natta kara, takushii demo , hirowa-nai koto |?

It’s gotten late, how about catching a taxi?

6. Transforms a statement into a strict command. Not translatable.

A) WBIBAT Lb eR Hs S[oe].
Kijitsu ni okurezu repooto o , teeshutsu-suru [koto].

Hand in the report without missing the deadline.

B) BO KBULTET CC],
Karita kane wa kanarazu , kaesu koto].
Make sure (you) pay back the money (you) borrow.

KURAI (GURAI) <5U\(<51)

1. Indicates that a given quantity is approximate.

English approximation: “about” “approximately”

Wola IRA tee co
A) $39 —i RA] ( Gu] CHaR TL.
Moo ,,is-shuukan de hana ga saku deshoo.

79
 The flowers will probably bloom in about a week.

RETIRED CHV] CAL

f AS

Mizu o gurasu ni , hanbun kudasai.

Please give me about half a glass of water.

2. Belittles something, in showing that it is simple or elementary.

English approximation: (something like)

wa e|Bub AL Ko CHRZb,
BARA O23
A)
Kantan na ».tyoori |
‘kurail|
kurai| watashi datte dekiru wa.

Even I can cook (something like) a simple meal.

B) SECBU JBS CL eSY,

n, 2entaku jibun de shinasai.

Do (something like) your laundry yourself.

3. In citing one situation, indicates its extent.

English approximation: “to the extent that.

Pwo wS(C EOD, RETR A

te" BHK #

A)
Sora ichimen makka ni , naru no, migotona yuuyake

deshita.

The sunset was splendid, to the extent that the whole sky turned

crimson.

B) EAA WIC ECHO

TOS COOH OS, LICE ESTE
Lvov,
Shujin wa kon-na ni osoku made , hataraite-iru dakara,

yohodo shigoto ga isogashii rashii.

Since it’s to the extent that my husband is working this late, he

must be quite busy at work.

80
4. Following a noun, a nominal, or a pronoun, establishes it as a basis for

comparison. Not translatable.

A) $h2] (OR EOE,

U LA tb

a.vishin |kurai} kowai mono wa nai.

There’s nothing more scary than an earthquake.

B) BRAA[C SORA RA OREO ES,

,, Otoosan se ga taka-kattara ii no ni naa.

I wish I were as tall as my father.

5. Indicates that what precedes it is something undesirable or unlikable.

English approximation: “rather than doing ...”

A) ZABETVEDERNS[ (HOES, MERXEUOIEI EL

Ko

Son-na mazui mono o ,, taberu nara, nani mo tabe-nai

hoo ga mashi da.

Rather than eating something that gross, I prefer not to eat any-

thing at all.

B) Bln S(O, MRE L CERAUAIEI OSL KS

Kijitsu ni, okureru nara, tetsuya o shite kansee-saseta

hoo ga mashi da.

Rather than being late for the deadline, (I) prefer to finish it by

staying up all night.

KUSE-NI < G-(c Combination particle

A combination of the noun “kuse ¢ + (habit)” and the particle “ni =.”

81
1. As a conjunctive particle, indicating that the actual situation is the

reverse of the “norm” that is given in the preceding clause. Implies a

criticism of that “norm.”

English approximation: “even though” “but”

A) iZAE
EO CU), SKERILGGEL TE OO THBL KOT,
Kare wa daigakusee , no [kuse nil, mada hahaoya ni sentaku

shite-moratte-iru-n datte.

Even though he’s a college student, he still has his mother do his

laundry.

B) oeeeto[CH], SHUT OAR RAE,

Itsumo , neboo-suru [kuse nil, kyoo wa zuibun hayaku okita

ne.
(You) usually get up late, but you got up so early today.

2. At the end of a sentence or phrase, expresses a slight resentment.

English approximation: Not readily translatable, the implication is “(you)

did ..., remember?” said in a slightly resentful tone

of voice.

A) SUI ETRLAD, FROME

A BIR KOA| (BE |e
Miruku mata nokoshita no. Kodomo no toki wa an-na ni suki

You didn’t finish your milk again? You liked it so much when

you were a child.

rk PR ad
B) PHBUAW ZABILK( SARNSZOlL CMMEBEDELOL

Yamenasai, son-na ni takusan taberu no wa. Kono aida mo

82
 onaka o , kowashita |kuse nil.

Stop eating so much. You got an upset stomach the other day.

MADE xC

FUNDAMENTALS OF “MADE # @”

Generally, this particle establishes a temporal or spatial limit. Its most

common meaning is “until,” or “up to a certain point.” Make sure you

distinguish between this particle and the particle “made ni ¥ C!:,” which

means “by.”

1. Indicates a limit or destination. Often in the pattern “... kara ... made

~thb~ ET.”

1) Temporal limits.

English approximation: “to” “till” “until”

A) be LISA Ae THERE LET.

« U rou L we

Watashi wa ku-ji kara ,, go-j

shigoto o shi-masu.

I work from nine to five.

B) &ld9o
Sw) eT AT—bOMBELK.
PAU S HS IFA nAL»e3

Kanojo wa asa kara , ban sukeeto no renshuu o shita.

She practiced skating from morning till night. 4

C) KMNAlE
TIE +DESS. rN
oF -8 SAV MIDAA
=e ° om land 2%

Tsugi no ,. basu sanjup-pun mo aru. \

We have to wait for another thirty minutes

until the next bus.

83
 Belen w
D) RIB Rls TEA.
5b

Chichi wa ,, hyaku-sai ikita.

My father lived to be a hundred years old.
ZC EwStr
E) liz mls C)p-e tH.
ar

Boku wa , kyuu-sai rooma de sodatta.

I was raised in Rome until I was nine years old.

PvID CAL® 3¢
F) ALAA AMRTS ERLE’,
Sutoraiki ga , kaiketsu-suru densha wa ugoka-nai.

There will be no train service until the strike is over.

G) Ae CMEL TORO?
We Ls na

n. Ima nani o shite ita no?

What have you been doing until now?

2) Spatial limits.

English approximation: “to” “as far as”

bRL . ptory UtALS md
A) “ld, 56S >9R)
3 T/BRE THOTT.
Watashi wa, uchi kara , gakkoo jitensha de kayotte

i-masu.

I commute from my house to school by bicycle.

ara

1|S
eroet
a
emuees

‘4
i

B) (OARS, HALE
CHT RAT.
& Le 5389 re)

Kono kisha wa, ,. aomori iki-masu.

This train will go to Aomori.

84
 C) MT 2b OMIA
—Rao Rls
T| CT.
Chuukan-tesuto no han-i wa ik-ka kara , yon-ka desu.
The mid term exam will cover lessons one to four.

D) Vole TV Sol eats?

n, Doko irasshaimasu ka?

Where are you going? (literally: To which place are you going?)

FE) AR[E CIOWRELKK KAY,

n, Nara no kippu o ni-mai kudasai.

Two tickets to Nara, please.

3) Limits of quantity, range, or scope.

English approximation: “up to” “within”

A) MeRORA1 SALE TIL THI.

CALS Uses

Kekkon-shiki no hiyoo wa ,, hyaku-man en ni shite-

okoo.

Let’s keep the budget for our wedding within one million yen.

SRY TF IVFARbOSMSCHRLET. SBULEAR

kUeIe awn
B)
CH.
Misu sakura kontesuto no sanka-sha o boshuu_ shi-masu.

Nenree wa ,, nijuu-go Sai desu.

We are looking for contestants for the Miss Sakura pageant. You

must be under twenty-five years old. (literally: As for the age

(limit), it’s up to twenty-five.)

C) ANCL BL =aw|FC] CF.

85
 Hon no kashi-dashi wa ik-kai , san-satsu desu.

You may borrow up to three books at a time.

2. Shows the extent to which a situation or action can/has already

reach(ed).

English approximation: “until” “to” 99 66

“as far as” 7 66
“to the extent of”
23FW AF wy 32 ®
A) BKTKAROL| TRA
Koozui de mizu ga ,,,.yuka no ue kita.

The water from the flood reached (as far as) above floor level.
IzA an 2 BrorsH k
B) “RILBKRO—t|
F TENDS,
Gohan wa ,,,saigo no hito-tsubu tabenasai.

Eat even the last grain of rice in your bowl.

Leaate Ba MA IF
C) RESALE SLZELIIG S/S
CARS,
ct,Shoogakukin ga moraeru yoo ni naru ganbaroo.
I’ll work hard until I qualify for a scholarship.

D) Bey3he ROSE. TC. HDELISEDMOE

IIS SETHRL TC
CTH SE 4 SL £5 . ax

feo

Mokuteki-chi ga mitsukara-nakute, watashi wa ,,,ashi ga boo

no yoo ni naru sagashite aruita.

Unable to find my destination, I walked in search of it until I felt

as if my legs were about to fall off.

3. Indicates that a situation has reached the extent that even an extreme

example is now applicable.

English approximation: “even”

A) Kigi:[s T|AMANS LIVE, BLEVK

Tomodachi ,. ni mihana-sareru yoo ja, oshimai da.

86
 If even your friends desert you, that’s the end.
235 ir < t m¢

B) FER y Rea ce \ \, (Proverb)

Boozu nikukerya , kesa nikul.

When (you) hate the monk, (you) even hate his surplice.

4. Indicates that an action is/was done by chance.

English approximation: “just” “merely”

A) BRPRALEOL, KEKE BOBS PECHAO LE CE

LX
Kesa hayaoki shita no wa, tamatama kotori no nakigoe de me

ga y. sameta da yo.
I got up early this morning merely because I happened to have been

woken up by the singing of birds.

B) bELASECHE TAO, Box koor[2 TOLL TT.

Watashi ga kaisha de shusse dekita no wa, un ga gq, yokatta

no koto desu.

It is just luck that I was able to climb up the corporate ladder.

C) AE Ito 5LTCHS Bmrreo To BED BEEL 7

i.
Kondo wa itsu irashite kudasaru ka to omotte .... Chotto

y, odenwa-shita yo.

I was wondering when you’d be coming over again ... I just called

(for that), that’s all.

D) CABISBOL POBUT BAY, DELILAH E HOI EL

he CT.

Son-na ni osshara-nai de kudasai. Watashi wa tada atarimae no

87
 koto o ,. shita desu.
Please don’t thank me so much. I just did what I should have done.

MADE-MO =X @-+% Combination particle

A combination of the particles “made # Tt” and “mo 2.”

1. Followed by a negation later in the sentence or clause, indicates that a

situation or action preceding it is not necessary, and that it is the obvious

or norm.

English approximation: “it’s not necessary to ...

”

A) WES5RL EWS HY SLO MURA

EB BN 7.
LET.
Imasara_ ,. mooshi-ageru ari-masen ga, watakushi

wa raigetsu teenen-taishoku itashi-masu.

(I know that) it’s not necessary to say it at this point (i.e. because

everyone knows about it by now), but I will be retiring next month.

B) Fie [a
cblencectas, SHcHRALUKLST.
Tegami ni ,, kaku nai koto desu kara, denwa de

otsutae itashi-masu.

Since it’s not necessary to write a letter, I’ll (just) tell you over the

phone.

2. Asaconjunction, shows that although an extreme situation may not be

true or possible, a lesser one is desirable or necessary.

English approximation: “even though (it’s not to the extent that) ...”

A) do SD UMA TOMS
TH], FLARES Ls 5?
88
 Hakkiri to , oboete-i-nai |made mo], sukoshi wa omoi-daseru

deshoo?

Even though you might not remember it very clearly, can’t you

remember just a little bit of it?

B) ABLES Th), ROE BALE CT,

v. Nyuuin-shi-nai [made mo], juubun na kyuuyoo ga hitsuyoo

desu.

Even though it’s not necessary for (you) to be hospitalized, (you)

need plenty of rest.

MADE-NI X£@-(C Combination particle

A combination of the particles “made # CT” and “ni [:.”

1. Indicates that a situation or action is not to be taken as more than it is;

has a belittling function, often in a gesture of humbling oneself.

English approximation: “just for/to ...”

A) br Ll, SABEOMIAL TEND ELEOT, THVS9

BANU EL ke
Watashi-tachi, kyoo otaku no tonari ni koshite mairi-mashita

node, ,, goaisatsu oukagai-shi-mashita.

Since we have moved in next door to you today, we’re here just to

introduce ourselves.

B) Pie BOC v5 INET. EAD BROLZL x SPH

a oo& biken) LELA.
Gokekkon omedetoo gozaimasu. Hon no oiwai no ,,shirushi

89
 sasayaka na shina o ookuri-shi-mashita.

Congratulations on your marriage. We have sent you this small

token to express our congratulations.

2. Shows to what extent something has reached.

English approximation: “(up to)”

A) SmnFlslth
ORS C/K.
Konki no rieki wa ,, hyaku-oku en tasshita.

The profits this term reached (up to) ten billion yen.

B) RkOZSMIL, PROM?
(2 Ch |ONdbKoK.
Kanojo no namae wa, sekai no _, sumi-zumi shire-

watatta.

Her name became known throughout the world. (i.e. Her fame

reached (up to) the point where her name was known throughout

the world.)

3. Sets a time limit.

English approximation: “before”

A) RitAASh2 It, SKORM COB S,

Hikooki ga , deru wa, mada ichi-jikan gurai aru.

There’s still about an hour before the plane leaves.

2 5 Ro ed Usd
B) COMeH SENSETHE, SUM ALVECH,
Kono e o ,, kaki-ageru wa, ato ikka-getsu wa

hitsuyoo desu.

I need at least a month before I can finish this painting.

90
MO +4

FUNDAMENTALS OF “MO 3”

When this particle follows a noun, a nominal, or a particle, it usually

indicates a similar quality between two things, which come before and after

it. When “mo 24” is preceded by an adjective or a verb, it indicates that

more than one action occurs. Note that “mo +4” is usually not used after the

particles “wa ([i” and “ga #*” or before the particle “o *¥,” since it

replaces these particles. For example:

calla} socr. anbel[t)soer.

Kore bara desu. Are Dad|ima bara desu.

This is a rose That is a rose, too.

aad
KE a AAR L fe 2A
>KDR) |REL tee
Mizuno-san gal ki-mashita. Sasaki-san Ino ki-
Ms. Mizuno has come. mashita.

Ms. Sasaki also came.

eayvalelexalr. Reaaer[e| Re<aLA.

Kanojo wa ringo |0|tabe Kanojo wa mikan Ino [x]

mashita. tabe-mashita.
She ate an apple. She also ate an orange.

91
 Furthermore, below are the differences in usage of particles with similar

functions, “to %” and “ya *?,” and “mo 2.”

A) Simple listing of nouns.

yy a(x Jara) srr or }Yd)

ringo mikan banana ’
apples, oranges and bananas.
B) Simple listing of nouns. ..

yy ale laaa/e
rr |
ringo mikan [yal banana

apples, oranges, bananas and the like.

C) Additive. “also” “on top of”

y vale larcle)s+r[s] % St
.

ringo mo mikan mo banana mo Ou: ©} ee???

e.
‘
.
~e
.

also apples, oranges and bananas.

1. Indicates that two subjects are the same or the same kind.

English approximation: “also” “too” “(noty~.., either”

A) SRALRETH. bEL[S|RETH.
oat Fae a)

Anata wa gakusee desu. _,, Watashi gakusee desu.

You are a student. I’m a student, too.

B) cHlitoact, balt|roscs.
Kore wa suika de, , are Ino suika desu.

This is a watermelon, and that is a watermelon, too.

QD) cz
92
 C) bELIGAZENELA. bALIGA |b]EXE LA.
Watashi wa niku o tabe-mashita. Watashi wa , sakana Ino

tabe-mashita.

I ate meat. I ate fish, too. CE SS

7
D) HELILI-E-EMALEA, HELILI-F[b RASA.
Watashi wa koohii 0 nomi-masen. Watashi wa _ ,, koora Ino

nomi-masen.

I don’t drink coffee. I don’t drink soda, either.

E) MILE Za y FIR EUATLAL RE|(BIEZ Hy TITS SH

ATLE.

Boku wa pikunikku ni iki-masen deshita. ,, Kanojo Ino pikunik-

ku ni iki-masen deshita.
I didn’t go on the picnic. She didn’t go on the picnic, either.

2. In the pattern “... mo .. mo ~t~2,” lists additively two or more

things in a similar category.

English approximation: “too” “also” “both” “as well as” “either ... or”

A) bar[blozL[e], AUROREcr.
n, Anata Ino n, Watashi Ino Onaji gakkoo no gakusee desu.

Both you and I are students at the same school.

B) brLIAT1 y[sle—n[a eaat.

Watashi wa ,, wain Ino n, Diiru Ino nomi-masu.
I drink both wine and beer.

C) zn Gvo[d |#uol[s |-243% FEV,

93
 Sono shiroi ,,no Ino aol ,,no Ino hitotsu zutsu kudasai.

I want to have one each of that white one and that blue one.

D) HnFEBRaAK[
S| Her Au[b leone.
Ano ko wa otoosan , ni Ino okaasan , ni Ino shinareta.
That child has lost his father as well as his mother.

ise BFS 0[%] iH Old MOK

Boku wa benkyoo-suru , no Ino hataraku ,,no mo kirai da.
I don’t like to study or to work.

F) MKIKL ([b]HS URL <[b] a.

Kanojo wa gg, utsukushiku Ino arushi aq, yasashiku Ino aru.

She is beautiful as well as kind.

3. In the pattern
it)
“... mo .. mo ~t~+?,” often in the forms
“
.. de mo

~Tt” or “... temo ~7T bt,” indicates that (1) there is barely any differ-

ence between the things/actions, and that (2) another action is done regard-

less of the given two conditions/actions.

English approximation: “doesn’t make much difference” “doesn’t matter”

“regardless of”

A) mele Ac[t loa Acs eect.

Kenkin wa hyaku en ,, de Ino ni-hyaku en , de Ino kekkoo

desu.

Any amount of contribution would be appreciated; it doesn’t matter

if it’s one hundred or two hundred yen.

B) BAB CH [RB CHOBE HL.

Nihon-go de ,,kaite Ino eego de , kaite Ino kamai-masen.

It doesn’t matter whether you write in Japanese or in English.

94
4. Indicates an addition to something already present.

English approximation: “in addition” “as well as”

A) BRAA, Bb Rn Cito TL.

Otoosan, ,, boku Ino eega ni tsurete-itte yo.

Dad, could you take me to the movie, too?

B) BEX L, 27 —#[b]OxtOV ?

Okaasan, kono ,,keeki Ino tabete ii?

Mom, can I eat this cake, too?

5. Emphasizes quantity, distance or frequency.

English approximation: “as many/much as” “no fewer/less than” “as long

a time as” “as far (a distance) as”

99 66

A) bALILE IF FB] BRIO TOSEL,

Uesna KA PR

Watashi wa moo ,,juu-nen no nihon ni kaette i-masen.

I haven’t gone back to Japan for (as long a time as) ten years.

B) ldNA]b| Path 3.
Pr aBeKA Bi: 3Kw

Kare wa ,, hachi-nin Ino kyoodai ga aru.

He has eight brothers!

waa 84 trv .
C) HMRIAZOFRKIL| 15S.
Ano inu wa kimi no setake , hodo Ino aru.

That dog is as tall as you.

D) 2Mirs+ TAs |FerAKot.

UestARA

Kono tsubo wa ,, juu-man en Ino suru-n datte.

They say that this vase costs as much as one hundred thousand yen.

6. Indicates that a quantity/number is approximate.

English approximation: “around” “about”

95
 LOREFILE ISB b/HNITHRSTL EF.
L ve _ a2 ct & .
A)
Kono shigoto wa moo , mik-ka mo are ba dekiru deshoo.

This work should be done in about three more days.

SB PAtlSniswsesR2et ke
SAU SC EARA <3 »
B)
n, oan-byaku-man en Ino are ba li kuruma ga kae-masu yo.

If you have around three million yen, you can buy a nice car.

7. Used in a negative sentence, emphasizes the lack of something. If it

follows an interrogative pronoun, or nouns such as once, one day, etc., it

indicates total negation of its existence.

English approximation: “not any” “no ...” “nothing”

A) Kn[b]eseAa?
,, Dare Ino i-masen ka?

Is there no one (there)?

&:3 Ax L
B) A BIVELU S| & [PAS oT,
Kyoo wa mise wa , doko Ino shimatte-iru.

No stores are open today. (literally; Today, stores everywhere are

closed.)

br Lis—B[b]Ze-ELACU MSV EEL,

wb v
D)
Watashi wa ,, ichi-do Ino sukii o shita koto ga ari-masen.

I’ve never skied. (literally: I have never skied even once.)

ALACHZI[P|OMOSHAS, CF TBLEOTK KAY,

he . . _ 7) art
E)
Taishita ,. gochisoo Ino gozaimasen ga, doozo meshi-agatte

kudasai.

Even though there’s nothing special, please go ahead and eat.

8. Gives an additional, unexpected situation or condition.

96
English approximation: “even”

RlLF
= A2NHSF/B|LTOHSLV,
On _ tALe .
A)
Kare wa tenisu no , senshu Ino shite ita rashii.

I’ve heard that he was even a competitive tennis player once.

(implying that he has other impressive qualities.)

a2 he Bwb9Ie <3 a
B) PROVO, MIDS LS tb l/PhHRWT, CorHetwelk.
Netsu ga takai noni, imooto wa kurushii , to Ino iwa-nai de,
jitto nete i-mashita.

Though she had a high fever, my sister was patiently lying in bed

without even complaining.

9. Colloquial expression. In the forms “koo mo <3 4,” “soomo 29 3,”

“aa mo ##%” (meaning “kon-na ni CA “#2” “son-na ni @A “12” “an-

nani HA “#I<”). Indicates the extent of a state/action.

English approximation: “this/that many” “this/that much”

x cz
A) 23[blenctis, bDALEASE.
adv. 200 Ino nakarete wa, watashi mo komaru yo.

You cry that much, then I’m at a loss

Moc ¢ kK MHALSE< ch .
B) SEIS LU, SH|S|BREABL“< ZEOKSI DM
Gaikoku ni iru to, gqy.aa Ino nihon-shoku ga koishiku naru mono

daroo ka.

When one is in a foreign country, does one crave for Japanese food

that much, I wonder.

97
MONO 4%@

1. Placed at the end of a sentence:

1) Gives a reason, which precedes it. Often followed by “ne #2” or “na

t%,” which adds a slight exclamatory sense.

English approximation: “because”

Us3 UsaT BS az
A) BRAXADEP/JOBEF
RCL! REEPFAALT
Vb LS

WeT|EO]A,
Ojoosan no piano no ojoozu na koto! Okusama mo pianisuto

de , irasshai-masu ne.

How well your daughter plays the piano! It’s because your wife is

also a pianist.

B) = ORDA Livia, HGHATO URRY AK BOA.

Kono hamabe natsukashii ne. Shinkon-ryokoo no toki ni kita

tokoro , da ne.

This beach brings back memories, doesn’t it? It’s because we came

here on our honeymoon.

2) Following a certain given reason, expresses dissatisfaction, or desire.

Colloquial, casual usage.

English approximation: “because”

A) AZ, BRXL, HOKE eRothL, RLILTORLOLE

x

[bo].
Nee, okaasan, ano omocha katte yo. Boku dooshitemo hoshii-

n « da [mono].
Mommy, could you buy me that toy... because I really really want it.

98
 reORT
er
B) PAWEELE? DELLILTEBAYLEULTH
[bo].
Konban kite kudasai-masen ka? Watashi dooshitemo oai-shi-

tai-n , desu [mono].

Could you come over tonight? Because I really want to see you.

2. As aconjunctive particle, follows a clause to transform it into a reason

for something.

English approximation: “since 99 66

, so” or merely a comma.

A) br LmAl4 none baPLC EUBBRA TROUTL

7?
Watashi seejin ni natta-n . da [mono], sukoshi gurai osake

nonde mo ti deshoo?

I’ve now of age, it’s all right for me to have a little something to

drink, isn't it?

B) BPlERBaS EE DANEEAlEO), “ACHBICT (O1LR

Btb,
Musuko wa eego ga mada yoku , wakari-masen [mono], hitori

de kaimono ni iku no wa muri desu wa.

Since my son doesn’t understand English very well yet, it’s not

possible for him to go shopping by himself.

MONO-DE(MON-DE) $M-C(6A-C) Combination particle

A combination of the noun “mono %®” and the copula “de Tt.” Indi-

cates that the preceding clause is the reason for the action in the following

99
clause. In colloquial usage, it often takes the form “mon de } A T.”

English approximation: “because” or simply comma.

A) HEN HLH OK[BAT) USOCUSHENS oor,

Anmari ag Ureshikatta [mon de], hoka no koto zenbu wasure-

chatta.

I was so happy, I just forgot about everything else!

B) EN=a-RESMOE[BOT), Vo C IL CHEBE RAUL

WZLL4ATT.
Sono nyuusu 0 ima ,,kiita [mono de], bikkuri-shite odenwa o

okake-shite-iru tokoro desu.

Because I just heard the news, I was stunned and I’m calling you

now.

MONOKA(MONKA) #%0”**(% Aud")

Placed at the end of a sentence, makes an exclamatory, emphatic nega-

tion. Often takes the pattern of “mono desuka £2 tTF2:.” In colloquial

usage, it takes the forms “monka +A 24>” or “mon desu ka tA CTT.”

Not translatable.
Z
A) ROR
BYE libdo Ths S[bOA]e
Boku no kimochi ga kimi ni wakatte , tamaru |monoka].

How could you ever know how I’m feeling!

Pn bs Fok BPE¥

B) RMOIEISABVATIT
LON, bELMBAILRZILEATTA I.

Kare no hoo ga warui-n desu mono. Watashi zettai ni ,. ayama-

ru |mon desu ka}.

 He’s the one who’s at fault. I’ll never apologize (to him)!

MONONARA(MON-NARA) $0265 (%/u-7£5)

“Mon-nara + 4% 56” in colloquial expression.

1. Following a clause stating a conjecture or a will, indicates that the

result of such actions may be undesirable.

English approximation: “should there be ...

A) I SIDBMEBTULNIEE, KEE CEES I[EOBS|A

EDS.
Tabako no suigara o sutete wa ike-nai yo. Kaji ni demo ,, naroo

taihen da kara.

Don’t throw your cigarette butts around. Should there be a fire, it

would be disastrous.

B) B( Bask, SLALOM, BBLL5[(bowS], RVUs

(4245,
Hayaku nenasai yo. Ashita no asa, neboo_,, shiyoo

[mononara], ensoku ni ike-naku naru yo.

Go to bed early. Should you oversleep tomorrow morning, you

won't be able to go on your school trip.

2. Proposes a hypothetical situation, with an implication that the speaker

does not care even if such a situation arise. Has a critical, resentful tone.

English approximation: “if ... then”

CAS %wK
A) SRhACA RIBS Both sousl, Abevserd,
LP)

Anata ga don-na ni binboo ni natte mo 4q;,ii |mMononara|, nani

101
 mo ii-masen yo.

If it’s all right with you no matter how poor you become, then I

won't say anything.

B) ZELLOTMU EOD], we lChho tosses,

Son-na no de agli [mononara], doko ni demo utte i-masu yo.

If something like that is all right, then they should have it in any

store.

3. After a possibility, dares the party addressed to perform it. A rather

antagonistic tone (though possibly playfully so).

English approximation: “if (you think) you can ...

”

A) 295%, 24H3[R8OR5], CHATS.

Kono unagi, ,. tsukameru [mononara], tsukande goran.

If (you think) you can grab this eel, go right ahead and try grabbing

(it).

B) RXZ/EOBE|RATIOAL.
ra rad

y. loberu |mononara| tonde goran yo.

If (you think) you can fly, go ahead and try flying.

MONONO #00

Establishes a situation, then shows that another situation has arisen that

conflicts with it.

English approximation: “even though” “although”

A) WObE0F( 5 bEHA[ ROO], Awa BARE TBP

LtTLE7HK.

102
 Itsumo yori hayaku uchio , deta |monono], basu ga naka-naka

ko-naku te, chikoku-shite shimatta.

Although I had left my house earlier than usual, the bus didn’t come

for quite a while, and I was late.

B) RiUKSA[BOO], SKRC Crt yet denen,

Kuruma wa_ ,katta [monono], mada kowaku te haiuee wa

hashire-nai.

Even though (I) have bought a car, I can’t drive on the highway

because I’m still afraid.

C) MicSoAkab uss abo], 5HeRZOs, BIFLED

2r 6, RTPI BZ YOCZAKFOZEL.

Maniatta kara ii 4g, yoona [monono], uchi o deru no ga moo

sukoshi osokattara, hikooki ni nori-okureru tokoro datta yo.

Though it’s all right now because we made it on time, if we had left

the house a little bit later, we would’ve missed our plane.

D) Home rvisuna[Bool], KO SAMILH LT CHET SC UAE

HS.
Yasui kara to wa , yuu [monono], takusan kau to kaette son o

suru koto ga aru.

Even though it’s cheap, there are times when buying too much of it

can make you lose out in the end.

MONO-O $@-%

1. Expresses dissatisfaction over the current condition, implying that

103
there was an alternative which would have produced better results.

English approximation: “although”

we ST to awe Urae
A) BRILL Ho|EOEe|, RIBELTHOKOT, BAIT
LE7k,

Hayaku yasume ba ,,, yokatta |mono-o], muri o shite hataraita

node, byooki ni natte shimatta.

Although I would have been fine if I had taken a rest earlier,

because I pushed myself unreasonably to work, I became ill.

2. An exclamatory particle. Placed at the end of a sentence, indicates

dissatisfaction or regret.

English approximation: “if only ...”

#2 TK 9
A) DA RIATH AMIE ST! A BAIS RAPE BMC
nixkwort[b oe],
Kon-na ni ame de zubunure ni natte! Dekakeru mae ni tenki-
yohoo o kiite kure ba ,g, yokatta |mono-o].

You got rained on and are soaking wet! If only you had listened to

the weather forecast before you left, you wouldn’t have (gotten so

wet).

B) ICIEF LUCEEO? Hotvrol, —FE!

Soto de yuushoku sumasete kita no? Matte ita noni. Hitokoto

denwa shite kurereba ag; ii |mono-o].

You ate dinner out? I was waiting for you. If only you had called

me to tell me.

104
NA(NAA) 2 (7)
“Na 2” and “naa “#4” are used in almost the same way, but “naa #4”

has an even more emotional tone.

1. As an exclamatory particle, expresses emotion. Found in men’s lan-

guage. Not translatable.

A) YLAbL v7 Ble KH Tsk a(S) |.

Sukoshi awa-nai uchi ni ookiku , natta [na(naa) |.

You’ve grown so much during the little time I haven’t seen you!

B) SR OMRAM
SDbso te(a(ES)|e
Yasai no nedan ga zuibun , agatta [na(naa)].
How the price of vegetables has increased!

C) E-WEF— Ady FUL SARAH EBD) |e

Biiru san-daasu ka, zuibun takusan , nonda [na(naa)].
Three dozen beers--you drank a lot!

2. Places a casual emphasis on a decision, suggestion or opinion. Not

translatable.

A) SLE b RRS, Wee a(2h) |.

Ashita mo shiken da. lya ..da [na(naa)].

I have an exam again tomorrow. What a pain!

B) ld, £035 DSLAM

KL BIB].
Boku wa sono uwasa wa hontoo da to , omou Ina].

I think that rumor is true.

3. Elicits a response from the party addressed, in agreement with the

statement made. Usually seen in men’s language.

105
English approximation: “..., right?”

A) BRU LAR, MOBRLLELA[Z

Okari-shita hon wa, tashika ni , okaeshi-shi-mashita [na].

I definitely returned the book that I borrowed, right?

B) £FOR, RHCHBIOD 1 ELA[S]o

Kyonen no haru, kyooto de , ome-ni-kakari-mashita [na].

We met in Kyoto last spring, right?

4. Expresses a casual remark of wishful thinking.

English approximation: “I wish.

A) BARLTES. FLOAUNLAY BS.

Mainichi isogashi-sugiru. Sukoshi , nonbirishi-tai [naa].

I’m too busy every day. I wish I could relax a little bit.
ALAC EIU tr
B) A PREZ Sr le(BS) |.
Minami-juuji-see ga mieru to agii [na(naa) |.

I hope I'll be able to see the Southern Cross.

5. Following phrases such as “... (te) kudasai ~( 7) ¢ © 34.” and “...

nasal ~“%>\\,” asks the party addressed for a favor. Found in women’s

language. Not translatable.

A) SLAVE BES eae,

Ashita kanarazu odenwa , kudasai [na].

Please be sure to give me a call tomorrow.

B) bo bametects. Fi pesansu[a.
Moo juuni-ji sugi desu yo. Hayaku , oyasumi-nasai [na].

It’s past twelve already. You should go to bed soon.

6. Placed at the end of a phrase, sets a tone where the speaker is lecturing

106
to the addressee. Found in men’s language. Not translatable.

A) sale], corr aneree.

inter; ANO inal, kono koto wa naisho da yo.

Listen, this is a secret, (ok)?

B) xe Aca], Wit a-AAHSZAFSL,

con;_| Okorode [na], ii nyuusU ga aru-n da yo.

By the way, I have some good news.

7. Placed at the end of a sentence, transforms it into a negative impera-

tive. Strongly forbids an action.

English approximation: “don’t.

A) wenezoyy ERo8 ke, Bhs c6 US [B].

lyo-iyo marason-taikai no hidane. Saigo made ,, kujikeru [na].

The big day of the marathon is finally here. Don’t give up until the

end!

B) RDI OEHRKitoke SABO L. HSE].

Kinoo no yuki ga koori ni natta kara abunai yo. , Korobu [na].

Yesterday’s snow has turned into ice, so it’s dangerous. Don’t fall.

8. In colloquial usage, indicates a command. Not translatable.

A) x5, #6 Bele],
Saa, hayaku , mise [na].

Come on, show it (to me) already!

B) yore d#a[a].
Totto to , aruki [na].
Walk quickly!

107
NADO (NANKA) 7&2 (%&/vd)
Colloquial form “nanka @A2-.

1. Used in listing examples from a category. Often in the pattern it)

ya... nado ~??~a re”,

English approximation: “such as ... (and ... )”

A) Ve Eeb Salar] 4 y Pay gales thet.

Litntfoc3 Bbeirto

ph. ohoo-gakkoo ya chuu-gakkoo de infuruenza ga

hayatte-imasu.

The flu is going around in (places such as) elementary schools and

junior high schools.

B) bELIGEL (CHACHA
SC OOURELIEL TL EWS
Te
Watashi wa isogashiku te, ,,,sentaku ya sooji wa tsui

ato-mawashi ni shite shimai-masu.

I’m so busy, I tend to end up putting off things like laundry and

house cleaning.

2. Belittles the préceding nominal or noun.

English approximation: “something (like) ...”

A) bDADB|We|EHTR ZEA TIA.

VE WEL LAL3

Ano hito no _ , hanashi shinyoo dekiru mo-n desu ka.

How could you trust something that person has said!

B) kngaraler|+e2sotte.
Dare ga , netami suru mono desu ka.

Who would ever be (something like) jealous!

108
 C) MBANL( <, Robledo aed,
RAELS eat

Benkyoo ga isogashiku te, , kaimono ike nai yo.

I’m so busy with my studies, I couldn’t do something like go

shopping.

D) o&¢ t, SfBila
Aa io tb.
Kuraku te, , shinbun yome-nali wa.

It’s too dark, I can’t read something like the newspaper.

3. Makes a sentence more indirect and vague by referring to a category

rather than focusing on the specific thing mentioned.

English approximation: “like” “say”

A) bo ee], BeeHE AUTOSA,

Ano ,.é [nado], naka-naka yoku kakete-iru ne.

That painting, say, is done pretty well.

B) steele isb7
BK TS.
a. Hokkaidoo |nado|
[nado] wa moo yuki datte sa.

They say it’s already snowing in places like Hokkaido.

C) CORKOME[a
Ae], HMMS £.
Kono daisuu no , mondai [nankal, kantan ni tokeru yo.

I can easily solve algebra problems like this.

D) HELO BAM), OUWKL AED ZI LS.

Asoko no ,, mise [nankal, ii doresu ga ari soo yo.

I think there will be nice dresses in a store like that one.

4. Indicates that the statement preceding it is an approximation of a

statement made previously on another occasion.

English approximation: “something like ...

109
 ore tC HA KHALI. cw >»
A) BPOoOOFRI, BR EMBL SELB ChoKb,
Musuko kara no tegami ni, .,nihon-shoku ga koishii to

kaite atta wa.

In the letter from my son, (he) has written something like he missed

Japanese food.

B) b3 RU tHe ler|esothnok, FELASHNILS

srk, ADAY TIN,

«Moo kesshite hanare-nai to itte-ita noni, hantoshi

shitara wakarete shimatta yo, ano kappuru.

Even though they had said something like they would never part,

that couple broke up after half a year.

NAGARA Z#7°5

1. Indicates that the action described by the verb it follows is being

carried out at the same time another action is taking place.

English approximation: “while doing ..., (also doing ...)”

A) BRIAKF bE yTRERN[RASIF
LEER THOS,
Kare wa poteto-chippusu o ,, tabe terebi o mite-iru.

He is eating potato chips while watching T.V.

B) Sse REM A KoA TEL

Boku wa ongaku o , kiki doraibu o shita.
I was listening to music while I drove.

2. Shows that the second phrase describes an unexpected characteristic,

considering the norm of the situation which is given in the first phrase.

110
English approximation: “even though”

A) Risks
OU R[Ba5], WOEBOROAK,
Kare wa dai-gaisha no , shachoo [nagaral, itsumo koshi no

hikui hito da.

Even though he is the president of a large company, he’s always

humble.

B) Me SABETERL [BAS], THEIL TOR

Kanojo wa an-na ni iro-iro , kuroo-shi [nagaral, sore o ku ni

shite-inai.

Even though she’s been through a lot of hardships, she’s optimistic.

NAGARA-MO_ Z£7)‘H-, Combination particle

A combination of the particles “nagara #A*°5” and “mo +.”

1. Like “nagara 4A*4,” 1. above, but more emphatic.

English approximation: “even while doing..

A) bALIZ, HBL DOSED LUA D DH EN

Watashi wa , benkyoo-shi [nagara mo], ano jiken no koto ga

atama kara hanare-nai.

Even while I’m studying, I can’t stop thinking about that incident.

B) Meld, BORIRL [BHb|, REBSBIK

Kanojo wa, yamai no toko ni_ ,, fushi Inagara mo], hon o

kaki-tsuzuketa.

Even while she was bedridden and sick, she continued to write her

book.

111
2. See “nagara *#A*5” 2. above.

English approximation: “even though”

[OBI BOL Cafes b/BCORELES

0239
A)
Kono ryoori wa, aqg.oishiku-nai kushin no saku

na-n da yo.

Even though this dish isn’t very good, I did slave over it, you know.

HOF Dav[estet| BRORRSAL (bot

< BW DEALA = %
B)
Do
Ano ko wa, aq,.chiisai [nagara mo], ryooshin no kimochi ga yoku

wakatte-iru.

Even though that child is young, she understands her parents’

feelings quite well.

NANTE ZAT

Colloquial expression. Has a belittling affect on the preceding statement.

English approximation: 6
. .. or something”

KMILTEMRLET[|A TS o THKUL, SNALAA,

6LHO9 PWS . Ce £ w . Hw ¢
A)
wALD =

RYIRKTO NALS,
o. Raishuu wa kanarazu ojama-shi-masu itte-ita kedo,

ano daiku-san, hontoo ni kite kureru kashira.

He said, “I will definitely come next week,” or something, but I

wonder if that carpenter is really going to come?

BRCEORE COA CbOT, LOHLRD DEALT ARSE

LUA = Th & by PAR
B)
ke
112
 Shiken de warui ten o totta gurai de, 4.kono yo mo owari da

nante| kangaeru na yo.

Just because you got a bad grade on an exam, don’t think that

it’s the end of the world or something.

NARI 7h.)
1. Shows that the minute an action is completed, a change or another

action occurs.

English approximation: “as soon as”

A) ld, BERS US (29 MUSTO CL a ok

n ek + bE W

Kare wa, shukudai o , sumaseru asobi ni itte shimatta.

He went out to play as soon as he was finished with his homework.

P< RVELSRE BCG tate .
B) BELL, Boe SMI Sw) PRO TL 5.
Boku wa, maiban atama o makura ni , tsukeru nemutte

shimau.

Every night, I fall asleep as soon as my head hits the pillow.

2. Inthe pattern “... ta nari ~*% ,” shows that a state or condition is

continued while another action is taking place.

English approximation: “while doing ...” “and”

A) iid, He more0], Bic baotl aor.

Kare wa, kutsu o , haita [nari], tatami ni agatte shimatta.

He stepped up onto the tatami mat with his shoes on. (literally:

while keeping his shoes on)

B) Rela, TTAB LIRA aD], Dike BroK

POU S & FA ct

113
 Kanojo wa, arupusu tozan ni , dekaketa [nari], tsui ni modora

nakatta.

She had gone to climb the Alps, and in the end, she didn’t return.

(i.e. the state of her having gone to the Alps continued and did not

change.)

3. Casually mentions an example.

English approximation: “a ... or something”

A) AaeliseR~|27 |totseleds.
BATA Wa

Tama ni wa onsen ,e itte-mi-mashoo yo.

Why don’t we go to a hot spring or something once in a while?

B) ZOLeR SERIA
SY BV TARE AWE,
vw Le #

Sono koto nara, oisha-san , ni kiite mita hoo ga ii yo.

I think it’s better to ask a doctor or someone about that.

4. Inthe pattern “... nari .. nar) ~29~%29.”

English approximation: “whether or not”

A) (eo ]toanlen], BC aoeaH,
v. Iku y, Ika-nai [nari], hayaku kime nasai.

Whether you’re going to go or not, decide quickly.

BPM ECA, Ya-alen|R(eo|e( SAE LT

yr u Av ”

B)
To

Kaze o hiita toki wa, ,, juusu a, Mizu takusan nomu

koto desu.

When you have a cold, whether it’s juice or water, drink plenty (of

it).

BP SMV CA ELOKHS, ALO]

be) ORE d oH
| £-) EB t iw Lez3 & NA
C)
114
 A.

Machi kara tooi tokoro ni sumu no dakara, ,,dai ,, shoo

no fuben wa aru daroo.

Since (we) are going to live far away from town, there will prob- *

ably be inconveniences, whether they be major or minor.

N-DE fy-C Combination particle

A combination of the negative form “(mase)n (¢+)A” of the form

“masu +” and the particle “de t.” A colloquial, polite expression.

1. In a negation.

English approximation: “not having done ... ”

A) CMALMOGH SOBRE SEAN SRAT) RUVALAEL

Ursr58 3px a & P Lonw

Teo

Gobyooki to ukagai nagara omimai ni mo ,. agari-mase|n de],

shitsuree itashi-mashita.
Please excuse me for not having paid a visit even though I had

heard you were ill.

B) BEBEVAKS WAST OLERELLSYAT). PLSD 2

tATLE.
Odenwa o itadaki nagara sugu ni ohenji mo ,. shi-mase|n de],

mooshiwake-arimasen deshita.
I’m sorry for not having returned your call immediately.

2. Similar to the function in 1. above, but with an implied apology.

English approximation: “(I’m sorry that I) did not do ..., but ...”

115
 A) tom (WSLTHEUELEOI,
BELELEWS UAT].
sekkaku irashite kudasai-mashita no ni, ocha mo _, sashi-age-

mase [n
de
Even though you had come (out of your way) for a visit, I didn’t

even offer you tea ...

bX bX BHT HAVEL, EAH CHAI een

Bis3b3
B)
s#[AT].
Waza-waza oide kudasai-mashita no ni, shujin wa shuccho-

chuu de , ome ni kakare-mase [n del.

Despite the fact that you came all this way (from afar), my husband

is on a business trip and you didn’t get to meet him ..

NE(NEE) 42(4aZ%)
“Ne #2” and “nee 422%” are used in almost the same way, but “nee 72z”

implies even more emotion.

1. Expresses a casual exclamation. Not translatable.

A) £5. SAY AEFI Ol A(AZ) |e

Psat

Maa, baiorin ga joozu ni hikeru , no [ne(nee) |.

My goodness, how well you play the violin!
Yo it r¢ t
B) UREBEILBEEW
TT GoL elves tlaA(Mz) |,
Rippana otaku ni osumai de , irasshai-masu [ne(nee)].

What a nice house you live in!

2. Makes a casual gesture of confirmation.

English approximation: “..., right?”

116
 A) BbkLabokir, ki beouronanrr|al.
Ww

Ima watashi ga itta koto, yoku wakara-nakatta ,, mitai Ine].

You don’t seem to have understood what I said just now, right?

B) CHIP AM CSE CHA].

Kore wa yahari honmono de wa nai yoo ,. desu Ine].

It indeed seems like this is not authentic, right?

3. Expresses a desire to elicit an agreement from the party addressed.

English approximation: “..., okay?”

A) brokab, t3 ote c[ae

Wakatta kara, moo , naka-nai de [ne] .

I understand, so please don’t cry anymore, okay?

B) HL eaufal, B97 LRU CRME BSL EADS.

a. Yurushite kudasai Ine]. Moo nido to goshinpai o okake shi-

masen kara.
Please forgive me, (all right)? I’ll never make you worry again.

4. Often following a phrase with an interrogative pronoun, softens the

posed question. Not translatable.

A) PAY AIIRTL AOI, Wooton).

Amerika ni ryokoo-shita no wa, , itsu datta-kke [ne(nee) |.

When was it that we went on a trip to the U.S.?

B) Bows re *| A].
Kimi no kokyoo wa ,,, doko ka ?

Where are you originally from?

5. Placed at the end of a phrase, as a meaningless particle used just to set

a rhythm. Not translatable.

117
 z %» e-F Ww aes 5S BE9UIS
aps
A) ASBE TH TID. nab fA(zZ)|, TOHILFOCH
oir

¥$THOEL.

Gogoo-me made kuruma de itte, on, sore kara [ne(nee) |,sono

saki wa aruite choojoo made nobotta yo.

We drove to the half way point, and then after that, we walked all

the way up to the peak of the mountain.

B) HEL |ia(aaz) |, Nes aitoe C Bihokok,

n, Atashi [ne(nee) |,kyoo kakekko de it-too ni natta no yo.
I came in first in a running race today.

6. Same as 5, but in the set phrases “anone 4 # 4a” and “da ne/desu ne #

taf TTF ha.”

English approximation: various translations, depending on the circum-

stances.

A) bolta(z)|, SRE SESE S

inter; ANO [ne(nee) |,konban boku no hoo kara mata denwa-suru

yo.

Listen, I'll call you again this evening.

B) 2ir[a(aa)|, bI-FMERSA, FELL.

cj. 200 da [ne(nee) |, moo ichi-nen mae ni naru-n da,

sotsugyoo-shita no wa.

Yeah, you’re right, it’s been a year already since I graduated.

FUNDAMENTALS OF “NI ic”

118
 Precedes verbs which indicate the existence of people or things in a

certain place, or which show direction, movement or action. In the latter

case, it is interchangeable with the particle “e ~\” (see p. 30).

1. After a noun or a nominal.

1) Placed after a noun or a nominal, it shows that the noun/nominal is the

place in which the subject of the sentence exists.

English approximation: “at” “in” “on”

Some of the verbs that often follow “ni l=” are:

aru & 4 (to be, to be present, to exist}—used for inanimate objects.

iru \\% (to be, to be present, to exist)}—used for animate things.

kurasu * t J (to live, to get along)

nezasu iB *-> (to stem from)

nokoru 5 % (to remain, to stay behind)

ochitsuku 3%#4¢ (to settle down)

sumu Et (to live)

tomaru A + 4 (to stay over)

tsutomeru Bh % (to work at)

ukabu Boot (to float)

yokotawaru if7-424 (to lie down)

A) Moti) RaH ET.

2¢2 32

Tsukue no ,,ue [ni| hon ga ari-masu.

There is a book on the desk.

119
 br: Liglik RRO [EA CORT.
EXRLIGAH BY
B)
veeve (L™
Watashi-tachi wa tookyoo-eki no
peeef
AE LZALI
gas ——N\
a, chikaku [ni| sunde-imasu.

We live in a place near Tokyo Station. a _

ea

RCCBA, Coimlic|atoek (SASL.

4 vrai?
C)
Mite goran, kono ,,ike [ni koi ga
takusan iru yo.

Look, there are many carp in this pond.

KE. RE |RA bo Hee

BSUPL wy tv

D)
Oo-mukashi, ,, kasee [ni mizu ga atta soo da.

They say that a long time ago, there was water on Mars.

E) behlavclc|Ehe
tT AD?
Anata wa ,, doko [ni otsutome desu ka?
Where do you work? (literally: Which place are you working at?)

F) iz |Bare (SABO TET

n. Michi [ni yuki ga takusan nokotte-imasu. a Se

There is a lot of snow left on the street. . wo 5 a

G) b2c[iz|mothsBOKUSMAL TH.
ner
n, Asoko [ni tatte-iru otoko no hito
wa imagawa-san desu.

The man standing over there (literally:

at that place) is Mr. Imagawa.

120
 H) S08[iz|ooo
tC SRls Sn CHA,
per 2

Ano , kabe [ni kakatte-iru e wa kiree desu ne.

The painting hanging on that wall is beautiful.

2) After a noun, indicates the direction or the destination of an action.

English approximation: “to” 9?

“in”
665 99 66
“on” 99
“into”
«668

MlLBXSALI FRESE,
it < &3 tT HA -
A)
Boku wa , otoosan [ni tegami o kaita.

I wrote a letter to my father.

breLIARAA
XY alic|ts as.
Suifo . »
B)
Watashi wa raigetsu ,, igirisu [ni iki-masu.

I am going to England next month.

[<n wR Vode Bord wR
C) Ba} 6 |Mon US, RE ERE bo TR
Boku ga ,, uchi [ni kaetta toki, imooto mo gakkoo kara kaette-

kita.

When I got home, my sister was also

coming home from school.

D) Mls
SH [ie |Ra Le
Chichi wa ,, kaisha [ni dekake-mashita.

My father has left for his office.

it L# tcs UP ay)

E) RAW PH |IS PRAITL ANd,

Keshiki no ii , tokoro [ni ryokoo-shi-tai ne.

Don’t you want to travel to a place with nice scenery?

121
 hud mL Lf
F) ABlILG KAET.

Taiyoo wa , nishi [ni shizumi-masu.

The sun sets in the west.

G) 3d, Mitel |RSeMI TTS.

woz & ” U waA

Saa,_ ,. hikooki [ni noru jikan desu yo.

It’s time to get on the plane now.

3) After an abstract condition or state, indicates that the action prescribed

by a related verb is proceeding toward it.

English approximation: “to” or not translatable.

A) RAAZX—[|TRSUEAD?
Raigetsu ,, sukii [ni iki-masen ka?
Would you like to go skiing next month?

B) #5 |boK.
Karera wa ,,koi [ni ochita.
They fell in love.

C) a KltBOR Te Fee
Morita-shi wa _,, seekai [ni haitta.

Mr. Morita joined the political circle.

D) Hees
IWS TAS LAM?
_ £3025 W

Anata wa moo ,, toohyoo [ni iki-mashita ka?

122
 Have you already gone to vote?
offeve e
E) be LISFRSM[
Ic]Bet.
Watashi wa gogo ,, kaigi [ni| de-masu.

I’m going to attend a meeting this afternoon.

4) In the pattern “... ni naru (nari-masu) ~i:%@%4 (4% $73)” or “... ni

bd bb
kawaru (kawari-masu) ~!I-#%4 (#" #7),” indicates a change in

condition/state.

English approximation: “(turn) into”

LAZS BB bk .
A) ea H[ [OFLA SH. MIELE G.
Shingoo ga ,.ao [ni| nari-mashita. Saa, watari-mashoo.
The traffic light has turned green. Let’s cross the street.
_ ba
B) bjalicjangléa,
Moo ,, aki [ni nari-mashita ne.
It’s become autumn, hasn’t it?
z F awd wrsvr
C) beELOMAAA + m wBVELK.

Watashi no sobo wa ,, kyuujus-sai [ni nari-mashita.

My grandmother has turned ninety.

PEMACA
D) HLE@IAMK IVY hor.

Yamagami-kun wa , kameraman [ni] natta.

Yamagami became a photographer.

E) MURBKotb
ORI ABI |Rb or.
#2 (TOF At . 2 »

Mae wa kusuri-ya datta ano mise wa _ ,.megane-ya [ni|

kawatta.

That store which used to be a pharmacy is now an optician’s.

5) Indicates the time that an action takes/took place.

123
English approximation: “on” “in” “at
6 99 66s 99 66 ”

wots EWVHSRS U WA
A) FRB RAAR HE 4 3 VET.

Gakkoo wa mainichi ,, hachi-ji han [ni hajimari-masu.

School starts at eight thirty every morning.

B) bALIE HColla) aT. Herts

Watashi wa yuugata ,, shichi-ji [ni kaeri-masu.

I’ll be going home/coming home at seven in the evening.

C) br LiatkMeeM[ic]a—-t—ehad lee
ages U RA

Watashi wa _, kyuukee-jikan [ni]

koohii o nomi-mashita.

I had coffee during the break.

D) isk Hosea cary blclTsat.

Boku wa raishuu no kin-yoobi ni , konsaato [ni iki-masu.

I’m going to a concert next Friday.

E) beAL OMS FRO I: [EL

Watashi no haha wa hatachi no ,,toki [ni] kekkon-shita.
My mother got married at age twenty.

124
 WESE Us Yau Baw
F) FBBAHSD CR I |BHBA re AZARELK,
Inazuma ga hikaru to ,, dooji [ni raimee ga todoroki-mashita.

Lightening flashed, and at the same time, there was a roll of

thunder.

6) Indicates a rate, proportion, frequency or interval of time or space.

English approximation: “at” “to” “in” “for” “per”

A) beLISd,
AUR, —Blic lowe eset,
ZA WEES fe mva is Aart

Watashi wa, asa to ban, ,, ichi-nichi [ni ni-kai ha o migaki-

masu.

I brush my teeth twice a day in the

morning and in the evening.

PENT 2A CA Le ThA &

B) LFRAERILADE SX RET.

Yamanote-sen no densha wa ,, go-fun oki [ni] ki-masu.

Yamanote line trains come every five minutes.

Lela . kTiio SIUMISZA
C) COE RNA Kid, MNCY FIC Bey Ftt.
Kono shashin no saizu wa, tate , has-senchi [ni yoko juusan-

senchi desu.

The size of this photograph is eight centimeters by thirteen centi-

meters.

125
 D) FAHMIS—Al[Iz]-—KF
OTT.
#9 UL BE DN WexeW

Tesuto-yooshi wa ,,_hitori [ni ichi-mai zutsu desu.

The exam should be one page per person.

BE) —glic|Seena ce FU F OBE &

we & A st tt

n. lchi-do [ni zenbu tabe-nai de, sukoshi zutsu oagari nasai.

Don’t eat it all at one time; eat it a little bit at a time.

tARA ZUPILZA ttH3
F) +A DUTEEAOFREA ED VET.

n,9en en [ni tsuite go-juu en no tesuuryoo ga kakari-masu.

There is a fifty yen handling fee per every one thousand yen.

7) Shows that someone is involved in or influenced by an action or a

condition.

English approximation: “from” “with”

A) bEL ABIL, SEL7 bOa=7 ROM FE [| RIBA TET.

Wes ASDF & <

Watashi-tachi wa, ima erekutoronikusu no, kenkyuu [ni

tori-kunde-imasu.

We are now working on a research in electronics.

PR PET tb wd
B) #lsEFOWU
WII (BP CT,
Kare wa karate no , keeko [ni] muchuu desu.

He’s obsessed with karate practice.

C) bALIRS[I|EZA.
at +S

Watashi wa , samusa [ni| furueta.

I shivered from the cold.

F< Nie Fhe)
D) RRL re BR sf L ATE.

Boku wa , koonetsu [ni| kurushinda.

I suffered from a high fever.

126
8) Shows the intention or purpose of the action.

English approximation: ‘as a token of” “as” “for” “by way of”
F< LUNs i HARA
A) BR. BUYVbSeADOBFE I |=~FAboSeEL.
Boku, ojiichan kara , otoshidama [ni ni-sen en moratta yo.

I was given two thousand yen by grandpa as a New Year’s gift.

B) br Lit, rnAL—Y[E|
TANTS ELE
Watashi-tachi wa, , hanemuun [ni hawai e iki-mashita.

We went to Hawaii for our honeymoon.

C) OZOSBBBIEDELKE, DEHRBOELOTHAL CISKA

eon eBRR CHA,
lro-iro osewa ni nari-mashita. Tsumaranai mono desu ga,

doozo ,,oree [ni kore o ouketori kudasai.

Thank you for everything. This isn’t much, but please accept this

as a token of my appreciation.

9) Placed after a noun, lists a number of things. Interchangeable with the

particle “to%,” but “ni |=” implies an additive sense.

English approximation: “and” “with”

A) bELIST 7A KF FRY v7,

Watashi wa ,,furaidochikin [ni hanbaagaa ga ii wa.

I want some fried chicken and a hamburger.

Cia Se) xz vb bY VE evudc 435 t@ .

B) ATH O14, FR GVA BAL, BRTIOX DOK,

Mura-matsuri wa, , kodomo [ni wakai_ , hito [ni| otoshiyori

to, soode de nigiwatta.

Everyone from the village gathered and enjoyed the festival, (in-

cluding) children, youngsters and the elders.

127
 x35 _ -_ .
C) SHON-F4-,
AAP] TIVATON SLO.
Kyoo no paatii, , sukaato [ni| burausu de ii kashira.

For today’s party, do you think a blouse and a skirt are appropri-

ate?

10) Shows the speaker’s respect toward the party addressed. Not translata-

ble.
LeUrae FA & . Bd
A) TEAR IE BTATO G0 eZIUURVETF,

n. Goshujin-sama [ni| mo ogenki de irassharu koto to omoi-

masu.
I hope your husband, too, is well.

B) Bdalic|is, RAT XY AEB AHS 25 CH.

n, ohushoo [ni wa, raigetsu amerika o hoomon-sareru soo

desu.

The Prime Minister is supposed to make a visit to the U.S. next

month.

11) Shows that something is/was done by/through a measure described by

the preceding noun. Often in the patterns “... ni yotte ~!- 7 T (... ni

yori ~l-£9/... ni yoreba ~l- kwId/... ni yora-naide ~I-k 5)

T).”
English approximation: “by” “at” 9? 66
“according to” “from” “due to”

A) BAC co Alicfk mld, ML 724 LOM EMS TIE,

= bb #5 ts .

Kiku , tokoro [ni yore ba, atarashii haiuee ga kono machi o

tooru soo da.

According to what I’ve heard, a new highway is supposed to be

built through this town.

128
 SER IW
B) ERIE, KitED DTD PE REBLTLE hte
n, Fuchuui [ni yori, tomodachi kara karita hon o yogoshite

shimatta.
Due to (my) carelessness, I’ve soiled the book I borrowed from my

friend.

C) Bioa [i|knlt, RAOP GIT y DRONES

SLU
7OxrE,
Saikin no ,, kenkyuu [ni| yore ba, ginga no chuushin ni wa

burakku-hooru ga aru to yuu koto da.

According to recent studies, there is a black hole in the very center

of our Milky Way.

12) Placed between two nouns, creates a pair.

English approximation: “and” “in addition”

A) vei
n. shinroo [ni| n, shinpu

A bridegroom and a bride

wUILS
B) % Be
n, oni [ni n.kanaboo (proverb)

A demon and a metal club. (i.e. the metal

club gives the demon, already a strong

being, additional strength.)

Placed after a verb.

Indicates the purpose of an action. Most frequently used before the

W <
verbs “iku #7 < (to go)” and “kuru 4 (to come),” and related verbs
t Laerifo
such as “mukau 44 (to head for),” “shuppatsu-suru % #54 (to

129
 bz
depart),” “kaeru }#4 (to return)” and “modoru 4 (to come back).”

English approximation: “to do ...” “in order to do ...’

A) nelurlRprLekelis at,
Watashi wa sushi-ya e osushi o

y, tabe [ni iki-masu.

I go to a restaurant to eat sushi. lLexalara=f

wo”
ti

br: Lltkit £2 [1c|ERBNTA

ELE
res tem . C3905 bas
B)
Watashi wa tomodachi o , mukae [ni| kuukoo e iki-mashita.

I went to the airport to pick up my friend.

@MEEHEOT, 36~ (Me)

RI] ROK.
Lecki bt . Le<ku & be
C)
Shukudai o wasureta node, uchi e (shukudai 0) ,,tori [ni|
modotta.

As I had forgotten to take my homework with me, I went back

home to get it.

BS. pREAMU|IC|RELAL
eLs rbRS bt =
D)
Toshio, otomodachi ga , asobi [ni

ki-mashita yo.

Toshio, your friends are here to play

with you.

130
2) Ina pattern where the same verb is repeated with “ni (:” in between,

intensifies the degree of the action.

English approximation: “... and ...”

A) FHld5|I-|FoAREZOB
TT.
i393 z x RAS wu

Kyoo wa , machi [ni matta ensoku no hi desu.

Today is the day of school trip that I’ve been really looking

forward to.

B) 2OMSUEMYT,
Meld sic fan,
L . = PAUSE % %

Sono shirase o kiite, kanojo wa _, naki [ni naita.

Hearing the news, she just cried and cried.

3) When the verb is in passive form, “reru #4” or “rarerub”4,” the

particle “ni |<” is placed after the agent of the action.

English approximation: “by”

A) beLIAT
Oca ETON,
SV db .

Watashi wa ,,suri [ni saifu O su-rareta.

I was robbed of my wallet by a pickpocket.

B) #ax[c|L aon.
iz<

Boku wa , chichi [ni shika-rareta.

I was scolded by my father.

131
 br Lise [ic] eld ont.
oe -¥ v4 .

D)
Watashi wa , kuruma [ni| doro o

hane-rareta.

I was splashed with mud by a car.

3. Makes the preceding noun an indirect object. It is placed after the

indirect object and before the direct object.

English approximation: “to”

A) (be Lic) SRAOERERE

TC HSU.
Lela 4

(,, Watashi [ni] ) anata no shasihn o misete kudasai.

indirect object direct object

Please show me your picture.

tk ltb7- L(t] BOTLEY

bEC HELE.
wese RACIIU
B)
Imooto wa_,, watashi [ni tanjoobi no purezento o kure-
indirect object direct object

mashita.

My sister gave me a birthday present.

br: LisBe[ic|7
Fy ABER.
BAUS _ = BL .
C)
Watashi wa ,. kanojo [ni furansu-go o oshieta.
indirect object indirect object

I taught her French.

4. In relation to the verb form:

In a sentence where the verb follows the pattern Tt)

.. te morau (... te

morai-masu) ~Tt597(~Tbt5OrvvET),” the particle ‘

‘ni l=” identifies

the preceding noun as the agent or the source of an action which was

requested by the speaker.

English approximation: (receive favor from ... by request)

132
 A) bE LISMBEEIZJET 7 ERATE OOEL
3H KF tAtw

Watashi wa ,, umeda-sensee [nil piano o oshiete-morai-

mashita. “
I received piano lessons from Mrs. Umeda.

B) bALIGe[
ty FA FeO TRO OK.
Watashi wa ,, haha [ni sandoicchi
O tsukutte-moratta.

My mother made sandwiches for me

(at my request).

C) kt [12|F7oML OFBVIERTE
SOK
corse U < tor s

n, }omodachi [ni hikkoshi no tetsudai ni kite-moratta.

agent

My friends came over to help me move

(at my request).

5. Placed after mimesis, creates an adverb that modifies the verb in the

predicate. Not translatable.

A) MOUS
b» io

T ULEULs [ATL
e ° a

ok.
Ame ga hidoku te, ,,.bisho-bisho [ni] nurete shimatta.
As it was raining hard, I got thoroughly soaked.

B) Lory, pbm5[it]H
tS A,
Pb

Kono pan, ,,.kara-kara [ni] kawaite-iru ne.

133
 This bread is dried stiff.

6. In the pattern “... ni wa ... keredo(ga) ~l<li~ltn X(4*),” placed

after an adjective or a verb. Used in admitting something with a certain

degree of reservation.

English approximation: “it is certain that ..., but”

9:39 .
A) HOVAFVOMBIE BULOE|BYU LOH, Brox
BA,
k >

Ano resutoran no ryoori wa, ag.Oishii [ni wa oishii keredo,

chotto takai ne.

The food at that restaurant is good, all right, but it’s a bit expen-

sive, don’t you think.

RE FSi [lao BIT Lota,

AAU . . te E4
B)
Henji, ,. suru [ni wa surukedo, moo sukoshi matte ne?

Ill give you the answer, certainly, but could you wait a little

longer?

7. After a short introductory remark before the main sentence, makes the

verb into a present participle (“ing”) form.

English approximation: “...-ing”

Meee
A) 4&5 DELILSOMILS LEAR DZAe oe kr

Ima , oOmou [nil], watashi wa ano toki wa sukoshi doryoku ga

tari-nakatta.

Thinking back on it now, I didn’t make enough of an effort at that

time.
DAR VUE Liew
B) BAAS],
CHKEOE Ri wwBHeS 9.
Kangaete , miru [ni], kore ijoo no yookyuu wa muri daroo.

134
 In thinking about it, I don’t think it’s possible to make any further

demands.

8. In the patterns “... deshoo ni ~ TL £ 7 1:,” “... de aroo ni ~ THA 5

iz,” “... daroo ni ~£ 4712,” “... deshita deshoo ni ~TLETL ¢£ 3 IZ,”

“.. datta deshoo ni ~# a7: TL: 712,” “... datta rooni ~F 274A IZ.”

Expresses one’s sympathy or regret. Often placed at the end of a sentence.

English approximation: “I suppose ...” “I regret ...” “I sympathize ... ”

Tee bY WMH 3L%

A) BABneHEAIA , BREA CL,

Koibito mo iru , daroo [nil, wakai inochi o ushinau to wa.

He must have a sweetheart, what a pity that he lost his life so

young.

B) UCUBARKOATL
AG), EC MnACY,
. TA ®& . PR

Hidoi otenki datta , deshoo [ni]. Yoku kaereta koto.

The weather must have been terrible. It’s a wonder you managed

to come home.

C) ZARIRETH
OT, SeRHAEKS II].
tT RG Py .

Son-na ni yasumazu hataraite, sazo tsukareta , daroo [ni].

You have been working so hard without a break, how tired you

must be.
TATFF AARBES .
D) CARRRLAUENBH OEM, boeMBLTEUIFIA OEE

% 4 [t=].
Kon-na tensuu shika tore-nakatta ka. Motto benkyoo shite

okeba yokatta , daroo [ni].

You only managed to get a low grade. You should have worked

harder.

135
NI-MO = (<-= Combination particle

A combination of the particles “ni |=” and “mot.”

1. Indicates that there is something additional or surpassing the norm.

English approximation: “even

99 66
also”

A) exit, BRA |EREL TOS,

PAU £ USRT Lee

Kanojo wa, ,, hiru-yasumi shigoto o shite-iru.

She is doing work even during her lunch break.

B) bALIA, PIV Alb Toho rah at.

Watashi wa, ,, afurika itta koto ga ari-masu.

I have also been to Africa.

C) 2obRS, Bleb]er ako.

Sono okashi, ,, boku choodai.

Please (can you) give me some of those candies, too?

2. In an honorific usage, follows the subject. Not translatable.

A) ##[2b|BAROCUC RET.
n, ensee ogenki no koto to omoi-masu.

I presume that you (sir) are fine.

B) HEO PM bt]bE VAC N se LH?

Otaku no , minasama Okawari wa gozaimasen ka?

How is your family? (literally: There are no changes concerning

your family?)

3. In the pattern “(verb) ni mo |: % (verb) zu/nai #/%\\,” where one

verb is repeated twice and followed by a negation, indicates that the action

described by the verb is impossible or difficult to carry out.

136
English approximation: “cannot do ... even if (I) were to try”

A) CC, BEARS SRIRUAL CLE, C(IBRITE Ye

ATLKe

Awatete kimono o kita mama mizu ni tobikonde shimai,

v, oyogu oyoge-masen deshita.

I jumped into the water in my clothes in a panic, and I couldn’t

swim even if I tried.

B) SABRES ELT FC [EEFEOS BOO,

Kon-na ni heya o chirakashite, , aruku aruke-nai ja nai
no.
Your room is such a mess, I couldn’t walk in even if I were to try.

NI-MO-KAKAWARA-ZU — [c-5-1'D)5-F
Combination particle

A combination of “ni {z, mo 4, zu }” and the verb “kakawaru 44°44

(to relate).”

1. Shows that an actual situation is the opposite of what is expected.

English approximation: “even though”

x P,) 22 2 CALL tc
A) PUICS FIEGUCRICHO Keb aradhoet|, EHlLbE5 HTL Z7
BE
rRKE OK.

Maniau yoo ni eki ni ,,tsuita Ini mo kakawarazu], densha wa

moo dete shimatta ato datta.
Even though I had gotten to the station so that I would be on time,

it was after the train had already left.

223 8 £6 wMwws
B) SAIN TZ ILE DDdOOT|, AEYTFCEILRETT.

137
 Kyoo wa ,, harete-iru |ni mo kakawara zu}, sumoggu de sora

wa haiiro desu.

Even though it’s a clear day today, the sky is gray because of smog.

2. A shortened form of “sore ni mo kakawara zu t@hHlztbaAbHoT.”

Placed at the beginning of a sentence as a conjunction, showing that despite

the previous sentence, an unexpected situation exists/existed.

English approximation: “despite that fact,”

Pn RABEF 4 Pe R
A) #RARMAALTIZADERKL ILA, [lb aabosl Mls
WoEpbhy7K.

Kare ga benkyoo-shite-iru no o mita koto ga _ nai.

[Ni mo kakawara zu], seeseki wa itsumo toppu da.

I’ve never seen him study. Despite that fact, his grades are always

at the top (of the class).

B) SALUCOBSH, [baad ST], HOKIESSLLROI—

b ERTS
Kyoo wa hidoi atsusa da. [Ni mo kakawara zu], ano obaasan
wa fuyu no kooto o kite-iru.
It’s extremely hot today. Despite that fact, that old lady is wearing

a winter coat.

NI-OI-TE (<-GlL\-T Combination particle

A combination of the particles “ni '<” and “oite 5\.7,” the gerund of

the verb “oku & ¢( (to place).”

1. Marks the place or time in which an action takes place.

138
English approximation: “in”

A) A A Bot yey 7iasveot[eBOt

ibn
HAR DIDS CERISE DA

Te
sen kyuu-hyaku kyuu-juu-ni nen no orinpikku wa ,, baruserona

okonaware-masu.

The 1992 Olympics will be held in Barcelona.

B) PAwe BOTS AT BRIE pL baat.

,, Juuhas-seeki katsuyaku-shita sakkyoku-ka ni moo-

tsaruto ga i-masu.
Mozart is among the composers who were active in the eighteenth

century.

2. Indicates the field of activity.

English approximation: “concerning” “in the field of ”

A) RIA, PAY AIO SMI, BREIL

BO CRANE L ke
Kare wa, amerika ni iru aida ni, , keezaigaku sugureta

kenkyuu o shita.

When he was in the U.S., he conducted some outstanding research

in the field of economics.

mr xt BARS PAVE 295 we we
B) @M@licbuclb. SRB, MELD THLBSNAAIL
’

HENWA,
n, Kaiga |ni oite|} mo, ,, ongaku |ni oite| mo, kanojo yori sainoo

ni megumareta hito wa amari i-nai.

In the fields of both art and music, there aren’t too many others

who are more talented than she.

139
NI-SHITE (<C-LUCZ. Combination particle

A combination of the particles “ni |<” and “shite LT,” the gerund of the

verb “suru $4 (to do).” Indicates a time, a place or a condition.

English approximation: “while” “at”

A) idk itPUT), BBINK.

Kare wa _,, ryokoo-chuu [ni shite], yamai ni taoreta.

While he was on a trip, he was stricken with an illness.

B) ADEPHAABBRKLT), RALAVTAPVEFZ ZIT

Te
Ano pianisuto wa , hyaku-sai , raigetsu mata risaitaru

O suru SOO desu.

That pianist, at age one hundred, will be holding another recital

next month, I hear.

NI-SHITE-MO (c- LC-#5 Combination particle

A combination of the particle “ni |<,” “shite T,” the gerund of the verb

“suru $4 (to do),” and the particle “mot.” Gives a hypothetical situation

as a condition for the clause that follows.

English approximation: “(even) if (you) were to do ...”

A) F#EL SSL TE] BSOM MEU CTLs TRON EL,

Kodomo o ,, shikaru Ini shite mo], jibun no kanjoo dake de
shikatte wa ike-nai.
If you were to scold a child, you should not scold her/him just based
 on your emotions.

B) Sa CHPMA LAL BotOs(EL

Tb], RSORS THEE
Bi TORU
Ima made juubun renshuu-shita to , omotte-iru [ni shite mo],

shiai no hi made renshuu o namakete wa ike-nai.

Even if you think that (you) have practiced enough by now, (you)

must not skip any practices until the day of the match.

NI-SHITE-WA (c- Lc-l&k Combination particle

A combination of the particle “ni |<,” “shite Lt,” the gerund of the verb

“suru $4 (to do),” and the particle “wa (i.”

Shows that a result has surpassed what is usually expected from an

individual or a category.

English approximation: “for”

A) @[izLcis]sbk CRAKS.

For you, you sang pretty well. (i.e. That’s pretty good, considering

your usual performance.)

B) AliEL Cs], 2H ZEBBSI ROA,

n, Fuyu [ni shite wal, kono ni-san-nichi wariai ni atatakai ne.
For winter, these past two or three days have been relatively warm,

haven’t they?

141
NITE [€C

Equivalent to “de 7.” (See p. 17.)

1. Placed after a noun of location, indicates it is where an action takes/

took place. Often in the patterns “kore nite 2<w1!: 7” and “koko nite <

<1427T,” used in more formal speech.

English approximation: “at” “with” “in”

A) KoMB¥SIL. RST MEANS T.

Tsugi no butsuri-gakkai wa, ,. hiroshima kaisai_sare-
masu.

The next physics conference will be held in Hiroshima.

B) Shows 2 [te
cL aT.
Kyoo no ensoku wa ,, koko kaisan shi-masu.

Today’s school trip will be dismissed at this point.

Cc) A¥micafict]bLeoi lat.

Kon-gakki wa _,, kore oshimai ni shi-masu.

With this, I conclude this semester.

2. Indicates a reason or motive for an action or occurrence.

English approximation: “due to ...” “owing to ...”

A) SO514, BABI TRMBOAL ELAS

Kinoo wa ,, kaze kesseki itashi-mashita.
I was absent yesterday due to a cold.

B) “MOFBRS(I CPL USD LEK TL

Watakushi no _ , fuchuui mooshiwake-arimasen deshita.

I’m sorry, it was due to my carelessness.

142
NO(N) @(A)

FUNDAMENTALS OF “NO ®”

“No ®” basically transforms a noun into a possessive. It functions like

the “’s” in English. Placed between two nouns, the first noun together with

the particle “no ®” modifies the second. For example:

BRaL[O]* BRaL[O]*
otoosan ino} hon otoosan ino} hon
my father book the book my father

In Japanese, personal pronouns such as “watashi #7#:L,” “anata Aw

-,” “kanojo ik,” etc. do not have cases, as in English. Particles must be

attached in order to indicate the case of a personal pronoun. Examples with

“no ®” are: “watashi no ##tL®™ (my),”“anata no 5 2#H®A (your),”

“kanojo no 4*A Us ® (her),” etc., which are the genitive (possessive) case.

The particle “no ®” is also used as an indefinite pronoun that is not

followed by another noun. Compare:

br [o]* br
watashi |no| hon watashi
my book mine

RY yo egv[a]

yasui ringo yasui

an inexpensive apple (an) inexpensive one

143
 bl ahor# bk lakor [a]

watashi ga katta hon watashi ga katta

the book I bought the one I bought

The following is an example of an exaggerated phrase with eight “no ””

used to indicate the location of a book:

nez(o] £8 [o]E] M [>]Fo] F Radi

asoko ino} hondana Inojue|no|tana|no| migi|no] hoo Ino] ookii jibiki
over there book shelves up shelf right toward big dictionary

B [a] *
Ino|tonari|no|hon
next book

The book next to the big dictionary on the right side of the upper shelf of

the book shelves over there.

As you can see, all of the preceding words modify the last word, “hon *.”

In translating this phrase into English, you must begin with “hon x” and

proceed backwards all the way to “asoko 4% <.”

1. Placed between two nouns.

1) Indicates the possessive.

English approximation: “of” “belonging to” “with”

Examples:
» UL . .
a 4a *8R| 2|AK a person with beautiful eyes

kiree na me ino} hito

144
 Rrvr7ar¢ x30» .
KE|O RK Fz a college professor (literally: a profes-

daigaku kyooju sor of a college)

817 | |saa president of the bank

ginkoo toodori

DAA AB a class representative

kurasu iin

£[0|e the sound of waves

nami oto

[0 | my father’s shoes

chichi ino} kutsu

RO |F4o world peace (literally: peace of the

sekai ino} heewa world)

A) chitaar[o]act.
Kore wa ,, anata Ino| hon desu.
This is your book.

B) béL [alanis
(o] Picsblae 124.
n, Watashi ino} kaban naka ni chizu ga ari-masu.

There is a map in my briefcase.

2) Indicates the relative location/direction of the first noun.

English approximation: “of”
32
Tt valatalee on the table

teeburu ue
 2¢ a

[oO + under the desk

tsukue shita

Bors ee9
ER) Bs next to the school

gakkoo tonari

WDIUABE #2 . .
BREF) By in front of the post office

yuubinkyoku Ino| mae

ze
F7\—} +5 to the side of the department store

depaato yoko

3L
b-EL EZ behind me

watashi ushiro

HAKSWEN|D|*H= 4 beyond that big building

BSB t

ano ookii biru ino} mukoo

Lk Da
A) F—-7 NO] Tiers \E TF.

| _Teeburu shita ni inu ga i-masu.

There is a dog under the table.

at Em
B) HL[ OPI TAT I aS L

n. Nagashi naka ni gokiburi ga iru yo!

There are cockroaches in the sink!

146
3) Placed between two nouns, indicates the material the latter is made of.

English approximation: “(made of)”

b DL .
ARR Yr a cotton shirt y 0]
NEY,
momen shatsu \ /,

WH Bd .

Z| |3— } a fur coat

kegawa Ino| kooto

& mL ;
AR] A |AS a wooden bridge

ki [no] hashi

TL, T-Y a pair of rubber boots

gomu ino} buutsu

A) bELILSOIE[D|FRERVE LA
p THRE

Watashi wa kinoo , kawa tebukuro

o kai-mashita.

I bought a pair of leather gloves yesterday.

B) 2anlolacin< otha?
hit

Sono ,take ino} kago wa ikura desu ka?

How much is that bamboo basket?

147
 C) HDTaYZ[/D|RlaKHn OTE THD?
#3 =<

Ano ,, buronzu zoo wa dare no saku desu ka?

Whose work is that bronze statue?

4) Shows that the second noun is the product of the first personal noun.

English approximation: “of” “created by”

Poeb Eg“) Li3to
A) = WISNER O |-1> BWCT.

Kore wa ,,kawabata yasunari |no| shoosetsu desu.

This is a novel written by Kawabata Yasunari.

B) comliz—3—-[o]R Bh Bes.
Kono kyoku wa ,, maaraa ino} kookyookyoku ichi-ban desu.
This is Mahler’s First Symphony.

5) Indicates the relationship between the two nouns.

English approximation: “of” “by” “with” “between” “to”

A) HOKE L[O|RRTT.
Ano hito wa ,, watashi oji desu.

That person is my uncle.

B) Hae KD |MECT,
Kanojo wa ,.shachoo Ino| hisho desu.

She is secretary to the president.

C) SDAltDEL Oe DIBACT.
Ano hito wa watashi no ,,inochi onjin desu.
He saved my life. (literally: That person is the one who saved my

148
 life.)

6) Establishes that the second noun is in the category of the first noun.

English approximation: “of” “on” “about” “at

”

A) HEE 12384 OE TT.

FDBHPRALTV DY RAW

Matsuoka-sensee wa ,,rika sensee desu.

Mr. Matsuoka is a science teacher.

B) cHlsa kD] RAE TT.

mwHA SL BxGebs

Kore wa ,,nihongo kyookasho desu.

This is a Japanese language textbook.

C) BHI AO ERIS, =a-—bvickLoTERAHK,

TAMIWAD SS AES tod

n, Banyuu-inryoku hoosoku wa nyuuton ni yotte hakken-

sareta.

The law of gravity was discovered by Isaac Newton.

7) Shows that the first noun is an attribute of the second noun.

English approximation: “that which is”

Examples:
L 3 5 AS
RA|O|AME my best friend Jiro (literally: Jiro who

shinyuu [nol jiroo-kun is my best friend)

Ew 5 Umar
tL + im Bix *A — an old woman of age ninety

kyuujus-sai obaasan

“A SFL L AT HAT
FEL OlA Mr. Shimizu, the attorney

bengoshi shimizu-sensee

149
 BABMS CK ee) .
oR O|RS the great music hall

ongaku Ino| dendoo

thy
EYZ oD|#8. a pink flower (literally: the flower

pinku Ino| hana which is pink)

%
IND |o|78 a rose (literally: the flower which is a

bara ino} hana rose)

bre 2753523 FA LS 3
A) #ld, RE/OPRRY PLT.
Watashi wa, , koochoo ino} bandoo to mooshi-masu.

I am Bando, the principal of this school.

aes Lid
B) ETHANOWERASL ELBPOKLET.
n. Pianisuto satoo-san o goshookai itashi-masu.

Let me introduce Ms. Sato, the pianist.

8) Where the first noun is a place name.

English approximation: at” “in” “on” “over” “from” “of”

Tz} 299 665 99 66 7? 66

A) =2—-3-7/O|KROTL 5 Az,
aw ae

n, Nyuuyooku fuyu wa samui deshoo nee.

Winter in New York must be very cold.

B) Malo leet anceset.

n, Atami ino} kaigan wa kiree desu yo.
The coastline of Atami is beautiful.

C) “Rano ian Fake.

n, Kyooto itoko kara tegami ga kita.
I received a letter from my cousin in Kyoto.

150
9) The first noun describes the state in which the second noun exists or

has entered.

English approximation: “in”

A) BOBUYAAILICADJAL OnE I
Ano ojiisan wa _,. kookotsu ino} hito ni natta soo da.

They say that the old man has become senile.

POU E i
B) Rela R/O RECT.
TAL

Kanojo wa ,,hakui (byakue) tenshi desu.

She is an angel in a white uniform (a nurse).

C) brLIGB RB D|F Mate 3.

Watashi wa ,, nihongo tegami ga yome-masu.

I can read a letter written in Japanese.

2. Accompanies some names of colors in order to transform them into

adjectives.

English approximation: (the color of)

A) snide ()[o] e+.

Are wa ,. midori (iro) Ino| kuruma desu.
That is a green car.

B) co¥ (@) [oie ta?

Kono ,. murasaki (iro) hana wa nan to ii-masu ka?

What is the name of this purple flower?

C) Sbitco7v—[o]a—b e& Cis 34.

Kyoo wa kono ,, guree kooto o kite ikoo.

I'll go out with this gray coat on today.

Names of colors ending in “i \\” such as “shiro-i an \,” and “aka-1 RA ”

151
 L4
may drop the “i \\” and replace it with “no #,” i.e. “shiro no @@” and “aka
BD ”
no #4”.

3. Placed after a noun, an adjective or a verb, functions as an indefinite

pronoun.

English approximation: (ft)

one” “the one”

A) BRaA[Olia, CLKSZOH?
a, Otoosan wa, doko ni aru no ka na?

Where is Dad’s? (literally: Where is the one which belongs to Dad?)

B) cosloliatiur, 2o5[o]aeue.
n, Kocchi wa amai kedo, ,, socchi wa karai yo.
The one over here is sweet, but the one over there is salty.

C) brL[OlldbIBNTLE KL.
n, Watashi wa moo tabete shimatta yo.

I’ve already finished eating mine.

D) BRL [O]aBOLY,
Osashimi wa gq, atarashii ino} ga oishii.

As for pieces of sashimi, fresh ones are good.

FE) Zc om C2 [o]iarh ?
Soko no sumi de , naite-iru wa dare?

Who is the one crying in the corner over there?

F) B®. 2KRSZ(O|LOPKL, FLERKODS,

Boku, mada , neru wa iya da yo. Terebi mi-tai kara.

I don’t want to go to bed yet. ‘Cause I want to watch TV.

4. Placed after a noun indicating time.

English approximation: “of” “from”

152
 A) inlat Fm|o|arBixs.
CernaAz2rz LARA

Kore wa ,,juu-nen mae shinbun da yo.

This is a newspaper from ten years ago.

B) car5iFS[o] Ma 124.
Kore kara ,, nijup-pun kyuukee ga ari-masu.

We'll have a twenty-minute intermission now.

C) “Bol iar, eee lth OKS I.

n. Mukashi hito-tachi wa don-na seekatsu o shite-ita no

daroo.

I wonder what kind of lives people lead in ancient times.

5. Used instead of the particle “ga #*,” it marks the subject of the verb

following it. Not translatable.

A) Sate [O)R( ROE CHA,

Kyoo wa ,, kaze fuku samui hi desu ne.

Today is a cold windy day, isn’t it?

B) m[O |S Bits BOW CHUS LE.

n, Ame furu hi wa uchi no naka de asobi-mashoo.
On a rainy day, let’s play inside the house.

C) chimera 4[o]
ie Leb ct.
Kore wa _,. nanbu-san sakkyoku-shita kyoku desu.

This is a piece composed by Ms. Nanbu.

6. In the patterns “... no yoona ~D £9” and “... no yooni ~M £4

i=,” makes an adjectival phrase or an adverbial phrase, respectively.

English approximation: “as” “such as” “like”

A) #iPi2nig, RKiaaS|O] 45 BATT.

153
 Hana ni tatoere ba, kanojo wa_,, shira-yuri yoo na hito

desu.

If I were to describe her as a flower, she would be a white lily.

B) EXGHLED? BALD] LI BOREL.

Kimi doo ka shita no? ,, Byoo-nin yoo na aoi kao o shite.

Is something wrong? You look pale like you are sick.

C) c OEY LEVH| | 4 eT \ 4,
Kono suna wa ,, satoo yoo ni shiroi ne.

This sand looks white like sugar.

D) MILB |D|LIMEERA TARY,

Boku wa ,,tori yoo ni sora o tonde mi-tai.

I want to fly in the sky like a bird.

7. Following a verb, gives it a nominal meaning of “a matter” or “a fact.”

The main verb of the sentence usually describes one of the five senses or

emotion.

English approximation: “a fact” “a matter”

PATRATEA T3[ ORR ET.

Url ® & 4
A)
co, Hikooki ga tonde-iru ga mie-masu.
I can see an airplane flying in the sky.

RONLR BOA BAS ZB.

Wa *

B)
o.Inu no hoeru ga kikoeru.

I can hear a dog barking.

C) ck
&
HArolekomtn,
bt 3b OU

ca, Kimi to yoku asonda O Omoidasu ne.

154
 I remember we used to play together all the time.

D) bELIM SAR bea LAO]

Ratht K,
a 2

«|. Watashi wa pasupooto o nakushita ni ki-ga-tsuita.

I realized that I had lost my passport.

8. Placed at the end of a sentence.

1) Following a verb, makes a softened command. Often accompanied by

“yo &” after it. Found in women’s language.

English approximation: “..., all right?”

A) 85. Lhe 5BBSIZXS(0(5)|.

Saa, kore kara ofuro ni , hairu Ino (yo)].

You're going to take a bath now.

B) BBO SBLEL (#3 [0(4)

Kaze dakara otonashiku , nete-iru Ino (yo)].

You have a cold, so stay in bed.

2) Emphasizes the action or the state described.

English approximation: “the fact is that ...” “to tell the truth”

A) bEL. ALBSeLUUIASL Ee 07[9],

Watashi, miyo-chan to , kenka-shi-chatta Ino].

(The fact is that) I had a quarrel with Miyo.

B) REORBORERL tC n7 [9],
Tomodachi ga manga no hon o ,, kashite-kureta Ino].

(The fact is that) my friend lent me a comic book.

C) Bbteetones, bi t<beot[],
Boku onaka ga suita kara, moo , tabe-chatta Ino].

(To tell the truth) I’ve already eaten because I was hungry.

155
3) Transforms a sentence into an interrogative (with a rising intonation).

Informal version of “... no desu ka? ~D 44?” Not translatable.

A) cosh, 2e804[0]?
Kono tegami kimi ga ,, kaita [no]?

Was it you who wrote this letter?

B) LARD]?
Ashita ,, ko-nai [no]?
You are not coming tomorrow?

C) CORKIRAL eor[A]?
Kono hon moo ,, yon-jatta Ino]?

You’ve read this book already?

4) For casual emphasis. Used often by elderly men. Sometimes pro-

nounced “noo 27.” Not translatable.

A) Bj, Ba £6 Rr[],
Oo, makoto ka, yoku , kita Ino].

Oh, it’s you, Makoto, good of you to come.

B) BNA IU Le. SEERA

ETE C/O].
Arigatai koto ja. Kotoshi wa kome ga hoosaku , de Ino].

Thank God. We have a good rice harvest this year.

9. In the pattern “... no .. no ~M~®”,” connects two contrasting

actions/conditions.
English approximation: “(or)”

A) itt [oliteen [oles tom t, BC Cobia 5 ?

v. Iku v. Ika-nai to mayotte-inai de, hayaku docchi ka ni

kimetara?

156
 Instead of being indecisive whether or not to go, why don’t you just

decide whichever quickly?

B) Ri[o|evlolrsoteut, va¥y TEAL Bs,

ad. Samui ag atsul to itte-nai de, jogingu wa maiasa

shinasai.

Don’t complain about the weather being (too) hot or cold. You

must go jogging every morning.

10. The contraction of “... no tokoro ~) 2% 24.” Colloquial expression.

English approximation: “of”

Examples:
F< F<
BE| | 4b BE| A, my place

boku uchi boku-|n | chi

but|olers bAT[A]e & your place

anata tokoro anta-|n | toko
POU £ POU:
thee
| O|LIF the) ALCS her place
kanojo tokoro kanojo-| n|toko

BRIA, CORROMB HL C Cc[Alecsebmroen

e3 zAtt BARVEPD .
A)
Le
Otoosan, kono sansuu no mondai muzukashiku te, ,. koko-| n|

tokoro ga wakara-nai yo.

Dad, this math problem is hard, and I don’t understand this part

here.

b. RPRACL
Fae geass
(CLS) KMFEN Tbe OK.
23 Lot
B)
A, boku ». sunahama-| n| toko (tokoro) ni booshi wasurete

ki-chatta.

157
 Oops, I forgot my hat on the beach (literally: at the place on the

beach).

NO-DA(N-DA) M-FE(A-#) Combination particle

A combination of the particle “no 2” and the copula “da ~.” Colloquial

form: “nda A #7.” Informal form of “no desu ®t.” Past form “no
datta A>” is used mostly in written language with a slight exclama-

tory tone.

1. Emphasizes an explanation, or a cause of events/actions. Not translata-

ble.

A) BORE bELABIUR( CUAL ERED OL[DE].

Ano ooyuki de, watashi-tachi wa aruku koto sae , deki-nakatta

[no
aa.
It was impossible to even walk in such heavy § snow.

B) RPMBIRSL TOS, STATA EMBL (23 [DF]o

Naganen gaikoku ni kurashite-iru to, masu-masu nihon-shoku

ga ,. koishiku-naru [no da].

The longer you live in a foreign country, the more you crave for

Japanese food.

2. Expresses desire or will. Not translatable.

A) BIASES THERA CRIES 2

Boku wa kondo koso benron-taikai de , yuushoo-suru [no da].

This time I’ve got to win at the speech contest.

B) CORMRERREGY, CARES OT BRIT (AZ.

158
 Kono bijutsu-ten wa minogase-nai. Don-na koto ga atte mo

zettai ni y, iku-[n dal.

I can’t miss seeing this art exhibition. No matter what, I’m

definitely going to go.

3. At the end of a sentence, as an exclamatory particle. Not translatable.

hBL3 bt v Bows Pa)
A) Hh FBLA CHATIID IAD HS, GFR KVVERILANaEROK

al
Benkyoo-shi-nai de asonde bakarj ita kara, iki-tai gakkoo ni
v. haire-nakatta[no dal .

It’s because you didn’t study and fooled around all the time, you
couldn’t get into the school of your choice.

B) BI LOO, ROFRE HELE]. TRE EMA EC

Id.
Kare wa isogashii no ni nagai tegamio |. kureta-|n dal. Sugu ni
henji o dasa-nakute wa.

Even though he is busy, he wrote me a long letter. I have to write

back right away.

NO-DAROO(N-DAROO) @®-7E45(A-7245)

Combination particle

A combination of the particle “no ®” and the copula “daroo E47.”

Colloquial form: “n daroo A 7/47.” Suggests a reason or a cause, though

it is uncertain.

English approximation: “is/are probably ...” “(I) wonder ...”

159
 A) BZ CC ELE UO, DEMBORRG[DEA
5|.
Ima ware-ware ni totte ichiban hitsuyoo na no wa, koogai-

mondai no kaiketsu,, na [no daroo].

The most important thing right now is probably to solve the

problem of pollution.

B) SLK[AHSI| BILEHEUZOI, RKUEEROTS

TE,
Doo ,.shita-[n daroo], moo sanjup-pun ni mo naru no ni,

kanojo wa mada modotte ko-nai.

I wonder what happened to her? It’s already been half an hour, she

hasn’t come back yet.

NODE(N-DE) O@ (AC)
Colloquial form: “nde A, TC”

Note: “node ™ @” vs. “kara 4-4.” While both are translated into English

as “since/because,” “node ®t” is employed more often in describing a

reason or a cause that is objective, or already present and beyond the

control of the speaker. “Kara 4-4” is used to express the speaker’s will,

command, conjecture, or question. Compare:

ALDO CT), Rb MBICES TLE 7.

#: 3 Bek 346 ZARW

A)
Kyoo wa aq, atatakai [node], sakura mo mankai ni naru deshoo.

Since it is warm today, the cherry blossoms will likely be in full

bloom.

BEM
<3? QP BrBA

B) [s 5 |RSS Ltt,
160
 Kuruma o ,,kai-tai chokin o shite-imasu.
Because I want to buy a car, I am saving up.

This distinction is sometimes very thin, and “kara 4*5” and “node ” T”

can on occasion be used interchangeably.

1. Indicates a reason or a cause.

English approximation: “since” “because”

A) HEeAMLENE[DTAOD], AAUTREUL THEFT.

Akachan ga , umareta Inode(n de), min-na de oo-yorokobi

shite-imasu.

Everyone is very happy, because the baby was born.

B) 2oPBIX, Bonk D BULL tror[DT KO), “Ula

NEHATLE.

Sono ryoori wa, Omotta yori 44, oishiku-nakatta Inode(n de)],

hito-kuchi shika tabe-masen deshita.

Since that dish wasn’t as good as I thought it would be, I didn’t eat

more than a bite.

2. Inthe patterns “to yuunode % oils374” TC” and “a(n)mari ... node 4 (A)
¥ n ~D) Tc.”

English approximation: “because (someone) said ... since it was SO ...

>> 66 ”

pir UU porn re) BAZ

A) (ROSRB BEIMITR AV CEZIIDOC(AT)|, BAL TAITELA.

Kare ga bijutsukan ni iki-tai to , yuu |node(n de)|, an-nai-shite

age-mashita.

Because he said he wanted to go to a museum, I took him around.

B) BAZIRODTAT). Ab-FeDBWE LK
Anmari 4,Samui |node (n de)|, sutoobu o tsuke-mashita.

161
 Since it was so cold, I turned on the heater.

3. Placed at the end of a sentence, preceded by a reason for an action

described in the first part of the sentence.

English approximation: (because)

A) OTN PAG OED. CILTERTE

BORN ons

DTA |e
Kare no apaato e itta no, dooshitemo kite morai-tai to , yuu

inode
(ndel]
I went to his apartment, (because) he said he really wanted me to

come over.

bURSL. SLEOMSEVDCAO].
a Pe: 3 te
B)
Moo neru yo, ashita no asa ga ag, hayai |node (n de)|.

I’m going to go to sleep now, (because) I have to get up early

tomorrow morning.

NO-DE @-@€@ Combination particle

A combination of the particles “no ®” and “de T.”

English approximation: “by/from the fact that ...”

A) HREOUN ETH SOUL, PERI HAVOC] bas.

PAUSE HATH Ree E
arg Bs dita

Kanojo ga ii sensee de aru koto wa, gakusee-tachi ni hyooban

Ja ag;. [no de|wakaru.

That she is a good teacher can be gathered from the fact that

students say good things about her.

B) COMMER E ROI, REY TORSO

T| DHS,
zs <3 8 U BS

162
 Kono machi no kuuki ga yoku-nai koto wa, sumoggu no hi ga

adj.OOI wakaru.

That this town’s air isn’t very clean is obvious by the fact that

there are many days with smog.

NO-DE ARU D-CAD Combination particle

A combination of the particle “no ®” and the copula “de aru TH 4.”

Emphatically expresses a reason or a cause. Mainly used in written lan-

guage. (See p. 164 “no desu M T7.”)

English approximation: (because)

bn 3B BEOF WANES
A) MABSSOIL, MRI Ded Sooe|DTHS|.
Mono ga ochiru no wa, chikyuu ni inryoku ga aru kara ,.na

no de arul.

The reason why things fall is because the earth has gravity.
GHPL 2239093 t PY Us toitaA .
B) B. RM BAUEATUKLOMbAODEO IL, (1LEARBAANKEDOB

DCH|.
Mukashi, kyooryuu ga sunde-ita no ga wakatta no wa, kaseki

ga hakken sareta kara , na [no dearu ].

The reason why we know that there were dinosaurs long ago is

because fossils were discovered.

163
NO-DESHOO(N-DESHOO) ®-CULd3(A-TL&35)
Combination particle

A combination of the particle “no ®” and the copula “deshoo @L 7.”

Colloquial form: “n deshoo A TL s 9.”

English approximation: “perhaps it’s because ...”

A) FARBER OS, BAM TORO

£5]?
Kyoo wa obon da kara, mise ga , aite i-nai ka?

Perhaps it’s because today is the day of the Obon ceremony that

stores are not open?

B) Sen, bALKAOK( TRE[A TLE I]?

Anata wa, watashi ni ai-taku te ,, kita deshoo|?
[n
Perhaps it’s because you wanted to see me that you came over,

isn’t it?

NO-DESU(N-DESU) MD -¢ os (law -¢ Co ) Combination particle

A combination of the particle “no ®” and the copula “desu tT.”

Formal form of “no da ®#.” Colloquial form: “n desu A tT.”

1. Emphasizes a statement. Not translatable.

A) FREEFZ0I, DEL ABKAOHES[D(A)

TF|e
Kodomo-tachi 0 mamoru no wa, watashi-tachi otona no

sekinin . na{no(n) desu].

It is our responsibility as adults to protect (our) children.

B) DINKBERAT SAEOD
MSH [D(A) CF].
Yuube osake 0 nomi-sugita see ka atama ga aq;itai [no(n) desu].

164
 Perhaps because I had too much to drink last night, my head hurts.

2. Emphasizes a question. Not translatable.

A) SRK WOGORSRLABSERBL t(n3[D(A) CF]

a?

Anata wa, itsu ni nattara kashita okane o , kaeshite-kureru

When are you going to pay me back the money you owe?

B) ABMOFELbLTL SOT, LIL TC MSA TH 4%

Daiji na tsubo o kowashite shimatte, doo , shite-kureru-

ka.

(You) broke a treasured vase, what are you going to do about it?

3. Inthe past tense form “no deshita ©TL#,” gives a description as an

explanation for an action.

English approximation: “(it so happened that ...)”

A) BNE AL FI, RCH oF ER ALD TLA].

Kandoo-teki na supiichi ni, ., chooshuu wa kokoro kara haku-

shu o okutta [no deshital.

After the moving speech, (it so happened that) the audience gave

their wholehearted applause.

B) PbS 5 I, EAPRLHI UG MSFHI, ZORIBARS TH

zx lz4f> TOK latlé].
Kawaisoo ni, shujin ga shinda koto mo shirazu ni, .,SOno inu

wa mainichi eki made mukae ni itte-ita deshital.

[no
Not knowing that its master had died, (it so happened that) that

poor dog went to the station to meet him every day.

165
NOMI Od
Mainly used in written language; in colloquial speech, “dake #'}” or

“bakari [%4*")” are usually used instead.

1. Excludes other possibilities and establishes a limit.

English approximation: “only”

bo Tr02hvo
A) 2 OD Ala KEE DOK.
,, Kono mura ga, suigai ni awa-nakatta.

Only this village escaped the damages from the flood.

Kel LOTR b C, RE ERMBL TLS

ye v ic actu O35
B)
Ichi-do ya ni-do no ,, tesuto de, gakusee 0 hyooka-shite

wa ike-nai.

(You) must not judge students based only on one or two exams.

2. In the pattern “nomi narazu MAYO TF.”

English approximation: “not only

hits
A) z= ORIEN (3, Rie a Bet, et 38) \\%
Kono suizokkan ni wa, _,, shinkai-gyo narazu, nettai-gyo

mo iru.

In this aquarium, there are not only deep-sea fish but also tropical

fish.

B) Ree OAL ST. MRL LT EBHL TOS

Kanojo wa ,»,kyooju to shite narazu, sakka to shite mo

katsuyaku-shite-iru.

She is active not only as a professor but also as a writer.

3. Placed at or near the end of a sentence for emphasis. The implication

166
is that there is only one alternative which is not exactly desirable but

unchangeable.

English approximation: “only”

CURES Co TRE LIU S(O,

6b we wR < YO
A)
Dooka chichi ga ikite kaette kuru yoo ni to tada , inoru [nomil.

(I) can only pray that (my) father will come back alive.
Avy REC LACS Hd ah E3
B) RAEI LL. b ULE ERATES DER O|DAlHE,
Mizu-busoku wa iyo-iyo shinkoku da. Ato wa tada ame ga furu

noo , matsu da.

The water shortage is really serious. The only thing we can do now

is to wait for the rain to fall.

NONI ODIc
1. Adversative usage, with an implied tone of surprise or dissatisfaction.

Also in the patterns “to yuu noni %4.4 Ml2” and “ii noni \vtyA 2.”

English approximation: “although” “but” “even though”

A) bb, bi SRE EXL[O|, ABAD)?

Ara, moo san-bai mo ,, tabeta [nonil, mata okawari?
My goodness, you’ve already had three helpings, but you want

another one?

B) bELOWF, BoiccnEor[OeE], won.

Watashi no booshi, tashika ni koko ni ,, oita [noni], nai wa.

I know I definitely put my hat here, but it’s gone.

C) BRAKCUG Ole), BOK ( Lb > CHUABU,

167
 Natsu-yasumi da to , yuu [nonil, shukudai ga takusan atte

asobi ni ike-nai.

Even though it’s summer vacation, (I) can’t go out to play because

(I) have too much homework. (literally: Even though it is called

“summer vacation.”)

2. Expresses dissatisfaction or resentment toward an unexpected situa-

tion.

English approximation: “(if ...), can/would do ..., (but ...)”

A) BRE Cipro Tiras, a 7 Blwv7[ OI],

Kimi ga kuru to wakatte ire ba, boku, uchi ni ,,ita [nonil.

If I had known that you were coming over, I would have been home,

(but)...
B) £58 Mdaldt, CORON ZZ[OLILH.
Moo hyaku-en are ba, kono hon ga ,, kaeru naa.

If only I had one hundred more yen, I could buy this book, (but)...

3. In rebuking the party addressed for a fault or wrongdoing.

English approximation: “even though”

re 2¢
A) EXD? toad tor[oi],
Tabe-nai no? Sekkaku , tsukutta [noni].

You're not going to eat it, even though I went to the trouble of

making it?

168
NO-NI OM-(E Combination particle

A combination of the particles “no ®” and “ni (:.”

1. Indicates the method by which an end is to be achieved.

English approximation: “in order to ...” “in doing ...”

KA vi3F 2% . _
A) BARBS oC ESBS LIS Olz|l4, CILASWUYT
ta?

Nihon-go ga motto joozu ni hanaseru yoo ni ,, naru wa,

doo shitara ti desu ka?

In order to become a better speaker of Japanese, what should I do?

B) eS !FS[Oialld, RLU EHO THOT AUS,

Yama-aruki o , suru wa, mushi-yoke o motte-itta hoo

ga il yo.

In order to hike mountains, it would be better to bring an insect

repellent.

2. Indicates the means or material with which something is to be achieved.

English approximation: “for (i.e. as a means for doing ...)”

A) (oR, FeANZ[OE|b 45 COA,

Kono hako, hon o ,, ireru choodo ii ne.

This box is perfect for putting books in, (isn’t it)?

B) Lome. mat 3[OK|FLZD tivbn,

Kono chokin, ,, ryokoo-suru ni sukoshi tari-nai wa ne.

These savings aren’t quite enough for going on a trip, (don’t you

think)?

169
O(WO)

FUNDAMENTALS OF “O 2%”

First, note that the particle “o” is always written “%,”’ even though its

pronunciation is shown as “o.” See below.

Examples:

A) < nfe|e CFESA, Give me three of these.

Kore |o| mittsu kudasai.

B) Bx LeAbe[e] Boe LK.

Otoshita okane [0 |hiroi-mashita.
Thad dropped the money I picked up

I picked up the money I had dropped.

Basically, “o %” always follows a noun or a nominal which is the direct

object of a transitive verb.

Example:

brit 7-4a[#] BNaLA.

Watashi wa keeki |o| tabe-mashita.
I cake ate

I ate (a piece of) cake.

subject transitive verb object

170
 However, some transitive verbs in English take the particle ‘
“ga 4*”

instead of “o %” in Japanese. Such verbs are not numerous, and some

examples are:

hoshii (desu)(i L‘s(-CF) (to want)

iru \\% (to need)

kikoeru BZ 2% (to be able to hear)
kirai (desu) #€\\(CF) (to dislike)
mieru Bz % (to be able to see)

suki (desu) Xf3 (TT) (to like)

wakaru 44°4 (to understand)

Examples:

A) A&KABTL[a|Hs CTH?
Anata wa osushi suki desu ka?
Do you like sushi?

B) HAHA] sto?
Anata wa nani iri-masu ka?
What do you need?

C) Zavala lors tun?

Kimi wa dore wakara-nai no?

Which is the one you don’t understand?

D) Sects |RAst.
Asoko ni yama mie-masu.

I see a mountain over there.

Another point concerning the particle “o *” is that certain intransitive

171
verbs which do not require objects in English are expressed in Japanese as

a set pattern: “noun + o #+ transitive verb.”

For example: Literally:

I ski. brLzx—[e]LST. I do skiing.

Watashi wa skii [0| shi-masu.
I jog. brELIAva ¥vY 7| | LET. I do jogging.

Watashi wa jogingu [0| shi-masu.

I study. bL ae 8 [& |LET. I do studying.

Watashi wa benkyoo [0| shi-masu.

Isweated. DEL isit[ &|ws FLK. I was in a sweat.

Watashi wa ase [0| kaki-mashita.

1. In relation to the type of verb in a sentence:

1) Placed after a noun, marks it as the direct object of the verb. Not

translatable.

A) a-t—[e]kaeled.
n, Koohii |o| nomi-mashoo.
Let’s have coffee.

B) beLIA X99, BOLUORS[E]

ENE LAL
Watashi wa, kinoo, oishii , tenpura [0|tabe-mashita.

I had very good tempura yesterday.

Nitlhays

172
 i£< Aw zt 4
C) Habe co7 77 zwel
el RK,
Boku wa ototoi furansu , eega [0|mita.

I saw a French movie the day before yesterday.

D) HLARI EH ele 44. TAO

Wy YA \G IZ,

Ashita imooto ni , denwa |o| kake-masu.

(I)’ll call my younger sister tomorrow.

E) %o7s— b cH He OS LK
Senshuu depaato de suteki na ,, kutsu |0| kai-mashita.

(I) bought a pair of very nice shoes at the department store last

week.

2) Placed after a noun which is the direct object of a transitive verb ending

in the pattern “... tai ~7:4. (want to),” “... taku-nai ~7# ¢ a. (don’t
99 66

want to),” “... takatta ~£ 42% (wanted to),” “... taku-nakatta ~# <

tt #*=> ¢ (didn’t want to),” as shown below. In these cases, “ga 4*” can

be used instead of “o #” to add slightly more emphasis. Not translata-

ble.

A) MIRE
e(DRAKA TT.
Boku wa ,, osake nomi-tai-n desu.
I want to drink sake.

173
 B) HAELILPA AZ Y—Ll (AENEAN
&
r

Watashi wa ,,aisu-kuriimu tabe-tai.

I want to have ice cream.

3) Placed after a noun in a sentence with a causative verb, indicates that

a person/thing causes/caused another person/thing to do something. A

couple of examples of the causative form of a verb are as follows. Not

translatable.

Dictionary form Causative form

Fs4 (to come) (z) RUZ (to make someone come)

kuru ko-saseru

az ¢ (to go) (£) ioe %4 (to make someone go)

iku ika-seru

A) BIET/[e]Bbecust.
Musume ni ,, piano |o| narawasete-imasu.

I’m making my daughter take piano lessons.

B) ROP, FH e|ASERUVL INL TC KAY.

Byooin no naka de wa, , kodomo-tachi |0| hashirase-nai yoo

ni shite kudasai.

Don’t allow children to run around in the hospital.

4) Placed after a noun which is the direct object of a verb in the passive

form “... reru(... re-masu) ~#4(~n z7),” “... rareru(... rare-masu)

~bnN4(~5HnET),” indicates that the subject of the sentence

receives an action from the other party. Not translatable.

A) bRLIGHE
SMe] Fltannr.
Watashi wa sensee ni , namae |o|yobareta.

174
 I was called on by my teacher. -

B) be LII Ae |ROnK. =
no speZ &

Watashi wa neko ni , sakana [0|torareta. )

My fish was taken by a cat.

2. In the pattern “... o shite-iru ~% UL T\.4 (... o shite-imasu ~% L T

\.\¢ 3 )” after a noun indicating an occupation, shows that the subject of

the sentence is engaged in that occupation. Not translatable.

A) bKLIGH ROMEE]L CaF.

Watashi wa shachoo no ,, hisho [0|shite-imasu.

B) eee] toate
Chichi wa , sensee |o|shite-imasu.

My father is a teacher.

3. Indicates the point of departure, both in the concrete and the abstract

sense.

English approximation: “ (at) ” “ (from)”

A) ju risaseeics ble ]ha to?

Anata wa maiasa nan-ji ni ,, uchi [0|de-masu ka?

What time do you leave home every morning?

B) LAU <[e]Ho CY ATA ET.

Ashita ,,rooma |0|tatte pari ni iki-masu.

I’m leaving Rome for Paris tomorrow.

175
 C) se TR EIEN CHG. P72 Y— CH BID EL
n. Chikatetsu [0|orite kara, takushii de uchi ni kaeri-mashita.

After I got off the subway, I went home by taxi.

E) b UHI DLORKF|
eR EL ETH?
Anata wa itsu kono daigaku [0|sotsugyoo-shi-masu ka?

When will you be graduating from this university?

4. Used with a verb of motion, indicates that an action is continued at the

place preceding it.

English approximation: “on 9 «66

through”

Some examples of verbs of motion are:

doraibu-suru fk 74 744 (to drive)

hashiru ey) (to run)

hau (i (to creep)

iku 4< (to go)

toori-sugiru i y 8 * % (to pass through)

wataru x 4 (to cross)

A) breLisz0—-7[e|B1 aL
Watashi wa ,, suroopu [0|suberi-mashita.

I slid down the slope.

B) bUtls cowl €]iho Cl oARE LED?

Anata wa dono ,,michi [0|tootte koko e ki-mashita ka?
Which road did you take to get here?

C) br liels, BOROE EES 4 724 [ER]EIT TLELK

Watashi-tachi wa hiroi umi no ,.ue [0| hashiru__,,, haiuee [0|
doraibu-shi-mashita.

176
 We drove on a highway running over a wide stretch of ocean.

5. Used in some set phrases such as “... o hajime to shite ~ # la UHrL

2t3
@ (including, foremost),” “... o hittoo ni ~ #38 5H [ (from the top down),”
tJ
“kore o kini 2 # #1: (taking this opportunity).”

A) BE Risa, RRL COC Lt. RBORRO

WYRL re.
Ssotsugyoo-shiki ni wa, ,, fukee [0| hajime to shite, oozee no

raihin ga shusseki-shita.

Many guests, including family members, attended the graduation

ceremony.

B) “OSU, HE Bee BARREL TOST.

Kono kaisha de wa, , shachoo [0| hittoo ni maiasa taisoo o

shite-imasu.

At this firm, everyone from the president on down does exercises

every morning.

C) onl
e HEE LL
n, Kore [0| ki ni kin-en o shiyoo.

Let me take this opportunity to quit smoking.

SA ray
Placed at the end of a sentence.

1. Emphasizes the sentence. Casual usage. Not translatable.

A) WINRRLELESO, ROOES*EN HS.

2 t , 22

Yuube tetsuya-shita-n da mono, nemui no wa ,,atarimae [sa].

You stayed up all night last night, so it’s natural (indeed) that

177
 you're sleepy.

B) BAU5T? PINDAWIRAELEEO,
HAH OO
El
Zutsuu ga hidoit te? Yuube an-na ni nonda-n da mono. Bachi

ga atatta , no |sal.
Your headache is really bad? You drank so much last night, you

are (indeed) paying the price.

2. After interrogative pronouns or a phrase containing an interrogative

pronoun, emphasizes the question in a fairly brusque manner. Not trans-

latable.

A) Led. EAB UO» |,

Jaa, dare ni kiitara ii , no [sal.
(So) who do you want me to ask, then?

B) #i:[s], BELL ENT.

n, Nani lsal, henji mo shi-nai de.

What(’s with you), that (you) don’t even answer me.

3. Inthe patterns “tesa € *” and“tosa % 3%,” introduces something that

was said by someone else.

English approximation: “..., (I hear, he/she said)”

A) RBS, RAPHY EVARK oT |=|.

Oota-kun, raigetsu rosanzerusu ni tenkin , datte ;
Ota is going to be transferred to Los Angeles next month, I hear.

B) thy beFRe ELRUSU RSLS LAYS]

Sore kara ooji-sama to oojo-sama wa shiawase ni kurashi-

mashita ,. to [sa].

178
 The Prince and Princess lived happily ever after, it is said.

SAE &Z%
1. Cites an extreme example to make a comment on the norm. Often

accompanied by a negative, or in the “sae... dakara *Z~(#)A 5”

pattern.

English approximation: “even”

A) COAlS, ls 2z|HOsbleud,
SOM ac a &

Kono sakana wa, , neko mimuki mo shi-nai yo.

Even cats wouldn’t look twice at this fish.

B) K2A-OOMBOTSA/FOSABACTL EG.
Oe ¥ bt . r3

Tatta hitotsu no machigai , de zuibun sa ga dete shimau.

Even a single mistake can make a big difference.

2. Indicates that if one criterion is fulfilled, all conditions will be fulfilled.

English approximation: “if only” “only if”

A) RS 2nd, KRHRERAOOTTAL
U PA . D> &E ® a

a. Jikan are ba, kabuki mo mi-tai no desu ga.

If only I had time, I would like to see a kabuki performance, as

well, (but)...

B) BEMAZ/LSLUHIL SRREANL BBRLAVULBINTTAS

RCaE . CAA & BW Ce & Bb .

n, Otaku-sama yoroshikere ba, konban kanai to ojama

shi-tai to omou no desu ga.

I would like to come over with my wife this evening, only if it’s

convenient for you.

179
3. Shows that something exists in addition to something else. Often in a

“.. bakari de naku ... sae ~I¥24°9 T&¢( ~2 Z%” pattern.

English approximation: “(not only ..., but) ... also”

VULEOMLD, COR, BAILA) Lee, REMODEL

Fuv25
#9
A)
KWL
Doo shita no kashira, kono neko. Osakana bakari ja naku,

dai-koobutsu no ,, miruku noma-nai no yo.

I wonder what’s wrong with this cat? Not only is she not eating

fish, but she’s also not drinking milk, which she loves.

B) Bvbot, Sa, Faso cad, Re szlpavrarys

EX>HST.
Mukashi to chigatte, ima wa, natsu bakari de naku, fuyu , de

nasu ya kyuuri ga taberare-masu.

Unlike the old days, now we can eat eggplants and cucumbers not

only in summer but also in winter.

SHI L
1. Inciting a list, emphasizes the items listed, ina “... shi ... shi ~L~L”

pattern.

English approximation: “... and ...”

A) miteG(L], Sciaynal[L], miaor< tHE.

Li¢ 3L% ok be ain FA ®

Shoku wa ,. ushinaul shil, tsuma to wa ,. wakareru| shi, kare

wa hidoku genki ga nai.

He has lost his job, (and) he has split with his wife; he’s very

180
 depressed.

B) WETIBI bH|(L], BOK CME ZS[L] LILAS

WDD bebo Br,

Jishin de uchi wa , kowareru [shi], koozui de hatake wa dame

ni y,naru [shi], doo shitara ii no ka wakara-nai.

The house was wrecked by the earthquake, and the fields were

ruined because of the flood; I don’t know what to do.

2. Ina list, shows that the items or situations listed are the reasons or

basis for another action or condition.

English approximation: “... (and)..., So ...

”

A) mseUL],SUGOR LAL], Sole soleeH-s Le

ix.
Kaze wa ,g.tsuyoi shi, yuki wa _,, furi-dashita [shi], kyoo wa

dekakeru no wa yame-mashoo yo.

It’s very windy, and it’s started to snow, so let’s not go out today.

B) Ba cAmeMATL] SLAKL EIDE.

Moo kon-na jikan ,.da [shi], ashita ni shi yoo yo.

It’s already this late, so let’s put it off until tomorrow.

3. Lists two conflicting items or situations.

English approximation: “... but ...”

A) HUM LOL], BeaeO(L], FEon co 4aRLY

Do
Atarashii yoofuku wa_ ,,hoshii ‘shil, okane wa ag.nai shi|,

gakusee no futokoro wa sabishii naa.

I want some new clothes, but I don’t have money (for them); a

181
 student’s budget is pretty sad.

mlm [UL], meee Cau[l], Bors.

it Wwe ti Le 7) ck
B)
Ha wa ag;ital [shi], haisha ni wa , iki-taku-nai [shi], komatta yo.

I have a toothache, but I don’t want to go to a dentist; I’m in a bind.

4. Inthe pattern “aru mai shi 54 #\.L.”

English approximation: “it’s not as if ...”

A) BCbHSE0(L], Boye y-KkT. BOBO?

%> at WHEW at

Natsu de mo ,,.aru mai [shi], usui shatsu ichi-mai de. Samuku-

nai no?

It’s not as if it’s summer, (and you’re wearing) only a thin shirt.

Aren’t you cold?

B) ROBE TLASAO[L], SAULHOR( BESELTOTHS

EK OKLD ?
Oo-ganemochi de mo ,,.aru_mai , an-nani zeetaku na
seekatsu 0 shite ite okane ga tsuzuku no kashira?

It’s not as if (she’s) a millionaire. I wonder if her money’s going to

last, living the luxurious lifestyle she does.

SHIKA U7

Always followed by a negative; negates everything else except that which

precedes it.

1. Placed after a noun.

English approximation: “(not) any more (than)” “only (this) and nothing

else”

182
 A) WRF AEC Reo BM Lob 924K.
Kimatsu-tesuto made, ato tatta , is-shuukan ari-masen.

There’s only a week left until final exams. (literally: Until final

exams, there isn’t any more (time) than a week left.)

B) BEX L, SBN BPICA[LAEOO ?

Okaasan, kyoo no oyatsu ,,kore nai no?

Mon, is this all there is for snacks today? (literally: Mom, is there

only this and nothing else for snacks today?)

2. Placed after a verb, sets limit on the extent of the action.

English approximation: “there is no choice but”

A) £EF—-OLA—bOMDD
IES OT. LIROKOMATS

Seminaa no repooto no shimekiri wa asatte. Koo nattara

y. tetsuya-Suru nai.

The deadline for the seminar report is the day after tomorrow.

Now I have no choice but to work on it all night long.

B) MHERENAD
HS, FOTHS(L AAU,
au db at . 5S MR

Saifu o nusumareta kara, aruite , kaeru nai.

Because my wallet was stolen, I have no choice but to walk home.

SHIMO US

1. In set patterns such as “mada shimo ##L +4” and “ori shimo 5 L

t,”: emphatic. Not translatable.

A) RBUS2K[LE)
KA VBEA TER bP ORL.
ane LL

183
 Eego nara aq,.mada [shimo], doitsu-go nan te zenzen wakara-

nai yo.

English is one thing, but I don’t understand German at all.

B) PRAPAT, HLEELERLUMMD DOK.

Yuudachi ga yande, ,,Ori sora ni utsukushii niji ga

kakatta.

The rainstorm ended, and at that time, a beautiful rainbow appear-

ed across the sky.

2. Inthe pattern “dare shimo ~#ML t.”

English approximation: “anyone” “everyone”

99> 66

A) 2nlaxn[L bez (orn.

Sore wa ,, dare kangae-tsuku koto da.

That is something anyone can think of.

B) #n[L beanie,
n, Dare shinu no wa kowadi.

Everyone is afraid of death.

3. In the pattern “kanarazu shimo Lt,” followed by a negative;

indicates a partial negation.

English approximation: “not necessarily ...”

Ryrpat¢ tava
A) WWAKREFILADED HUNT, SEF /|LB] RRAOd se v (+B

bY,
li daigaku ni haitta kara to itte, ,g, kanarazu it shoku ga

mitsukaru to wa kagira-nai.

Just because (you) get into a good university doesn’t necessarily

mean that (you) can find a good job.

184
 ZKEB
B) 7 ¢z CHE pbWBA 47 B wt 6, Nes 2,BE D>wares:

uve
© Tivs,

Kinoo made atatakai hi ga nan-nichi mo tsuzuita kara, kyoo mo

atatakai to wa ag, kanarazu |shimo| ie-nai yo.

Just because it’s been warm for several days until yesterday, it

can’t necessarily be said that it will be warm today.

SURA 95

Cites an extreme example.

English approximation: “(not) even ...”

A) BRiit, SRORE|T SME RNCARUASE (SLOZO

KL.
Sekai ni wa, san-do no ,, shokuji manzoku ni taberare-nai
hito ga takusan iru no da yo.

In the world, there are many people who cannot even get to eat

three square meals a day, you know.

B) HOEAKIL, BIBPOM(TS|ASUA ODM Motliok.

Ano roojin wa, moo jibun no , musume miwake ga

tsuka-naku natte shimatta.

The old man has reached a point where he cannot even tell his

daughter apart (from others).

185
TARA 75

Often used in the form of “ttara 7% 5.”

1. Casually marks the topic or the subject.

1) Expresses a tone of familiarity or slight criticism. Not translatable.

aa aa

A) bib eAolAb|, FKETTOS LS.

n, Oneechan t|taral, mada nete-iru yo.

She (literally: elder sister) is still in bed!

ho[kb|], BIRLA ILY FIBPELED

wir _bk6 : ; teed .

B)
n. Kare t [tara], moo atarashii gaaru-furendo ni muchuu na-n da

kara.

He is already head over heels about his new girlfriend.

2) In the pattern “ttara .. nai DA O~R, expresses surprise at an

unusual situation.

English approximation : an emphatic “as for”

SAU RA aa at

A) SRM LOR TROAK. BR trv ds

San-jikan shika nete-nai-n da. 4g, Nemui t|tara|nai yo.

I’ve only had three hours of sleep. I’m so sleepy! (literally: As for

being sleepy, it’s like nothing else.)

WINXDGo|KSO|FE THE VSM ADE,

. PACH We .
B)
Yuube no ,, kaminari t|taral, ima made ni naku, hidokatta no

yo.

As for last night’s thunderstorm, it was an unprecedentedly severe

one.

2. Indicates a tone of impatience.

186
1) In getting the attention of the party addressed, marks the pronoun or

the proper noun. Not translatable.

A) BRbeAo|hS], BC PRATII L,
hal ' Fo tors 7 .

a, Oniichan t|taral, hayaku gakkoo e ikoo yo.

Oniichan (literally: older brother), let’s hurry up and go to school.

B) MAWsoshSok, BCRTL, BRIA DAH],

BELA i = £3 ,

Omoshiroi mono ga aru yo. Hayaku kite yo, , otoosan t|tara].

There’s something interesting (here). Hurry over, Dad!

2) Placed after a verb, often in an imperative.

English approximation: “(I said) ..., (do ... already!)”

A) ALU TEDL, BK Mo TRE AV OlES],

z i> Lee = ,

Min-na matteru no yo. Hayaku , kaette-kinasai t|tara].

Everyone is waiting, you know. Come home already!

B) ski L, BOA DLRTOlKS],

& U He ,

Mada ni-ji yo. Oyatsu wa motto ,,,ato de t{taral.

It’s only two o’clock. (I said) snacks are to be (eaten) later!

3. Placed at the end of a sentence or clause, expresses an emphatic

exclamation. Not translatable.

A) PHTo[z5], TABLE,
y. Yamete t|tara| , son-na koto.

Stop doing that! (literally: Cut it out, (doing) something like that!)

B) SREB bet [% 5|,

Kondo wa boku ni ,, yarasete t|tara].

Come on, let me do it this time!

187
TARI £4)

1. Describes simultaneous or consecutive action. Often ina “... tari ... tari

~k)~r"” pattern.

English approximation: “(doing verb) and/while then (doing verb)”

A) 72K OPT, Ho[ADIR[ZDIL TORK.

Kuma wa ori no naka de, , it v. ki shite-ita.
The bear was walking back and forth in its cage. (literally: was

repeating going then coming.)

B) Perea, RAED [sealA DIL THA THOS,

Shoojo-tachi ga, ,, ton v. hane shite asonde-iru.

The girls are playing, jumping up and down. (literally: The girls

playing, leaping and jumping.)

2. Cites one action or condition as one example of others in the category.

English approximation: “such a thing as”

A) CARIB SE CHCBA TULA Tl, BRE

Kon-na ni kuraku-naru made soto de , asonde-i shite wa,

abunai yo.

It’s dangerous to (do such things as) playing outside until it’s this

dark.

B) tA MPMI CMEBTAD|L TOU EEA.

Son-na tokoro ni gomio , sute shite wa ike-masen.

Don’t (do such a thing as) throwing your trash in such a place.

188
TATTE E0T

1. Following a verb or an adjective, indicates a hypothetical situation.

English approximation: “even if (you) were to ...

A) BoBwaT ITS J o[hot], UO eMRES.

Ima goro ryokoo ni ,, ikoo t|tatte|, doko mo man-in da yo.

Even if (you) were to want to go on a trip now (i.e. this late), it

would be packed with people everywhere (you go).

B) WO AOVLKB [Ao Tt), bane SR baud,

Kaeri-tai to , omo t|tatte], moo basu mo densha mo nai yo.

Even if you were to think that you want to go home, there are no

more buses or trains running.

2. In an emphatic adversative usage. Usually in the form “ttatte 7-7

“@ ?

English approximation: “even though”

A) PLC Kobe 2o[hot], OS COI RE LR EARY

#2,

Sukoshi gurai chokin ga ,, aru t|tatte , iza to yuu toki ni wa yaku

ni tata-nai ne.
Even though you have a little bit of savings, when you really need

it (i.e. in an emergency), it won’t be of any use (don’t you think ? )

B) hiro[(iot
|, MISA ORD BREIL
v. Nomu t|tatte| , sakazuki ni hon no yon-hai ka go-hai dake da

yo.
Even though (I) say (I) drink, I mean only four or five servings in

189
 a sakazuki cup.

TE ¢

Sometimes found in the “tte > Tt” form.

1. Indicates that two actions occur simultaneously or successively.

English approximation: “do (verb) and ...”

Bec az tbh

A) BSRtT £, BACH o[T]CbW sons,

Okyakusama desu yo. Kichin to , suwa t|te| goaisatsu nasai.

We have a guest. Sit up straight and say your greetings.

KOREA
o| TC), SRO RBH K.
2¢6 We _b be it oe

B)
Sakura no hana ga ,, chi t[te], wakaba ga de-hajimeta.
The cherry blossoms have scattered, and the leaves have begun to

appear.

2. Indicates a reason or a cause.

English approximation: “because”

A) HOF, KE LH SA[t]HOTOS.
Ano ko wa, sensee ni , shikarare naite-iru.

That child is crying because (he) was scolded by (his) teacher.

B) MOTCAEX— bIRA. BESALRH OKT], UTEINL

Dok.

Hajimete go-juu meetoru oyogeta. Okaasan ni , homerare [te],

totemo ureshikatta.

I was able to swim fifty meters for the first time. I was very happy

because my Mom said she was proud of me.

190
3. Indicates a method for an action.

English approximation: “by” “with”

A) brLid, J-e I BeeY 7 eAn[<]haas,

Watashi wa, koohii ni osatoo to miruku o ,, ire nomi-masu.
I drink coffee with milk and sugar. (literally: I put milk and sugar

in my coffee (and that is the way I) drink coffee.)

B) #E9 ec[<itc 3.
Toomawari o ,.shi ikoo.

Let’s take the long way around. (literally: Let’s go by taking a road

out of our way.)

4. As aconjunction, lists items.

English approximation: “and”

A) held, RULERS KC. Kai ch eons,

Kanojo wa, ag. yasashiku kisaku de, dare ni demo sukareru.

She is nice and she is down-to-earth, so (she) is liked by everyone.

B) coamdAla, SL < [te [JBOLY.

Kono mikan wa, aq. atarashiku aq). Yasuku Oishii.

These oranges are fresh and inexpensive, and very good.

5. After a verb, in the pattern “... (t)te ... (t)te ..makuru ~(7) T~(7)

T~z ¢ 4.” Emphasizes the action.

English approximation: “... and ...”

A) RBOmAD BOO, Riso] BOSSE (oh

Genkoo no shimekiri-bi ga chikazuite, kare wa ,,kai v. kai
kaki makutta.

As the deadline for the manuscript was approaching, he wrote and

191
 wrote (like crazy).

B) SLIAM THOR DADE OOD BV. RIGRL[CHRL

[|
4 LE( 7K.
Hikidashi ni irete-oita ichi-man en ga mitsukara-nai. Boku wa

vy, sagashi y, sagashi sagashi makutta.

I couldn’t find the ten thousand yen that I had put in the drawer. I

looked and looked (like crazy).

6. In an adversative usage.

English approximation: “even though”

2. ED jbre TT HSEVS DET EEAT. BEBA

EA . L L

A)
7E\\?

Kimi, sono uwasa Oo , shitte-i shira-nai furi o suru nan te,

naze na-n dai?

Why was it that you pretended not to know about that rumor even

though you did?

MMOWRA CLKOC]. MHCRBTSUIL, SALI OB

Wold PAUSE a F
B)
WYO,

Kekkon no yakusoku made ,, shite-oi [te], kanojo o misuteru

to wa, anmari ja nai ka.

Isn’t it too (cruel) (for you) to abandon her even though (you) had

promised to marry her?

7. In the pattern “ni tsuite |=>\'\7,” introduces the topic.

English approximation: “concerning” “about”

99 66

A) RAIL, BRB 20[t|HBEOL AT.

KR bAvE

Honjitsu wa, nichibee-booeki ,,,.ni_tsui tooron o itashi-

192
 masu.

Today, we will hold a debate concerning U.S.-Japan trade.

B) kia hw EBOS LA. MBH Mi ou[t sav to=2

-AEBMRC KES,
Kazan ga mata katusdoo o hajime-mashita. Dooro-joohoo ,,,ni

tsui wa rajio no nyuusu o okiki kudasai.

The volcano has become active again. Please listen to the news on

the radio for (i.e. concerning ) road information.

Transforms a verb into a gerund by following it. Creates the “te Tt”

verb form. Not translatable.

A) bELIASMe
Rol Tat.
Watashi wa ima kao o ,ara tte] i-masu.

I’m now washing (my) face.

B) DALI HOMBRES [TL AVELA.

Watashi wa shukudai no ronbun o ,, kai shimai-mashita.

I’ve finished writing the essay for homework.

In women’s language.

1) In the pattern “... (t)te yo ~(>) Tk.” Asserts the speaker’s opinion.
Not translatable.

A) bb, LORA—b, VokN b(t]EL.

Ara, kono sukaato, pittari ya t|te] yo.

Look, this skirt fits me perfectly.

B) SOF, COBBLE EI HOTHOL(T]E.

Ano kata, sono ohanashi nara moo , shit te irashi yo.

(If you are talking about) that story, that person already knows

193
 about it.

2) Forms the interrogative. Not translatable.

A) SEK, bELOEI CU bsAs(T]?

Anata, watashi no yuu koto , waka t|te]?

Do you understand what I’m saying?

B) 2AnBorcicen[t]?
Son-na takai toko ni , nobore te|?

Can you climb (some place that is) that high up?

10. Indicates a command or a request. Sometimes in the “te yo tT £” or “te

ne 42” pattern. Not translatable.

A) BESA, BLUF a7 Faaugd, BCR Te

Okaasan, mezurashii choocho ga iru yo. Hayaku ,ki [te].

Mom, there’s a rare butterfly. Come (here) quickly!

B) Bi &x[t]k. BO CoLHMS.
Hayaku , tabe |te| yo. lsoideru-n da kara.

Finish eating already! (literally: Eat quickly!) I’m in a rush.

11. Placed at the end of a sentence, in a casual tone.

English approximation: “(I say, think, believe, etc.)”

A) BORRILISS > (T].

Kimi no byooki wa kanarazu , naoru t [te].

You will surely get well, (I believe).

B) SELOPSLAE, HODbSoUHHSZ I(T].

Anata no yasashisa o aitsu mo kitto , wakaru t ;
That fellow will surely appreciate your kindness, (I am sure).

12. As a variant of “to %,” makes a quotation. Not translatable.

194
 A) cclawal too TH 4.
F
2)

Koko wa ,.nan yuu machi daroo.

I wonder what this town is called.

B) BREeAI, ZARCUIMRA(T]
Eo th LS
Zo ct &

Oniichan wa, ,son-na koto wa dekin itteta yo.

My brother said that he couldn’t do something like that.

TEBA Cl¢

1. Introduces the topic, with a feeling of familiarity or criticism.

English approximation: “speaking of ...”

A) ABC], 4 7 zy ¥CERERRA TELL

a, Kimura-kun [tebal, infuruenza de mada gakkoo yasunderu-n

da yo.

Speaking of Kimura, he is still not going to classes because of the

flu, you know.

B) BUYMSeAlT|, EKTFLEOMTARIL THOSE,

_ ¥2 vat

n, Ojiichan [tebal, mata terebi no mae de inemuri shite-iru yo.

Speaking of grandpa, (he) is dozing off in front of the TV again.

2. Placed at the end of a sentence, gives it a tone of impatience.

English approximation: “(I said)”

A) BIRT Hb L. BVI BENE

SHS & 3 9/ TIS].
WIIA bo . rz = . ;

Oyuuhan dekita wa yo. Atsui uchi ni tabe-nai to ,, samechau t

3
Dinner’s ready! If you don’t come quickly, it will get cold, (I said).

195
 B) mero d. T (FF ¢ [tx].

Wakatta yo. sugu , iku t|teba|.

All right, I'll be right there, (I said).

TEMO(DEMO) €T#(C#)
“Temo €%” preceded by a word ending in “n A,”sound changes into

“demo 2.” See 4. B) below as an example.

1. Gives an extreme case and negates it.

English approximation: “no matter ...”

A) (AmB (TE|ZORERVAY,
Don-na ni aq. takaku sono e o kai-tai.
No matter how expensive the painting is, I want to buy it.

B) MEAL [Cb], HOFER ONS S.

Ima wa don-na ni 4g, kKanashiku [temo], itsuka wa nori-koerareru

yo.

No matter how sad you might be now, someday you will be able to

get over it.

2. Shows that regardless of a given condition or action, something occurs.

English approximation: “despite” “regardless of”

A) cowB, BAA Be ULC Et CBRERNTL EG.

Kono tango, nanben jisho o ,,hii sugu imi Oo wasurete

shimau.

Regardless of how many times I look up this word, I always forget

its meaning right away.

196
 a cu wit 23
B) Lotti
( th], Bomvosisoaw,
Jitto , nete-i [temo], koshi no itai no ga naora-nai.

Despite the fact that I’m lying still, my lower back pain isn’t getting

any better.

3. In an emphatic usage, indicates the possible limit.

English approximation: “at most” “at least”

Ans be) Bd z .
A) (OMBAIE (| CE AX OBOTL SE 4.
Kono kozutsumi wa ag.omoku go-kiro wa nai deshoo.

This package weighs at most five kilograms (and is probably less).

B) 2mA#RlSH((CH/ATAIFSTL 4 5.
ZA et SeARA .

Sono hon wa ag, yasuku go-sen en wa suru deshoo.

That book will cost at least five thousand yen.

4. Ina sentence granting permission. Not translatable.

A) BI BLERKSHADOS. REEL EBUT( HS o[ THOUTT

. 6S ” . oY nr

te
Moo ochichi 0 nomaseta kara, akachan o , daite kudasa t

ii desu yo.

I gave it some milk already, so it’s all right for you to hold the

baby.
C9 wobe ” DE
B) CORRS, EN7L—HIKA|
THM SUA L.
Kono kusuri nara, miruku to issho ni , non kamaimasen

yo.

It would be fine (for you) to take this medication with milk.

197
TE-NE C-742 Combination particle

A combination of the particles “te <” and “ne 4a.” Also used in the form

of “de ne @4a.” Usually found in women’s and children’s language, it is used

in making a request with a familiar tone. It is the informal variant of the

gerund form of a verb plus “kudasai ¢ # >\\.”

English approximation: “please” “ would you ...?”

A) BRA, SLEORE, BIEN |TAI,

DS RAS re 2

Okaasan, ashita no ensoku, onigiri , tsuku t|te ne].

Mom, could you make rice balls for tomorrow’s school trip?

B) SRILE( otk Chl, REF OR ABD,

cA © > wR # 9 c RAUEIU .

Konya wa hayaku , kaette-ki , Mariko no tanjoobi dakara.

Please come home early tonight, it’s Mariko’s birthday.

TE-WA C-[& Combination particle

A combination of the particles “te t” and “wa (i.” Also in the form “de

wa Cli.”

1. Gives a hypothetical situation followed by its result. Often implies that

the hypothetical situation is undesirable.

English approximation: “if (I) were to ...”

A) Amo SH: Bn Cla], SicMIcSb

o0.
Hachi-ji no densha ni ,. nori-okure [te wal, kaigi ni maniawa-

nai.

If (I) were to miss the eight o’clock train, (I) wouldn’t make it in

198
 time for the meeting.

B) Sy5ieo[ cit], ATL 34.

Ima kara , hajime [te wal, okurete shimau.
If (I) were to start now, I would be late.

2. Links something that has already happened to another situation, condi-

tion or action.

English approximation: (a comma)

A) CARA AABLEEORKE [CHP LRS ERA.

Kon-na ni takusan omiyage o,, itadai mooshiwake-

arimasen.

You brought so many souvenirs, you really shouldn’t have.

B) tA mime n[Cit|oervlsa2 tua,

Son-na ni , tanomare iya to wa ie-nai ne.

You beg me this much, I cannot say no.

3. Indicates a situation or a condition that is sure to give rise to the result

described in the second clause.

English approximation: “with” “when”

A) #22[tla], Mes sKue.

v. Hayama t|te wal, son o suru dake da.

When (you) rush into things, you will only lose out.

B) Asset H[ Cit], SEL. aSA,

Akanboo ga ,. umare [te wal, kimi mo isogashiku naru ne.
With the baby born, you’ll be busy, (won’t you).

4. Indescribing a repeated combination of actions, links the first action to

the second.

199
English approximation: “keep doing ...”

A) Rid, be eBo[ cis RUB o[CRU COR.

Kare wa, koishio ,,hiro t|te wal nage , hiro t|te wa nagete-

ita.

He kept picking up a pebble and throwing it.

B) SLAURELOK, SRM CboEeAI, FEREN[ CAA

DREW,
Ashita wa ensoku na noni, konya wa ame. Tomo-chan wa,

sora o ,. miage tameiki o tsuite-iru.

Tomorrow is the school trip, but it’s raining tonight. Tomo keeps

looking up at the sky and sighing.

TO ¢<
1. The most basic function of “to %” is to list nouns, noun phrases and

noun clauses. Note that another particle “ya x?” has a similar function, but

its usage is slightly different (see “ya *?,” p. 241).

1) Lists concrete and abstract things.

English approximation: “and”

A) 1A c[e]avaaz-7rm ESN ET.

n, Ringo n. budoo ga teeburu no ue ni ari-masu.
word

There are apple(s) and grape(s) on the table.

bi aed toe . 32
B) OO ASL ROS IEF-TIMLI NET.
n, Akai ringo n.midori no budoo mo teeburu no ue ni ari-
phrase phrase,

masu.

200
 There are also red apples and green grapes on the table.

brLAKoE NAC eSeke Rohe juF-7VOLicd

» ta _ . 32
C)
2ET.

n, Watashi ga katta ringo n, anata ga katta budoo wa

clause clause

teeburu no ue ni ari-masu.

2) Often in the “(noun) to (noun) to ~%~2%” pattern, contrasts or

compares the two nouns.

English approximation: “and” “or” “between”

A) re hen7[e] Boiva[e|eeoeRoagle 52?

Sukimu_ ,,miruku [to futsuu no _,,miruku [to dochira o kai-
mashoo ka?

Which should I buy, skim milk or regular milk?

B) *EPE
fe|cis ao et.
n, Natsu n, fuyu|to| de wa kion wa taihen chigai-masu.
Between summer and winter, there is a great difference in tempera-

ture.

C) BEOB VER ZAMS OB AEX[ Vb BAUS OIE

HER CHA?
n. ph. Lani-kun no kaita sakubun n. ph, Kitagawa-kun no kaita

sakubun anata wa dochira no hoo ga suki desu ka?

Which do you like better, the composition written by Tani or the

one by Kitagawa?

D) barb biabEe, comes [e|MPEonN

Are kara moo nijuu-nen ka, kono machi mo_ ,, mukashi

201
 zuibun kawatta ne.

Twenty years have passed since then. This town has changed a lot

(since then).

+ Note that although “to ~” functions like the English “and,” it cannot

connect two separate sentences, nor can it stand alone at the beginning of

a sentence. “Soshite ~@ lL T” must be used in these cases instead.

a) The sentence: “I wrote a letter, and you wrote a letter (also)” must be

translated as “Watashi wa tegami o kaki-mashita. Soshite, anata mo

tegami o kaki-mashita. # L li FB & = SELLA. ELT ABKRE Bs

tk#24.” It can never be: “Watashi wa tegami o kaki-mashita.

To, anata mo tegami o kaki-mashita. bx: L fee ee SEL. x
DULLFIMEBSELK
b) The sentence: “And, after that, (she) sat down.” must be translated as

“Soshite, sono ato, suwatta. LT, 2 Dik, Hor.” It can never be:
“to, sono ato, suwatta. K, n tk, Bo 7.”

Therefore, do not get into the habit of always translating “and” as “to

x~.” Make sure that you think about its usage first.

2. Indicates that the speaker carried out an action together with the

subject who is marked off by this particle.

English approximation: “with” “accompanied by”

A) &O35 18, #&[ZNAKE SEL

Kinoo wa, ,, otooto kawa e oyogi ni iki-mashita.
Yesterday, I went swimming in the river with my brother.

Sami, RlaBxear[e]Esar[e|rvs—w-ekx4
Lk.

202
 Kyoo ohiru ni, boku wa _ , otoosan n, Okaasan [to] han-

baagaa o tabe-mashita.

Today for lunch, I had a hamburger with my father and my mother.

ars SVISVABAR Wola
C) LBSAIRA MBSA vee ST.
Kitajima-san wa raigetsu , minamida-san [to kekkon-

shimasu.

Kitajima is going to marry Minamida next month.

3. After a noun.

I) Indicates that an action which follows is performed in a struggle

against something.

English approximation: “against”

enh &334 RED yw
A) ISR Z| Blo. DlVIC BOK,

Kare wa _,, kyoofu tatakatte, tsui ni katta.

He fought against his fears, and he finally conquered them.

REPEL
AWA WAH! X |BloT. OIE BLA}
APF NCA CAA RD MILI3

B)
Mizuno
- kun wa iro-iro na , kon-nan tatakatte, tsui ni

yuushoo-shita.

Mizuno, after struggling against many obstacles, finally won first

place.

2) Precedes certain incomplete intransitive verb such as “call ... (...to

&
yobu ~% *3:),” “become ... (..to naru ~% & 4), “name ... (...to
“3
nazukeru ~% Zftlt 4).” The noun preceding “to %” becomes the

complement of the verb. Not translatable.

RUIULRGCA cpa st oat
A) HTEULEROeE|
Ye |Rok,
Takeshita-kun wa koogakubu no ,. gakusee natta.

203
 Takeshita became a student in the engineering department.

B) REIKO IUEF yo RAL I|FUST.

£bRS wZ< < .

Tomodachi wa boku no koto o , tacchan yobi-masu.

My friends call me Tacchan.

C) ml oeeeo’me [KI-AI [ejousle.

brS &o SF TA % ER

Atarashii kissaten no namae o “,, doriimu” tsuke-mashita.

We named the new coffee shop “Dream.”

3) Indicates that something reaches/reached a goal or a new state. Not

translatable.
SALI vu
A) WEWEEHaOELIZ0ELA.
lyo-iyo undoo-kai no ,,hi nari-mashita.

At last the field day has come.

B) 7 AVAOHARBSILSHCH GAle lor,

BED FRA fA Used FARA

Kurisumasu no gaitoo-bokin wa zenbu de ,, hyaku-man en

natta.

The total amount of donations collected on the streets during the

Christmas season reached one million yen.

C) SN EBLF
RED AB] ear.
U4 if 2 Uoks CIARA

Ano hiroba wa kodomo-tachi no , kooen natta.

That field has now been made into a playground for children.

4) After a quantity or a number, indicates that something can be done in

less than that quantity or number. Also, emphasizes the negative.

English approximation: “(not) as much as” “never (not even once)”

Lee Ao D>
A) tA ae#iteale leon sth.
Son-na shigoto wa , mik-ka [to] kakari-masen.

204
 It wouldn’t take more than three days to do that kind of work.

B) Deb OMS Crd, — MMe AAG 5 BIAS

ELK.

Himawari no tane o maite kara, , is-shuukan tata-nai uchi

ni me ga dete-kimashita.

The sunflower seeds sprouted in less than a week after I planted

them.

C) Bj ae[c oA BHAT EO.

Moo ,,ni-do an-na tokoro e wa ika-nai.
I’m never again going to go to a place like that.

4. In the patterns “... (a verb) yoo to... mai to ~(£) 5 U~ENVY,” “(a
noun) CH49%~(T)2A45 UX,” and “... (anadj.) 2459 U~RAS SI UX.”

English approximation: “(whether) ... or not”

A) foec soe} euaule], enukgickec oAAKS

Kimi ga ,, shinji-yoo y. shinji-mai to], sore wa hontoo ni

okotta-n da yo.

Believe it or not, that really happened, you know.

B) LneERCHSI[CJaersa[e], DAL HAY,

Sore ga jijitsu . de aroo ag, Nakaroo [to], watashi wa kama-

wanai.

Whether it’s true or not, it doesn’t matter to me.

D) Kavi [pears s[eRae caso,

ag. OOkikaroo ag. Chiisakaroo aji sae yokere ba ii.

Whether it’s big or small, I don’t care as long as it tastes good.

205
5. As a quotation particle, introduces a clause or a phrase.

English approximation: “that” or a comma

Some examples of verbs that introduce a quoted clause are:

.. to hanasu wv EF (tell that ...)

Wa
=
. to yuu ~x% 37 (say that ...)
PArt
.. to kangaeru Ewe 4 (consider that ...)

.. to omou ~vk 2 5 (think that ...)

.. to soozo0o-suru ~ URES 4 (imagine that ...)

. to wakaru ~%42°4 (understand that ...)

A) WOmlLKIRASSHAI/L IRI.
Fo U LA . Bd .

a, [tsuka wa daijishin ga aru daroo omou.

I think that someday, there will be a big earthquake.

B) MRF Ab Mee ROK.

KLEIPASSA az

co. Kimatsu-tesuto wa ni-shuukan saki [to] kimatta.

It’s been decided that the final exam is going to be in two weeks.

C) pitia[e|Rone, Mor E.
>|,Obake ka omottara, yanagi no ki da yo.

I thought that it was a Bhost, but it’s (merely) a willow tree.

D) 29IY VEL eoKs, RELBAS

[Le |- EMS OK,
oe-) roan3 rE Be mL

Marason wa kurushikatta ga, 4 tomodachi ni okure-mai

isshoo-kenmee hashitta.

The marathon was very hard; determined that I wasn’t going to fall

behind my friends, I ran the best I could.

F) BEUSAMO TORE, 5, PRE HE) [e]btosct

GAUDI tc

Lio

206
 Omise wa kyoo wa aite-inai yo. Hora, ,».”honjitsu kyuugyoo”

dete-iru deshoo.

The store isn’t open today. See, there is a sign that says “closed for

today.”

6. Follows a mimesis, an onomatopoeic adverb.

English approximation: “in the manner of”

A) 4 lz Lolly Botan,

Soko ni ,,,ji t|to| suwatte i-nasai.

You sit still there. (literally: There, in the manner of stillness, keep

sitting.)

aT enor9[e|€o tla tt hy,

Rooka o , bata-bata |to| hashitte wa ike-masen.

You should not run down the hall making lots of noise. (literally:

Down the hall, in the manner of making lots of noise, you should

not run.)

C) Tomo Pe Peace 214,

o, GOro-goro kaminari ga natte-iru.

Thunder is rumbling. (literally: In a rumbling manner, the thunder

is making noise.)

D) x x BRO vss [eink

Ookina ki ga , dosa t|to] taoreta.

A huge tree fell down with a thud. (literally: A huge tree, in the

manner of a “thud,” fell down.)

7. Placed after a verb, indicates that the action/condition described in the

clause preceding it immediately initiated another action/condition.

207
English approximation: “when” 9 66
“as soon as”
PAT #3 9l2 tive
LEH EN CRS(C |, FRR BSD TCR BOK,
tw & wx 2

A)
Sensee ga kyooshitsu ni , haitte-kuru , seeto-tachi wa

awatete seki ni tsuita.

As soon as the teacher entered the classroom, the students took

their seats in a hurry.

ators 2 BEE E
B) AER I [| KIER
BE TAH,
Boku ga gakkoo ni , tsuku [to], tomodachi ga oozee yotte-kita.

As soon as I got to school, many of my friends came over to me.

C) Hohea[c], MEK eon LI Boe oh.

Maku ga ,. agaru [to], kankyaku wa mizu o utta yoo ni shizuka

ni natta.

When the curtain went up, the audience became completely silent.

Sake 3b S| |, Hine SILAMR EHH Z,

)s oS) aU ate Ee) CaHA aU

D)
Yuki ga ,, furi-hajimeru [to], doobutsu-tachi wa toomin o

hajimeru.

When the snow starts to fall, animals go into hibernation.

8. Placed after an adjective or a verb, creates a conditional.

English approximation: “if” “when”

et
HALVES]a zo Cuber
LAIzu
A)
Anmari ag, yasui kaette shinpai da.

If it’s too cheap, then that makes me worry.

2xrar[vjos outa.
&A c

B)
Kimi ga ,. ko-nai tsumaranai naa.

It’ll be boring if you don’t come.

208
 C) coBuR, chnsleouenee (Blass.
Kono furui to, , kowareru ikenai kara hayaku naoshi-

mashoo.

Let’s fix this old door before it breaks. (literally: As for this door,

it won’t be good if it were to break, so let’s fix it soon.)

D) moths[e], KLIBI ZT.

Ame ga ,, furu [to], mizu-busoku ga kaishoo-suru no desu ga.

If it were to rain, the water shortage would be solved, but ...

E) SO CARI (Ee). BOLI Che ENON; L.

Ano udon-ya ni ,,.iku [to], oishii udon ga taberareru yo.

If you go to that noodle restaurant, you can have great udon

(noodles).

9. Inthe pattern “ari to arayuru.... 57 YHOWAZ~”

English approximation: “every possible (thing/method)”

FR bE [ZI] SSWSRUAHEL TOS,

Depaato ni wa ari arayuru shinamono ga narande-iru.

Everything that you can think of is available in a department store.

10. In the pattern “... to naku ... to naku ~¢% &¢( ~2%4¢,” describes a

ceaseless action.

English approximation: “without ... or ...”

misecla Ree MOK.

Kare wa , hiru naku ,,.yoru naku hataraita.

He worked all day long. (literally: without day or night)

209
TO-IE-BA &-bL\Z%-(H# Combination particle

A combination of the particles “to %” and “ba |x” and the verb “ie \. z,”

from “yuu \\4 (to say).” Introduces the topic casually.

English approximation: “speaking of ...”

A) 5, 2HA[eOaa], SAME CAOKE.

Aa, ,, mitsui-kun , sakki rooka de atta yo.

Oh, speaking of Mitsui, (I) saw him in the hallway awhile ago.

B) [CUA], BAL oTETA THIEN,

n, Laki nan to itte mo naiagara da ne.

Speaking of waterfalls, it’s definitely Niagara Falls (that’s the

best), no question.

TO-II d£-L\U\ Combination particle

A combination of the particle “to %” and the verb “ii \.\\,” from “yuu \

4 (to say).” In the pattern “... to ii... to ii ~Yivv~xrivhb1,” lists two or

more items and establishes them as the topic, to be followed by a comment.

English approximation: “as for ... and ...”

A) SOROAF—HFId, RLOO|ME Loong oven,

Ano mise no suteeki wa, ,,.aji n, nedan yuu koto nai
ne.

The steak at that restaurant, (as for its) taste and price, it’s perfect.
id dtd RAEES
B) RSMNSAlL, BBlUOUlat—yl_roulnots by 7AM
to
210
 Hasegawa-san wa, ,, benkyoo n, SsUupootsu itsu-

demo toppu na no yo.

Hasegawa, (in) studies and sports, is always the best one (in the

group).

TO-ITTA C&-bL\DZE Combination particle

A combination of the particle “to %” and the verb “itta \\>7-,” from

“yuu \\4 (to say).” Lists two or more items.

English approximation: “such as”

IEA AU» Loif3

A) HAOBLERS. WORE LE[COSA|T 7 eH I —BOUT Le

~

Jo

Nihon no omiyage nara, ,, shinju ya shippoo akusesarii

mo ii deshoo.

In terms of souvenirs from Japan, accessories such as pearls and

cloisonne are probably suitable, too.

s HORI, REP BAC OOK AE OEE TT.

Uchi no musume wa, ,,Suugaku_ ya rika kamoku ga

tokui desu.

Our daughter is good at subjects such as math and science.

TO-ITTE é -L\D> C._ Combination particle

A combination of the particle “to v” and the verb “itte \.> Tt,” from

“yuu 4.5 (to say).” In an adversative usage at the beginning of a sentence.

211
English approximation: “however”

A) BUFO AMIS S95 [LOO TESOL OH. RK

AIXAILL EI.
lsoge ba juu-ji no basu ni mani-ai soo da. hashiru no

wa iya da. Tsugi no basu ni shi yoo.

If (I) rush, it looks like I might be able to make the ten o’clock bus.

However, I don’t want to run. I’ll (catch) the next bus.

B) BRIS, lea RB Ictok, [euot], BR —-A-RO® b

La ee Borblt Tas,

Nihon wa, tashika ni keezai-taikoku ni natta. [To ite], kokumin

hitori hitori no kurashi ga yutaka ni natta wake de wa nai.

Japan has certainly become an “economic giant.” However, that

doesn’t mean that the standard of living of each member of society

has increased significantly.

TO-IWA-ZU &-l\7-F Combination particle

A combination of the particles “to %” and “zu +,” and the verb “iwa(-nai)

\\4o(44)),” from “yuu \\4 (to say).”

1. A negative imperative that influences a quotation.

English approximation: “don’t say that ...”

A) bonrtnrcKker[eobst]icmikot. 6. BAT CKE.

wA It

Moo heto-heto da , nado ni ganbatte. Hora, moo

sugu da yo.

Don’t say things like you’re completely worn out; just hang in there.

212
 Look, we’re almost there.

B) Bowe [LODT] b9-RHEBRL TAR SOUL OB

\v?

y. Akirameta [to iwazu], moo ichido sensee ni soodan shite

mitara ii-n ja nai?

Don’t say that you’ve given up; why don’t you (literally: wouldn’t it

be better if you) talk to your teacher about it again?

2. In the pattern “... to iwa zu... to iwa zu ~Y% Wb Fer uHF,” indi-

cates an all-inclusiveness.

English approximation: “not only all..., but ...”

PEKUwI
A) § Props ]2[r
ovat],
Obs RIGS SHH:
n, Le [to iwa zul n, ashi [to iwa zu], karada-juu ka ni sasareta.

Not just all over my hands and feet, but I was bitten by mosquitoes

all over my body.

B) la, B[LObF RCT], MALHNITEHERA

THD
Kare wa, ,,asa n, Yoru [to iwa zu], hima sae are ba

manga o yonde-iru.

Not just in the morning and in the evening, but he reads comics

whenever he has time.

TOKA «7

1. Lists several items.

English approximation: “such as ... and ... (and ..., etc.)”

A) Abeedls, ET Z[em |e ea| BEF Um|AC SABIOS

2 Les

213
 Inti aoTHAD,

Miyo-chan wa, ,, piano n.€ n, oshuuji ta-

kusan okeeko ni itte-iru no yo.

Miyo is taking many lessons such as piano, drawing, and calligra-

phy, you know.

FLEA NATO, FLIROMBERZ(CH|, RES

BEFE HAL AW

bhti ([ea], Lead.

Terebi bakari mite-inai de, sukoshi wa otooto no mendoo o ,

miru |tokal , inu O sanpo ni , tsurete-iku , shi-nasai yo.

Instead of watching TV all the time, why don’t you at least do

something like look after your little brother or take the dog out for

a walk?

2. Conveys uncertainty, often due to its hearsay nature.

English approximation: “something like ..., (I hear)”

Wd WEBCO ZA 3
A) HORIL, Alea |CHnAtI CTS.
Ano ie wa, ,.ichi-oku en de ureta soo desu yo.

That house was sold for something like one hundred million yen, I

hear.

"Se ZOBUWSLIL. ”erroke ER RBEMZ TAA

THF 7T.

Takashi-kun no ojiisan wa, ,, hyaku ikutsu de mada eego

o oshiete-iru-n desu-tte.

Takashi’s grandfather is something like a hundred-odd years old,

and is still teaching English, I hear.

214
TOKORO cc4

Shows that two events occurred successively.

English approximation: “when”

A) J bN\ Io TAR|U
LS), SRO BTR,
wR TIPS 95 | ze

Uchie , kaette-mita [tokoro |, gookaku-tsuuchi ga todoite-ita.

When I came home, (I found that) the acceptance letter had been

delivered.

KEM CALLS), PROOY KY RBIARY KY bdo

Teo

Jinji-bu ni , kiite-mita [tokoro |, buchoo no rondon tenkin wa

hontoo da to wakatta.

When I asked the personnel division, I found that it was true that

our director would be transferred to London.

TOKORODE ¢€<24@

Poses a hypothetical situation. The tone is pessimistic, implying that

even if that something were to happen, an undesirable situation would still

exist in reality.

English approximation: “even if (you) were to ... ?

4 z
A) vdROTAR|L IST) BC LAE FAA
KLFAR TARA,
v. Nageite-mita 'tokorode|, nakushita bideo-kamera wa
modotte wa ko-nai sa.

Even if you were to grieve, the camcorder that you lost won’t come

215
 back.

B) SERLALL IAT), MiASKAFTLS 7.

WFCA db wn 6 Ft

Ima , denwa-shita tokorode|, kare wa mada rusu deshoo.

Even if you were to call now, he’s probably still out.

TOKORO-E «¢24-“% _ Combination particle

A combination of the noun “tokoro % = 4 (a place/an occasion)” and the

particle “e ~..” Indicates that as one action was being carried out, by

chance, something else happened.

English approximation: “just when ...”

A) DAL AW MEBHLIVUL TV S[L

L444), ABSA SRO
Ke.

Watashi ga shukudai o hajime-yoo to , shite-iru [tokoro e],

murata-san ga asobi ni kita.

Just when I was about to start doing my homework, Murata came

over for a visit.

B) AMAL
ELL OBA], AAA Ze,
Oo-ame ga , yanda [tokoro e], yama-kuzure ga okita.

Just when the rainstorm had ended, there was a landslide.

TOKOROGA £247

Indicates that although the speaker was anticipating one result which is

described in the first clause, the real result was unexpectedly negative.

216
English approximation: “but”

A) BULZIBAFIBOT KC SAN OAL ISA], BOF OF

PALE SHEE TZ,

Oishi-soona ichigo na node, takusan , katta [tokoroga], hako

no shita no hoo no wa daibu kusatte-ita.

The strawberries looked good, so I bought a lot, but many of the

ones at the bottom of the box were rotten.

B) BBARKOAAOREBATEMAUAlYE
CBA], FRI C
+ abe Nizmok.

Asa otenki datta kara kasa 0 motazu ni , dekaketa [tokoroga],

gogo ni natte dosha-buri ni natta.

I went out without an umbrella because it was nice out this

morning, but in the afternoon, there was a downpour.

TOKORO-O €24-%

Indicates that something unexpected has happened or is happening.

Colloquial form: “toko-o % < %.”

English approximation: “although (usually) ...”

A) BAI, Woe Ro PIM CRB[L OSE], yy

SRS EIS
7

Shujin wa, itsumo nara juu-ji ni wa , kaette-kuru [tokoro-o],

kon-ya wa mada kaera-nai.

Although my husband usually comes home before ten o’clock, he

hasn’t come home yet tonight.

217
 B) 02h O#GS, SOF MEE CHC wS[C CAE), SHED
kL ee 3 L4 a ily Ae

ELEADE
(TEESRSEMS I EtA,

Itsumo no toshi nara, imagoro wa yama wa yuki de , shiroku-

naru [tokoro-o], kotoshi wa atatakaku te mada yuki ga ari-

masen.

Although usually at this point, the mountains turn white with snow,

this year, it’s warm and there is still no snow at all.

C) wobme coplcidex acre), Aes abl est eaeL

a % itu

ae LtLE 7H.

Itsumo nara_shichi-ji ni wa_ , okiru |toko-o], kesa wa

mezamashi-dokee ga koshoo shite, neboo-shite shimatta.

Although usually I get up at seven o’clock, the alarm clock was

broken this morning and I overslept.

TOMO <%

1. In the patterns such as “don-na ni... tomo “A@ZIz-~Y% 4,” “doreda-

ke .. tomo Yn#EIT~2x% bt,” expresses an absolute determination.

English approximation: “no matter ... ”

A) Toe CHE-BNK, CARIEL ¢ [eb IR CES,

me

Gooru made ato hito-mawari da. Don-na ni 4g kurushiku

ganbatte hashiru zo.

One more lap until the finish line. No matter how hard it may be,

I'll give it my best and run.

B) eniiilaessi[vt], CoeBAU
eo CL ab aA
. U RA .

218
 IG 5 WV,

Doredake jikan ga , kakaroo [tomo], kono shigoto dake wa

yatte shimawa-nakere ba nara nai.

No matter how long it may take, I absolutely have to finish doing

at least this job.

2. After an adjective, indicates an approximate limit.

English approximation: “at least” “at most”

BE SVL eZ AAU
A) (|b
|RMS CHIP REE (KAY,
adj OsOku raishuu made ni wa ohenji o kudasai.

Please give me an answer by next week at the latest.

BRERL TSA TTAY PUK (LEIA BURL RET,

~ © az < 46¢U23 iF3 Bb

Heya o sagashite-iru-n desu ga, 4g sukunaku roku-joo

wa hoshii to omoi-masu.

I’m looking for a room, and I’d like one that has at least six-tatami

mats.

3. At the end of a sentence, strongly and curtly expresses a decision or

statement of fact.

English approximation: “..., all right.”

A) (8, R¥IUFOERAOH?] PHAZE]. |

“Kimi hontoo ni UFO o mita no ka?” “, Mita [tomo].”

“You really saw a UFO?” “I saw it, all right.”

BOM ABOU b|, BAZAR IUEIDUBVES?

x4 x BH F< Wo ;
B)
Kimi no kiki-chigai , da [tomo]. Boku ga son-na koto yuu

wake nai daro?

You misheard me, all right. You know there’s no way I'd say

219
 something like that!

TO-MO &-+ Combination particle

A combination of the particles “to %” and “mot.” Emphasizes the

preceding noun. Not translatable.

A) AAT XI HiAbAt. SHA[LE|HPHALAONSELAY

M5 BIRT.
Asu amerika ni tachi-masu. ,, Anata toobun ome ni
kakare-masen ga, dooka ogenki de.

I’m leaving for the U.S. tomorrow. I won’t be seeing you for a long

time, but please take care of yourself.

B) €e(rb|e25 Ae, BACMHOAUIINZ,

n, Keekan aroo hito ga, nusumi o hataraita to wa nee.

(Can you believe that) a policeman (literally: someone who is a

policeman) committed a theft!

TO-MO-ARE &-%-®%1 Combination particle

A combination of the particles “to “” and “mo 4,” and “are 5,” from

the verb “aru 4 4 (to be/exist).”

1. After a noun or a nominal followed by “wa (i,” plays down its impor-

tance.

English approximation: “putting aside ...” “never mind ...”

A) iaxis[eean|, Ses cote Lb e.

220
 Ikisaki , wa [to mo are], kotoshi koso wa kaigai-ryokoo o

shi-yoo yo.

Putting aside the (issue of the) destination (for the time being),

let’s (agree to) finally go on a trip overseas this year.

B) EoRa[e bon], boc M Bl evr sess¥eirtngy

to
liwake , wa [to mo are], motto benkyoo shi-nai to kiboo-suru

gakkoo ni haire-nai yo.

Never mind excuses; if you don’t study more, you won’t be able to

get into the school of your choice.

Ble
2. Inthe pattern “nani wa to mo are liv tn.”

English approximation: “in any case ...

A) [ibe BULZIRT—-FI) [SuKKEOROL, Ald

eben), BRAK RELI |
“Uwaa, oishi-soona keeki!” “Ima itadaita no yo. ,,.Nani wa

[to mo are], sassoku itadaki-mashoo yo.”

“Wow, that cake looks good!” “(Someone) just gave it to us. In any

case, let’s go ahead and eat it now.”

B) fs[e bon], SCHADILILTC,SAOL IARC

IrLzELE7.
ph. Nani wa [to mo are], subete wa asu no koto ni shite, kyoo no

tokoro wa neru koto ni shi-mashoo.

In any case, let’s leave everything for tomorrow, and go to bed for

tonight.
TO-SHI-TE ¢-U-C Combination particle

A combination of the particles “to %” and “te <,” and “shi L,” from the

verb “suru + 4 (to do).”

1. Indicates a position or a circumstance.

English approximation: ‘as

(Tt) ?

cA ue THAW Moco IKVUs IEA LD a6

A) AVE ORK AARS 21S, CaneSADR REF COL THN EL
Feo

Kondo no suiee-taikai ni wa, hayakawa-san ga , gakkoo-dai-

hyoo-senshu erabare-mashita.

For the coming swim meet, Hayakawa was chosen as the athlete

representing our school.

YavBRBlA, BRA[L
UTC MOT, THYATKH HERI.
FA U i HAVA BLDC 3

Jon manjiroo wa, ,, nihonjin hajimete, amerika de

kyooiku o uketa.

John Manjiro was the first Japanese person (literally: the first

person as a Japanese) to receive an education in the US.

2. Sets aside a topic for the time being.

English approximation: “let’s leave the ...

A) BIRCH o(V UT), SFRECL ELI.

Hanashi wa ato de , suru [to shi te], mazu shokuji ni shi-

mashoo.

Let’s leave talking for later, and eat first.

B) CNA HRATH[L LT), MILD TILE KOS OS LBHHBL

72 £,

222
 Sono uwasa wa ,sore |to shi te|, kare ni tsuite wa mada iro-iro

to hanashi ga aru-n da yo.

That rumor aside, I have many other stories about him, you know.

3. Followed by a negative in the sentence or clause, shows that there are

no exceptions to a category.

English approximation: “not even ...”

A) -A[Y Ut] c OMa AEE OR EA TLE

n, Hitori kono mondai ga toketa gakusee wa i-masen

deshita.

There was not even one, among the students, who could solve this

problem.

B) it, ~B[ZUt|Reoc re Rosalie,

Boku wa, ,, ichi-nichi kanojo no koto 0 omowa-nai hi

wa Nal.

There isn’t a single day that I don’t think about her.

TO-SHITE-MO ¢c-Lc-#s Combination particle

A combination of the particles “to ~” and “mo 24,” and “shite L t,” from

the verb “suru +4 (to do).”

1. Indicates that a position or a circumstance is the same as that which

was mentioned in a previous sentence.

English approximation: “as for ..., also/too ...”

A) brL[Z Lb] SEKhOMAIL (be Vat. ULI CER

WH”) ETA 5,

223
 ,, Watashi anata no nayami wa yoku wakari-masu.

Onaji-yoona keeken ga ari-masu kara.

As for me, too, I understand your worries. I’ve also had similar

experiences.
UeFx390235 h 5 BARI PARE
PTA(Y Lt], 2 AOMENIL, PKU
EZ EF.
3

a. PTA [to shite mo], jugyoOo-ryoo no ne-age wa, mondai da to

kangae-masu.

As for the PTA, (we) too, think that the increase in tuition is a

problem.

2. Establishes a hypothetical situation.

English approximation: “even if (you) were to ...

A) br Like ORM 2[L UTE], BSUS A,

Watashi wa sono an ni wa , sansee-suru |to shite mo], okane

wa ima wa dase-masen.

Even if I were to agree to that proposal, I cannot give you any

money now.

Pemoezs[e ets]. SEsPowy Avoclselsin,

Kuruma o ,, kai-kaeru |to shite mo], kondo mo yappari shiroi

no ni shi-mashoo ne.

Even if we were to buy a new car, we would stick with white, right?

TO-SHITE-WA c- LL C-[K Combination particle

A combination of the particles “to %” and “wa (i,” and “shite L 7,” from

the verb “suru +4 (to do).” Indicates a position or a circumstance.

224
English approximation: “as for”
WOU & yi ctb
A) RAY LTS, ROTFTUR—-—AKEMAMDABADEDESZSI,

n, Kanojo [to shite wal, kare no puropoozu o kotowaru hoka

nakatta no daroo.

As for her, there was probably no other choice but to say no to his

marriage proposal.
pn Ww dA ARV
B) bELIYL TIL. MROBRIARATT.
n. Watashi [to shite wal, kare no tken ni hantai desu.

As for me, I don’t agree with his opinion.

TO-WA ¢-(X Combination particle

A combination of the particles “to %” and “wa (i.”

1. Asa quotation, introduces the topic.

English approximation: “the (thing) that is called ...”

A) Fox 7e—N[L I], REAR LOBOS.

n, Burakku-hooru [to wal, ittai don-na mono na no daroo.

What exactly is the thing that is called a black hole?

B) BGS[e
it], BGGRISAU
EY CHUTE ED THS ID
n, 2eeji [to wal, seeji-ka ni dake makasete-oite yoi mono de

aroo ka.

That which is called “government,” is it something that we should

leave only in the hands of politicians?

2. Asan emphatic version of “to %,” meaning “together with.”

English approximation: “with”

225
 A) brL, BRE[Ca|b 5 SS5 OPO.
Watashi, , takami-kun moo tsuki-au no yameta wa.

I’ve decided to stopbeing friends with Takami.

B) WAAL], LbBROL SD SOBRETTO.

n, Ogawa-san to wal, shoogakoo no toki kara no otomodachi

desu no.

I’ve been friends with Ogawa since grade school.

3. Placed at the end of a sentence as an exclamatory particle, expresses

Surprise, anger or some sort of emotion.

English approximation: “to think that.

A) MAB. SARI PHSB RL PORE 5 7:[CL]

Takeuchi-kun, an-na ni isshoo-kenmee benkyoo-shita no ni

fu-gookaku , datta ;

Takeuchi studied so hard and to think that he didn’t pass!

B) B98 8428 [ea], ABORODIRMY EODKS),

Upstc 2EU SA Pe .

Moo kotoshi mo ,, juuni-gatsu to wa). Tsukihi no tatsu no wa

nan to hayai no daroo.

To think that it’s already December! How quickly the days and

months pass.

TO-WA-IE &-(&-U\Z Combination particle

A combination of the particles “to %” and “wa [3,” and “ie \\z,” from

the verb “yuu 4.4 (to say).” Used as an adversative conjunction. Inter-

changeable with “to wa ii-nagara © la\.\.44*5” or “to wa yuu mono no

226
Litt 7 BOD.”
English approximation: “even though”

A) Mmlc og], SHH BA SY,

n7 PSuyu |to waie], kotoshi wa hareta hi ga ooi.

Even though it’s the rainy season, there have been many clear days

this year.

B) COLDAUIUBOLYO[L BNO RAG], FOS AMRAEU A,

Kono matsutake wa aq,Oishii [to wa iinagaral, zuibun nedan ga

takai ne.

Even though this matsutake mushroom is good, it’s really expen-

Sive, isn’t it?

TO-YUU ¢-b\3D Combination particle

A combination of the particle “to ~%” and the verb “yuu ‘4 (to say,

called/named).”
1. Introduces a proper noun.

English approximation: “... called/named..

A) @HEu[e05 fas, SE ERs,
n, Fujisan [to yuu| yama wa, nihon de ichiban takai yama desu.

The mountain called Fuji-san is the tallest mountain in Japan.

B) tyy- Pen §Jail MOKCH B%.

n. Nanshii josee wa dono hito desu ka?

Which person is the woman named Nancy?

2. After a number, indicates that the quantity of something has reached

227
that number.

English approximation: “numbering” “totaling”

A) 7FOSROMBRSI:, ADALLG|ARAT YT AILEY

Te

Puro-yakyuu no kaimaku-jiai ni, , go-man nin hito ga

sutajiamu ni oshikaketa.

For the opening game of baseball, people numbering fifty thousand

rushed to the stadium.

B) MFHR[COG |EULA, Ha CAN OAK.

n, Nan-zen mai takara-kuji ga, ichi-nichi de uri-kireta.

Lottery tickets totaling several thousand were sold out overnight.

3. Placed after a phrase or a sentence, sets as a quotation and modifies the

noun that immediately follows it.

English approximation: “(something) that...”

A) MALO BFALANATY bH-VOBFK COGS CEMA

ELH.

c},Hayashi-san no musuko-san ga basuketto-booru no senshu

da koto o kiki-mashita.

I heard (the story) that Hayashi’s son was a basketball player.

B) Bitidaca[C9 |B ONS eA.

c, bake ga deru hanashi wa shinjirare-masen.

I cannot believe a story that claims that there are ghosts.

4. Placed at the end of a sentence, follows a statement as a quotation.

English approximation: “I hear” “they say” 9

“it’s said”
668

A) ROMRILAFHKOK|
CG |.
PH & ds Fvpt¢ le

228
 ct. Kare no sofu wa dai-gakusha datta [to yuu].

They say that his grandfather was a great scholar.

ber eT:
B) SlOMALKoK/| LG |

o. Mukashi kono machi wa yama datta [to yuu].

It is said that this town used to be a mountain a long time ago.

5. Used between two repeated nouns, signifies every single one in that

category.

English approximation: “every single ...”

A) BOBOD, B(L05
|RUAL EIT EDU
TE OTS,
Koi kiri no tame, , kuruma kuruma wa min-na raito o

tsukete hashitte-iru.

Due to the dense fog, every single car is running with its headlights

on.

B) BRO HeOB [LOG Be Bacl emus,

Omatsuri de, mura-juu no ,, otoko otoko ga omikoshi
o katsuide-iru.

Since it is festival time, every single man in the village is helping

to carry the portable shrine.

TO-YUU-KOTO-WA ¢-l\id-c& c-(t Combination particle

A combination of the particles “tov” and “wa (i,” the verb “yuu 4.4

(to say)” and the noun “koto = % (fact/matter).” Used in drawing a

conclusion from the action/situation described in the previous sentence.

English approximation: “that means ...

229
 Ra ba kee aro tian, (eorcxria], see Bas
Wo CROKEGS.
Kare kara mada denwa ga kakatte-ko-nai. [To yuu koto wal,

mada shucchoo kara kaette-nai no daroo.

He hasn’t called me yet. That means he probably hasn’t come

home from his business trip yet.

TO-YUU-NO-WA(MO) é -L\ > -7)- (< (+) Combination particle

A combination of the particles “to %,” “no ®,” and “wa(mo) !4(%),”

and the verb “yuu ‘7 (to say).” Explains a reason or a cause for an action

or situation.

English approximation: “the reason (for that) ...”

A) IAA CECH, [E09 Ola], RBS SAA LEME SD

56 TT.
Kare wa hito o shinji-nai. [To yuu no wal, tomodachi ni

damasareta koto ga aru kara desu.

He doesn’t trust other people. The reason (for that) is that he has

been deceived by a friend in the past.

ILA EHSL. [LOIDE|, HL BEEBH RDS

CT.
Kare wa saikin kaisha o yame-mashita. [To yuu no mo], atara-

shii jigyoo o hajimeta kara desu.

He recently quit his job. The reason (for that) was that he started

a new business.

230
TO-YUU-TO €-l\3-& Combination particle

A combination of the particles “to %” and the verb “yuu +4 (to say).”

1. As a conjunction, shows that whenever something occurs, something

else also always happens.

English approximation: “every” “every time”

COKE MHICHTE, FHA[COGr/ Vpn sor

rat ACD He ZOFrGLS wee It
A)
to
Kono daigaku de wa, zenjitsu made ame demo, ,, sotsSugyoo-

shiki kanarazu hareru no da yo.

At this university, even if it were to rain until the day before, it

always clears up on graduation day.

2. At the beginning of the sentence, in drawing what seems like the

natural conclusion judging from the preceding statement.

English approximation: “if (we) say that, then ...

A) MEMS LAE AAO Erb, [LOTE], FERS

0M BLTBOLI MIL BUY,
Gakusee wa asobu tokoro o takusan shitte-ru kara ne.

[To yuu to], gakusee wa amari benkyoo-shite-inai yoo ni kikoe-

ru kedo.

Students know of lots of places to have fun, you know. If we say

that, then, it sounds like they’re not.studying very much, but ...

231
TTE 3C

Used in casual speech.

1. Introduces a quotation, similar to “to %.”

English approximation: “... say (that)”

A) BALA, DELO HEY OTE BOLD OR[>Tle

Otoosan ga ne, ,, watashi no tsukutta oryoori tottemo oishi-

kata [tte].
Dad said that the dishes I cooked were really good.

B) tia, SRRT HVA otTFIME.

pn cAt FA & a

Kare ne, . konban kite kurenai ka yuu no yo.

He asked me if I could come over tonight. (literally: He said to me,

could you come over tonight.)

2. Aninformal variant of “to yuu %\.‘7,” modifies the noun that directly

follows this particle.

English approximation: “the (noun) called ...”

A) fa#[o t|/AR-VIL, BORD MAA,

t+ 3 BiLs

n, QUMOO supootsu wa, naka-naka omoshiroi ne.

The sport called sumo is pretty interesting, isn’t it?

B) =2—3—-7|o
[Bild HU CEMA HSH,
24 aR Ria =

n, Nyuuyooku machi wa, kitanai kedo kakki ga aru ne.

The city called New York is dirty but full of life, isn’t it?

3. Introduces the topic casually.

English approximation: “(speaking of)”

A) 447i lo
TROAKR, RICE CMTS,
tb Voda . & .

232
 n, Ookami kowai-n da ne, inu ni yoku niteru kedo.

Wolves are vicious, even though they look a lot like dogs.

B) SLAARAH [> t|A4 ?

«. Ashita oosaka e iku hontoo?

Is it true you’re going to Osaka tomorrow? (literally: That you are

going to Osaka tomorrow, is it true?)

4. In an interrogative sentence.

1) Repeats that which was said by the other party.

English approximation: “(You) are asking/saying ...?”

A) WORRIAC I A[S Tt]? Ld5 EERE Kaa,

co.ltsu onsen ni ikoo ka tte]? lsogashii kara toobun dame da

ne.

You’re asking when we should go to a hot spring? Not for a while

because I’m busy.

B) Boma LS 2 BFun, ETS,

co. Moo dekake yoo [tte]? Kimi hayai ne, shitaku-suru no.

You're saying let’s go already? You're quick at getting ready,

aren't you?

1) Expresses a desire to confirm what was said by the other party.

English approximation: “Is it true that ...2”

A) RkeReUA[ST]2 V2, Loe?

co. Kanojo o mikaketa ? Itsu, doko de?

Is it true that you saw her? When and where?

B) BEMBICSBUSSAATHI
OT? BHTLIOCXVOSET.
wo ate TIy¢ .

o.lgakubu ni gookaku_nasatta-n_ desu ? Omedetoo

233
 gozaimasu.

Is it true that you got into medical school? Congratulations!

5. In talking about hearsay.

English approximation: “(they) say” “I hear”

A) Hs L540, KXEMI-FLERORAK Bra

Watanabe-san chi ne, , ookina karaaterebi katta-n da [tte].

I hear that the Watanabes bought a big color TV.

B) REDECUL SROK-FAVDE LIP ROLK| > Cle

MPHEF iweEL

Kachoo no hanashi de wa, .,kondo no boonasu itsumo yori

sukunai-n da [tte].

According to what the section chief said, our bonuses this time will

be less than usual.

6. In the pattern “datte £7 T.”

English approximation: ‘“(he/she) says ...

A) BRE CLBLAFAOD SHS, RORSEM ELE T

¢. Oniichan ashita tesuto ga aru kara, boku to asobu jikan nai-n

da|te].
My elder brother said that he has a test tomorrow, so he has no

time to play with me.

B) ay7—)a, Bills has —# tf oT So

co, Konkuuru ne, hayakawa-san ga it-too da sa.

They said that Hayakawa has placed first in the competition.

7. The casual version of “tote % t€”; poses a hypothetical situation.

English approximation: “even if (I) were to ... ”

A) —EMGH BL ALo CT) MER Klistogen

WoLEDWTAHWVNARSE SG wu 7 CK

234
 Isshoo-kenmee , benkyoo-shita [tte], lida-kun ni wa kanawa-

nal.

Even if I were to study very hard, I couldn’t compete with lida.

B) wg soeuezloclisve san,
Imasara , nageita hajimara-nai.

It wouldn’t do any good to grieve now. (literally: Even if I were

to grieve now, it wouldn’t do any good.)

WA I[é

FUNDAMENTALS OF “WA (2”

First, note that the particle “!i” is read “wa,” even though it is normally

read “ha.” Also, when reading a romanized sentence, you should note that

“wa” has two hiragana possibilities: (i, which is the particle to be discus-

sed here, and the particle #. Generally speaking, you can apply the

following rule in deciding between the two choices:

(a) If “wa” appears in the middle of a sentence after the subject (a noun or

a nominal), then it is the particle (i.

(b) If “wa” appears at the end of a sentence or clause following a copula,

verb, or adjective, the particle is 4.

For example: mnlis|RCT | |

Are inu desu wal.

That is a dog.

235
1. “Wa (xk” as a topic marker in an affirmative sentence.

“wa |i” marks the topic or the subject by directly following it. The

structure that is established, then, is a topic followed by a comment on that

topic, where “wa (i” functions like “as for ...,” or “in referring to ....”

Note that the particle “ga 4*” also serves as a topic/subject marker, but is

used differently (see p. 34).

A) a4 47 [tae Re,
n, Raion moojuu da.
As for lions, (they) are ferocious animals.

B) < nz] HL \,

Kono ,. hon wal muzukashii.

As for this book, (it) is difficult.

C) soAfia|, bBsAOTEATH.
Ano ,, hito wal, yamada-san no goshujin desu.

As for that person, (he) is Mrs. Yamada’s husband.

2. “Wa li” as a topic marker in a negative sentence.

In a negative sentence, “wa (i” usually indicates a comparison, emphasis,

or choice.

A) breast.
», Watashi |wal iki-masen.
236
 As for me, I won’t go./I’m not going to go. (i.e. I will not go, but

someone else probably will.) (nr,

wy

B) t-wxvlls]e0 £44,
n, Boorupen ari-masen.

There is no ball-point pen. (i.e. There

is no ball-point pen, but there

are other writing instruments.)

* Note that when the subject is an interrogative pronoun, “ga 4*” is used

instead of “wa (i” (see p. 34).

3. As an emphatic particle.

1) When the topic is the object of a verb, it is followed by “wa 14,” which

emphasizes it.

A) Bala] Roa 5
n, Okane boku ga harau yo.
As for the money, I’ll pay (it). (i.e. but I

may not be responsible for other things.)

Letku +
B) wellalt iA.
a. ohukudai wal moo sun-da.

As for homework, (I) have already finished (it). (1.e. but I

237
 haven’t finished doing other things.)

2) Follows a particle or an adverb.

A) \Wwo4 [la]/<z CHET,

adv. [tsumo wal basu de iki-masu.

Usually, (I) go by bus.

B) HOAL[M|LIMSSsHA,
Ano hito , to wal moo tsuki-ai-masen.
I’m not going to associate with that person anymore. (literally: As

for (relations) with that person, I’m not going to associate (with

him/her) anymore.)

3) Following a verb, adjective, or the particles “te tT” or “de T.”

A) bj =mr Mala] LAOS >,

Moo nido to , tanomi shi-nai kara sa.

Look, I won’t ever ask you (for this favor) again, so ...

B) Bld, SERA Cloud.

Kusuri wa, mada non , de i-nai yo.
As for the medication, I haven’t taken it yet.

C) 2036, 12t[lA]BOOE,
Sono uwasa, uso , de nai no yo.

That rumor isn’t a lie, you know.

Indicates a contrast between two topics.

A) Bla|#<, R[R)RO. cnawRoRRe,

n, Hiru atsuku, ,, yoru samui. Sore ga sabaku no kikoo

da.

Days are hot, and nights are cold. That is the climate of the desert.

238
 B) cal[it]orlo, en[alanno, mee auc,
n, Kore wal watashi no, ,, sore anata no. Machigae-nai de.

This is mine, that is yours. Don’t get them mixed up.

5. Inthe pattern “... (de)wa ... (dajga ~(T)li~(#)4*,” indicates that the

speaker is recognizing another view or giving way to something.

English approximation: “..., (to be sure) ...”

A) ERED va [1d] ait Hay, 5 $ th LtTBl4,

Denwa o kakeru , ni kaketa ga, tegami mo dashite okoo.
I did telephone (to be sure), but I’ll also send a letter.

B) corm, moi[a]RA
KO BL CHEE be ORN,
Kono hon, yomu ,. ni yonda ga, muzukashiku te amari

yoku wakara-nai.

I’ve read through this book (to be sure), but it’s so difficult that I

couldn’t understand it well.

WA
1. Found in women’s language.

1) Placed at the end of a sentence, serves to soften the statement. Not

translatable.

A) 65, EK[b|, BOR, Hoel c SIEBOT THUAAKU

Ara, hen ,.da wal. Kuruma no kagi, tashika ni koko ni oite-

oita-n da kedo.

Hmn,, this is strange. I’m certain I put the car keys here, but ...

B) 65, tT CkA|blA, SLEOFLA,

239
 Ara, suteki , da ne, anata no doresu.
Wow, your dress is so nice.

3. OST CRIEBLAMI OURS [b],

. yin CA bd . ; Bs .
C)
Soo ne, ima sugu kare ni denwa-shita hoo ga ii to , omou wal.

Well, yes, I think it would be better to call him right now.

2) Expresses a casual exclamation. Not translatable.

L+t[b], COR. EFAAAOUVEL THOT

UsaF
A)
Joozu , da wal, kono e. Sachiko-san ga kaita-n desut te.

This drawing is done well! Sachiko drew it, I hear.

‘Bon[b], BBs CHA REKAOUUR DED OLD,

y. Odoroita wal, kyooryuu tte an-na ni ookii to wa omowa-

nakatta mono.

I’m surprised! I hadn’t thought that dinosaurs were that big.

In making a list in an exclamatory tone. Not translatable.

A) Mlacslb|, 0 vist [d|, AED BABILU

C29 Tee
Netsu wa , deru wal, nodo wa 4,4;\tai wal, kondo no kaze wa

hidokatta.

I had a fever, and a sore throat; this cold was pretty severe.

B) PIOKEDOVKS, wS[b]hslo], MACOS Ps

LtT3K,

Ari no su o tsutsuitara, , deru v. deru wal, nan-byaku to

yuu ari ga hai-dashite kita.

When I poked at the anthill, several hundreds of ants came flooding

out (they just kept coming out (literally: came out and came out)).

240
YA *?~

FUNDAMENTALS OF “YA ”

The basic function of the particle “ya *?” is similar to that of the particle

“tov” (see P. 200). It lists nouns, phrases and clauses like the word “and”

in English. However, whereas “to %” refers to specific, clearly defined

things, “ya +?” refers more to a category, and makes the thing more vague.

Compare:

a) EP Hy FIBRE
haw eto Cet 5.
Pikunikku ni wa ,,.okashi n, NOMimono o motte iki-mashoo.
Let’s bring some candies drinks on the picnic.

EP ay FILE RF [P| RAY EH TTA EL EG.

» L ” x2) b TB)

Pikunikku ni wa , okashi a, NOomimono o motte iki-mashoo.

Let’s bring |something like] candies and drinks on the picnic.

241
 b) ERAT CALC iat UR ERE
CHT AST
R229 we a bn Son U TAL® ia

n, Gakkoo e iku toki n. kaimono ni iku toki wa jitensha de

clause clause

iki-masu.

I ride my bicycle (only when I) go to school go shopping.

wor ” > bo U TALS ww

FRMTC US x2 |EAD LF « CR(LBRB CIT AIT.
». Gakkoo e iku toki [ya] , kaimono ni iku toki wa jitensha de
clause clause

iki-masu.

I ride my bicycle to go to school and to go shopping, (and to go

to other places)).

1. Placed after a noun, loosely refers to it and other things that are also

present or similar.

English approximation: “... and ... (among other things/places)”

A) #8 i-aee|elzs—aLeoth at.
LOBR U TALS

242
 Mono-oki ni_,, jitensha sukii ga shimatte ari-masu.

In the storage room, there is a bicycle and a pair of skis (among

other things).

B) BAAT. AFI PRB UI LBRK.

BIot _ DEDa . EFAWA

Natsu-yasumi de, , hoteru ryokan wa doko mo man-in da.

Since it is summer vacation, hotels, inns and the like are fully

booked.

Cc) 48

Kyoo wa takashi-kun no tanjoo paatii datta no. , Mamoru-kun

n, asako-chan n, tomo-chan makoto-kun, nakayoshi

ga min-na atsumatta no yo.

Takashi had a birthday party today. All his good friends like

Mamoru, Asako, Tomo, Makoto, among others, got together.

2. Indicates that an action is immediately followed by another action.

Shortened version of “... ya ina ya ~*?\\ 4x?” (see p. 247).

English approximation: “as soon as” 9 66

“when” 9 66
“the moment ...”

A) eli, EORERS( |, BO MBA,

PAU S C0 tate 4 Wn Ka oe)

243
 Kanojo wa, boku no sugata o , miru lyal, ikari o bakuhatsu

saseta.

As soon as she saw me, she went into a fit of anger.

HEABET SO) RR TIA SIR ERE RL A,

ULA Latte SL2E35b23 RK 2 WAVES Fd
B)
Jishin ga , hassee-suru lal, kishoo-choo wa _ tadachi ni

tsunami-keehoo o dashita.

As soon as the earthquake happened, the Meteorological Agency

issued a tidal wave warning.

3. Placed at the end of a sentence in men’s language.

I) Used in casually coaxing or inviting action.

English approximation: “shall we?” “would we?”

A) £b, bIFLBEL THORS IH],

Fo WEL wR

Maa, moo sukoshi hanashi o shite kara , kaeroo lyal.

Well now, let’s talk a little more before we go home, shall we?

B) ALSIOI, JRE TE ENC Ie],

Hisashiburi ni, unagi demo tabe ni , ikoo lyal.

It’s been a long time (since we had some), so let’s go and have unagi

or something, shall we?

C) BIPHLI[e| VI, SEEM BoCEKL,

c. Moo yame-yoo lyal, sofutobooru. Soro-soro kuraku-natte

kita yo.

Let’s stop playing softball, shall we? It’s getting dark.

2) Expresses a sense of resignation, helplessness or some sort of emotion.

Not translatable.

A) RFRA, BOR SHOT NEVA, 2hHFHBO[S|,

ba L x sb L EaAd

244
 ZN bbhsyerT( nS,

Fumiko-san, boku no kimochi wakatte-kure-nai-n da. Maa

ci, shikata-ga-nai lyal. Sono uchi wakatte-kureru sa.

Fumiko won’t try to understand how I feel. Well, there is nothing

I can do. I hope she’ll understand me some day.

B) #5, ole], bike NESS.

Maa, ag.li lyal. Moo ichido yari-naosoo.

Forget it. I'll do it over again.

C) MES. THV7LY FARRAL KOT. FOR ELYLP]e

sonoda-kun, gaaru-furendo ga dekita-n datte. 44, Urayamashii

yal.
I hear that Sonoda has a girlfriend now. I’m envious.

D) &, Kaho CEI ARENE wok, CIN ERSRN

fe], AAW CHS 9
A, booru ga atatte mado-garasu ga warechatta. ,Doo ni mo

nara-nai lyal. Min-na de ayamari ni ikoo yo.

Oh no, the ball broke the window! We can’t do anything about it.

Let’s all go and apologize.

4. After the name of the party addressed, softens the tone of the entire

sentence. Mainly used by elderly people. Not translatable.

A) $F[e], Sr UH AEML THC NTR AL?

n. Yoshiko lyal, chotto hari ni ito o tooshite okure-de-nai ka i?

Yoshiko, my dear, will you thread the needle for me?

B) & Livsdle], SalLhwnOM

EACH SL.
n, Ojiisan lyal, kyoo wa anata no tanjoobi desu yo.

245
 My dear old man, today is your birthday, you know.

5. Inset phrases such as “mata mo ya ¢#+4-*?” and “mashite ya ¥LT

*?,” intensifies the meanings of “mata mo ## t” (again) and “mashite ¢

L Ct” (even more). Not translatable.

A) Mit, ahb[Pl/RESBOY TLE OK.

Boku wa, ,,.mata mo kanojo o okorasete shimatta.

I ended up making her angry yet again.

B) LCOKL A, $ECAAB EK onOL. 2Lt[P], S¥uaK

KOO, NBUFH BID,
Kono doresu, kyonen de sae kyuukutsu datta no yo.

adv. Mashite lyal, kotoshi wa mata futotta mono, hairu hazu-ga-

nal wa.

This dress was too tight for me last year even. So it’s even more

true that I can’t fit into it, because I put on extra weight this year.

YAI *PL\

1. Used in calling out to someone, with a tone of familiarity or scorn. Not

translatable.
BEB CA Coo
A) HBO], St oUBUSAFERL
TCA,
n. Akio-kun lyail, chotto ojisan ni te o kashite kure.

Akio, come lend me (your uncle) a hand for a bit.

Hw oL cb
B) BBARID? WC UBL [eu].
Kemushi ga kowai no? _,, Ikujinashi vail.

You’re scared of caterpillars? You coward!

246
2. At the end of a sentence, creates an exclamatory, curt statement. Not

translatable.

A) 203kKo bl AoRU eae].

sono hachi kowashita no , boku ja nai lyail.

I’m not the one who broke that flower pot!

B) B35 8adoms aolou,

aA ho

Moo kimi ni nanka , tanoma-nai yail.

I'll never ask you for a favor again!

YA-INA-YA *P-U\ZE-7P Combination particle

A combination of the particle “ya +7,” the adverb “ina 4\%(not)” and the

particle “ya ~?.” Indicates that an action is immediately followed by

another action.

English approximation: “as soon as ... ”

A) ZA Reo S[POR-e], BA CHAL TLE OK.

Shujin wa shucchoo kara , kaeru lya ina yal, kaze de nekonde

shimatta.

My husband, as soon as he came back from his business trip, took

to bed with a cold.

B) B#laBiscas(Pore|], kon.
Wakamono wa uma ni ,. matagaru [ya ina ya], kake-satta.

The young man, as soon as he got on the horse, galloped away.

247
YARA *?5

1. Following an interrogative or a word indicating uncertainty, empha-

sizes the uncertainty. Not translatable.

Aye Ww

A) BMOBUOWSAIMOH (SAR TOBOT, MES OTS (D)

SoD) be bw,
Boku no ojiisan wa ha ga takusan kakete-iru no de, nani o

y, itte-iru (no) sappari wakara-nai.

Since my grandfather is missing lots of teeth, (I) can’t understand

what he’s saying at all.

OW 51th SLE (BokEODIZ, WODIYKO [eo lent L

ForEIX.

Hii-obaasan ga nakunatta no wa, itsu no koto , datta

wasurete shimatta yo.

I’ve completely forgotten when it was that my great-grandmother

passed away.

2. Inthe pattern “to yara &*? 5,” to make a statement more vague.

English approximation: “... or something/someone”

A) BRP S| FAMBBIAAIANS CT.

kd & , . ve » .

Takami ,, to lyaralyuu hito ga ome-ni-kakari-tai soo desu.

Someone named Takami or something says he would like to see

you.

B) BASAL, CLUS bE L OMIT,

Sakamoto-san wa, doko ,, to watashi no ane ni nite-iru.
Ms. Sakamoto somehow resembles my elder sister.

248
3. Inthe pattern “... yara ... yara ~?5~+?6,” followed by a negation,

indicates an indecision between the choices.

English approximation: “i Or.”

A) BF EKA BOT, Vo beEROY oY[PSEFOY&Y

eral ADU APE
Musuko mo ookiku natte, docchi ga shujin no ,, shatsu

musuko no ,, shatsu lyara|, miwake ga tsuka-nai.

My son has grown up, and I can’t tell which are my husband’s shirts

and which are my son’s.

B) SBMS Ole oS moe], HRI TOS

Jo
Kyoo wa ame ga furu , no fura-nai ,,no lyaral. Maa
kasa dake wa motte ikoo.

(I wonder) if it will rain today or not. I’ll bring an umbrella (just

in case).

4. Lists two or more items, with the implication that other items exist as

well.

English approximation: “and ... (other things)”

A) BLAIUAVIAPA, BULW CHE 5/PE|T—F/R SIAC SA

MEX ELE IM,

Ashita wa kurisumasu, oishii ,, gochisoo n, keeki

takusan tsukuri-mashoo ne.

Tomorrow is Christmas Day, let’s make lots of good food and

cakes (and other things).

249
 B) LOM CEERI
A DAL ORL. EDERYS[P5]|bo ¢
[eb], AHR
Ue no kai de mata fuufu-genka ga hajimatta yo. Mono o

v. Nageru y. wameku yara|, taihen da naa.

The couple upstairs has started fighting again. They’re throwing

things and screaming (at each other) (and doing other things), it’s

quite something.

5. Placed at the end of a sentence, expresses a casual remark addressed

to oneself with a tone of uncertainty.

English approximation: “I wonder ...

A) SALEAULAH DMA. MEH TK 3(0) [PS].

Kyoo mo shujin wa sakana-tsuri ni dekaketa. Nan-biki , tsutte-
kuru (no) lyara|.

My husband went fishing again today. I wonder how many he’ll

catch and bring back?

B) ROBE — BM FAS LBA LOI, MEILERELO,Ca

HUB ANS(O) [S|
Yakusoku no jikan o ichi-jikan juugo-fun mo sugita no ni,

kanojo wa mada ko-nai. Doredake , mata-sareru (no) lyara|.

Even though it’s an hour and fifteen minutes past the time we’re

supposed to meet, she hasn’t come yet. I wonder how long I'll be

kept waiting?

250
YO &
Placed at the end of a sentence.

Transforms the sentence into an exclamation. Not translatable.

A) REO E, AH kn KoK[ Ee
Kanojo no hanayome-sugata, hontoo ni kiree , datta lyo].

She looked really beautiful in her wedding dress!

B) SRLORRRAK
ot b[Ee
Anata no ensoo suteki datta , wa lyo].
Your performance was really splendid.

2) After an interrogative pronoun, adds a tone of criticism. Not translata-

ble.

A) to SMK[EL],RK PSY yeTA ARL TOS U ete

Do

sono kakkoo wa ,,,.nan da [yo]. Zubon kara shatsu ga hami

dashite-iru ja nai ka.

What’s with your attire? Your shirt’s hanging out of your pants.

B) Bika LANL, “rs LAO[E]

Kyuu ni naki-dashitari shite, ittai ., doo shita no iyo].

(You) suddenly burst into tears, what in the world is the matter?

3) Emphasizes a command. Not translatable.

A) BC RNS[E]. BRIN
Hayaku ,, tabero yo]. Gakkoo ni okureru zo.

Eat quickly, already! You'll be late for school.

 B) MotHBERokCbOT, FARIS G([E].
Damatte jisho o tsukatta gurai de, son na ni okoru ,.na lyo].
Don’t get so angry at me just for using your dictionary without

asking you!

4) After the form “oo BB (14)” or “yoo £4.”

Emphasizes a statement of suggestion. Not translatable.

A) OUBRRE. BCLS IE].

li otenki da. Sanpo ni demo , ikoo iyo].

It’s nice out. Let’s go take a walk or something.

B) na, BREA, BF LESSI[E],

Nee, otoosan, osushi , tabe yoo iyo}.

Say, Dad, shall we have sushi?

Expresses an emotional state. Not translatable.

C) eA CHB aA TCL £3 [k]e

Nan te kurai michi na-n , deshoo iyo}.

What a dark road (this) is!

D) RIELKAA PLY KORE SLO, BOLE RADTO

BnerSI[£]e
Kanojo ni wa atarashii booi-furendo ga dekita rashii. Boku no

koto nan ka sugu wasureru , daroo lyo].

I’ve heard that she has a new boyfriend. I’ll bet she’ll forget about

me very soon!

2. Placed at the end of a clause or a sentence.

I) Expresses an exclamatory address. Not translatable.

A) #[ x], BED CHAM.

252
 a. Kami lyo], Omamori kudasai.

God, please protect me.

bow! Feels] FC BoC E, FIGS LU REKE.

VENKDCA > eo Mit it Ls

B)
Ooi! ,, Hiraiwa-kun [yo], hayaku nobotte koi yo. Subarashii
keshiki da zo.

Hey! Hiraiwa, comé climb up quickly! It’s a great view!

2) As a “filler” particle placed at pauses in a sentence, to catch a breath

or call something to the attention of the party addressed. Not trans-

latable.
A) BRIALKMOTI“NO? VsorstereAle], BUILD
iy) wR

R24 DTIZMHELNAIIA,

Otoosan mada kaette ko-nai no? Hyotto suru to . da lyo],

ojisan no uchi ni yotte-iru no kamo-shirenai ne.

Your father’s not home yet? There’s a chance that maybe he has

stopped by your uncle’s.

B) Bt ak].ECO HAM ORE LITE?

Man-ichi ..da iyo], takara-kuji no it-too ga atattara doo suru?

Let’s say that by a one-in-ten-thousand chance, you won the lottery,

what would you do?

YORI KO
1. Makes a comparison. Also in the forms “yorika £4,” or “yorimo
x n t,.”

English approximation: “than”

253
 SONATA SODA ED|KSWCT.
BS
A)
Kono ringo wa, ano ,,ringo ookii desu.

This apple is bigger than that apple.

brit, Serefk 0 (e- &) Fes.

hp

B)
Watashi wa, _, anata |yori(ka/mo)| se ga takai.

I’m taller than you.

C) BAOFAbSBor[L
D+ BRL ( BH OK.
Kyoo no tesuto wa , omotta muzukashiku-

nakatta.

Today’s exam was less difficult than I had expected.

D) kD 3 [k0 (+ 8)|Faors i HOUR,

n, Kinoo kyoo no hoo ga zutto samui.

Today is much colder than yesterday.

2. Establishes a boundary. Often followed by a word describing time,

distance, or position.

English approximation: “than”

Fad gHwor3 2% Ct ER
A) BAB
OP RIL RLF ab aT.
Boku tachi no gakkoo wa, ,,eki temae ni ari-masu.

Our school is before the station. (i.e. closer to us than the station.)

EHBRAOT
OC mORE, F wiscelE MIL EL es
PILs< LEU HE .
B)
Mada onaka ga suite-inai nara, yuushoku wa _,,shichi-ji

ato ni shi-mashoo.

254
 If you’re not hungry yet, let’s have dinner after seven o'clock.

(literally: later than seven.)

C) h- LOGE£1 CHAS (EAU.

Hoomu no , hakusen uchigawa de omachi kudasai.

Please wait inside the white line on the platform. (literally: ata

more inner location than the white line.)

3. Inthe pattern “yori hoka £& 9 li%:,” followed by a negation, shows that

matters are limited to what precedes the particle and nothing else.

English approximation: “(nothing else) to do besides ...

A) COLTEEBHBULAY, C3 MOTI, PSBORAG [EN]

CK b 23 uP P CK 36 ms)

(LAr

Doo shite mo denwa ga tsuuji-nai. Koo natte wa, nakaya-kun

no uchie , iku hoka nai.

I can’t get through on the phone no matter what. This being the

case, there’s nothing (I) can do except go to Nakaya’s house.

B) STARE CHAE, HSE CHOED EAE,

Keeburukaa ga koshoo de ugoka-nai. Naoru made , matsu
hoka nai ne.

The tramway is out of order and not running. There’s nothing to

do but wait.

4. In formal or written language, indicates the starting point of time or

space for an action. In colloquial usage, “kara 4+” is usually used in its

place.

English approximation: “from”

A) HeRU FESTA, FASE DRE AT.

WEBS if A Lol

255
 Shin-kansen hikari-ichi-goo hakata-yuki wa, ,, juuroku-ban-sen

hassha-shi-masu.

Shin-kansen Hikari No. | to Hakata will be leaving from track No.

16.

B) SAOSRs—H( 173 09F.

Kyoo no kaigi wa ,, ichi-ji hajimari-masu.

Today’s meeting will start from one o’clock.

5. Used with an interrogative noun such as “doko &% <= (where),” “dare *

4 (who),” “nani 47 (what),” etc., to indicate that which follows it is the

best.

English approximation: “no better than”

A) volo Rake Ben,

n, Doko wagaya ga ichi-ban da ne.

There is no better place than our home.

B) £5. CVKTOFY, MLD OLOEH IHL I ONSET.

Maa, toritate no nashi, ,.nani no mono o arigatoo

gozaimasu.

My goodness, (these are) freshly picked pears; thank you so much

(for giving us something that cannot be surpassed.)

C) #arnlb
0](4) korn,
Kimi wa _,, dare (mo) hayaku hashitta ne.
You ran faster than anyone else, didn’t you?

6. Indicates the basis for conclusions, results, etc.

English approximation: ‘on the basis of” “from”

A) UPJ + 27 7-NOR
I BLS LLORK EROBR([L IR
256
 HET.
Piano konkuuru no yuushoo-sha wa ashita no saishuu-shinsa

no kekka , ni kime-masu.
The winner of the piano competition will be selected on the basis

of the results of the final performance tomorrow.

B) BIO AU HHI Fak B KOAKU fee ees we Ybaok.

Konkai no jinkoo-choosa ,ni lyori], nihon no jinkoo wa yaku

ichi-oku ni-sen-man nin to wakatta.

From this census, it’s understood that the population of Japan is

about one hundred twenty million.

7. Inthe pattern “to yuu yori %'\37 £,” indicates that a person/thing

seems to be or is considered to be something other than what it is.

English approximation: ‘more of a... than ...”

A) BIL, Ev Rasy es [£D ABER,

Saitoo-kun wa, bijinesuman ,,to yuu kagakusha da.
Saito is more of a scientist than a businessman.

B) ARURH! CHEEOG 1 er.

Ookii naa! Kore wa mizuumi ,,,to yuu umi da.
It’s so big! It’s more like an ocean than a lake.

ZE tt
Found in men’s language. Used only in casual conversation among

colleagues or with those whose supposed social status is below that of the

speaker.

257
 To elicit an agreement from the party addressed. Not translatable.

A) SHER KIGSAH. AABCTHROL EG [HI

KELEDPCA OOONEB2G wb . ;

Yoshioka-kun ga kakari-choo ni naru-n da. Min-na de , oiwai-

shiyoo ize].

Yoshioka is going to become an assistant section chief. Let’s all

celebrate (for him).

B) FE CIEBBEK OK, KA PRR OU INTE PHY],

We AnD 3 F ZA Le ;

Ima made wa mikka-boozu datta. Daga, kondo wa kitto tabako

oO ,. yameru lze].

Until now, I couldn’t keep a resolution past three days. However,

this time, I’m really going to quit smoking.

ZO €

Placed at the end of a sentence or a clause, emphatically states one’s

opinion or judgement. Found in men’s language. Not translatable.

A) BL RoI ao wo[ ze].

Kimi yori boku no hoo ga se ga gq,takai [zo].

I’m taller than you!

B) 185, Wo, &iya[z].

Hora, shin-ichi, , nageru
Look, Shin-ichi, I’m going to throw (the ball)!

258
ZUTSU FD

Establishes equal divisions.

English approximation: “... at a time” “(quantity) each ...”

A) BOBO. BVLORYL(Fo|L aos th.

Ha ga warui node, katai mono wa_, sukoshi shika

kame-masen.

Since I have bad teeth, I can only chew tough things a little at a

time.

BOOK, —M[FolU ee. t. born SARL TE.

xA 2 ZA yoa7

B)
Manga no hon, ,is-satsu ja naku te, motto takusan

kashite yo.

Don’t lend me comic books one at a time; let me have a lot more

(at once).

C) VOTFRIb, EBSA HA[FO]OaF.

Dono kurasu ni mo, gakkyuu-iin ga _,,futari i-masu.
There are two class representatives for each and every class.

259
MASTERING PARTICLES:
EXERCISES
 INTRODUCTION

This section is designed for students who are at the beginning level of

Japanese language studies. Learning how and when to use particles is so

essential to Japanese that it’s best to master the basics at an early stage.

Exposure to numerous examples and problems will familiarize you with the

appropriate usages.

These exercises start out with a variety of practice sentences involving

the particles “wali” and “gaz*,” since it’s crucial to grasp the difference

between these two fundamental particles. As you progress, other particles

are gradually introduced into the problems, and sentence structures become

increasingly more complex. Your instructor may wish to use these problems

as homework. There is also an answer key in the back.

Lesson 1

Complete the sentences below, using either “(<(wa)” or “A*(ga)” in the

parentheses.

Lo yva( ) Font,
Ringo ( | ) mit-tsu ari-masu.

There are three apples.

2. bh (+) ROY
YITCH,
Are (_ | ) akai ringo desu.

That is a red apple.

3 BE ( ) Skat.
Gakusee (_ | _) futari i-masu.
There are two students.
4 bORE (+) PAYARTT.
Ano gakusee (_ | ) amerika-jin desu.
That student is an American.

5 bat ( ) YS) HLA CTH?

Anata (_ | ) doko ( 2_ ) itai-n desu ka?
(As for you,) where does it hurt?

6 bel ( ) BR ( ) HOA TH.

Watashi ( | ) atama( = 2_ ) itai-n desu.
(As for me,) my head hurts.

7. bel (+) RR +) KBD EA.

Watashi ( | ) atama( 2_ ) itaku-arimasen.

(As for me,) my head doesn’t hurt (but other parts do).

263
8. 155. FRE (+) AC RARELAL.
Hora, kodomo-tachi (_ | ) takusan ki-mashita yo.

Look, many children have come.

9. FRE ( -) AAEBOFTT SE.

Kodomo-tachi (_ | ) min-na otoko-no-ko desu yo.

The children are all boys.

10. BPAA ( ) SARTO?

Tanaka-san ( | ) kyoo ki-masu ka?

Will Mr. Tanaka come today? (Literally: “As for Mr. Tanaka ...”)

Wi, RETE. HB. BPAL ( ) RELA,

Hai, ki-masu yo. A, tanaka-san (| __ ) ki-mashita.

Yes, (he) will come. Ah, Mr. Tanaka has come.

12BA( ) Butta,
Kaze ( | ) tsuyoi desu nee.

It’s windy, isn’t it? (Literally: “The winds are strong, aren’t they?”)

13. ( -)MotSSLlhk&.
Ame (_ |_ ) futte-ki-mashita yo.

It has started to rain. (Literally: “The rain has started to fall.”)

14, HOKAWE ( ) &Sawett.

Ano ookii mado (_ | ) kiree desu.

That big window is clean. (Literally: “As for that big window ...’)

15. % ( ) Be tuat,
Mado (_ | _ ) aite-imasu.
The window is open.

6b ( ) RAF,
264
 Yama (_ | ) mie-masu.

(I) can see a mountain.

bark ( ) bow ( ) Betty?

Anata ( | ) ano yama( 2. ) mie-masu ka?

Can you see that mountain? (Literally: “As for you ...”)

18. Ouzb( ) RAERA (LAC) RAE.

lie, yama (_ | ) mie-masen ( 2 ), ki( 3. ) mie-masu.

No, (I) can’t see a mountain, but (I) can see trees. (Literally: “As for a

mountain, I can’t see (it), but ...’”)

19. hia ( ) RRaTH?

Don-na ki (_ | ) mie-masu ka?
What kind of trees can (you) see?

20. WZO0BuR ( ) BAST.

lro-iro na ki ( | ) mie-masu.
(I) can see many kinds of trees.

21. SMUD ( RCSA TET.

Kiree na hana (_ | ) takusan saite-imasu.
Beautiful flowers are blooming in abundance.

22. Fa-Vy7F (+) EKRVTUELA.

Chuurippu (_ | ) mada saite-imasen.

Tulips have not bloomed yet (but other flowers have).

23. (0) LACH He?

Sakura (_ | ) doo desu ka?
What about cherry blossoms?

24. w ( ) ANERAL,
265
 Sakura (| ) ari-masen yo.

There are no cherry blossoms (but there are other flowers).

25. beL ( ) heYeeL

et.
Watashi ( | ) yamada to mooshi-masu.
I am (called) Yamada.

26. 5b, SRA ( ) WBSATHBoL evETAy

Aa, anata ( | ) yamada-san de irasshaimasu ka.

Oh, you are Mr. Yamada.

7. Leb, URE ( ) BHAA THA?
Jaa, donata( | ) tanaka-san desu ka?
Then, who is Mr. Tanaka?

28. 4% ( +) BPH.
Watakushi ( | ) tanaka desu.
I am Tanaka.

29. beL (+), BRE (A) FLEET

Watashi ( | )nihongo( 2_ ) sukoshi hanase-masu.
I can speak a little bit of Japanese.

30. beL ( ) 7 aY RB (+) bONEtA. FAYE ( Yb

a) EtA,

Watashi ( | ) furansugo ( 2. ) wakari-masu ga, doitsugo ( 3

wakari-masen.

I can understand French, but not German.

266
Lesson 2

Complete the sentences below, using “(t(wa)”, “*(ga)”, or “+)(mo)” in the

parentheses.
Oe CrA
lL. con ( ) BATT,
Kore (_ | ) hyaku en desu.

This is one hundred yen.

Oe CRA
2. vn ( ) ~B ACTA?

Dore ( | ) ni-hyaku en desu ka?

Which one is two hundred yen?

Oe CRA
3. Sn ( ) =-BATT.
Are (_ | ) ni-hyaku en desu.

That is two hundred yen.

Oe CRA
4 cn ( ) ~B ACTA?

Kore ( | ) ni-hyaku en desu ka?

Is this two hundred yen also?

KOS CRA
5. WZ. th ( JABAL
eA EA,

lie, sore ( | ) ni-hyaku en ja ari-masen.

No, that isn’t two hundred yen.

ve SA ad
6 62K ( ) HC ) By9thaZ,
Anata ( | )se( 2_ ) takai desu nee.

You are tall, aren’t you. (Literally: “Your height is high, isn’t it.”)
es 7 ve DY

7 SBA ( ) #( ) Bttag,
Toyoda-san ( | )se( 2. ) takai desu nee.

Ms. Toyoda is also tall, isn’t she?

267
 bl ( ) #C ) BATH.
Watashi ( | )se( 2_ ) hikui-n desu.
I am short. (Literally: “As for me, my height is low.”)

D3 ( -) CARBRATLEAD?
Kinoo (_ | ) don-na otenki deshita ka?
How was the weather yesterday?

10.395 ( +) B( ) BIEL,
Kinoo (_ | ) yuki (| 2 ) furi-mashita.

Yesterday, it snowed.
/Fa( ) SC ) ots te?
Kyoo ( | ) yuki ( 2 ) futte-imasu ka?

Is it snowing today, too?

12. Oz,
SB (+) B( ) ot ses,
THB ( ) ROT
Te
lie, kyoo ( | ) yuki ( 2. ) futte-imasen. Demo kiri ( 3 )

koi desu.

No, today it’s not snowing (although it snowed yesterday). But the fog

is dense.
13. bli ( )m( ) Stl sd.
Ashita ( | ) ame ( 2_ ) furu deshoo.
Tomorrow, it will probably rain.

14. 38 ) & ( ) Sb” et.

Kyoo ( | ) netsu ( 2_ )ari-masu.

Today, (I) have a fever.

15. 895 ( DR) BDELEM?

268
 Kinoo ( | ) netsu (| 2_ ) ari-mashita ka?

Did you have a fever yesterday as well?

16. RD5 ( )R( ) SDE#ATLE.

Kinoo ( | ) netsu ( 2 ) ari-masen deshita.

Yesterday, I didn’t have a fever.

tb SS
17. =e ( ) HTT.
Sora ( | ) aoi desu.

The sky is blue.

3% 3
18. 4% ( ) UOT,
Umi (_ | ) aoi desu.

The ocean is blue, too.

Bsns bs
19. ER ( ) HTH |S,
Chikyuu (| ) aoi desu yo.

The earth is blue also.

Cd BS
20. Se ( ) Hits?
Kumo (| ) aoi desu ka?

Are clouds blue as well?

4b SB
21. VV ZZ. ee ( ) CAV EA,

lie, kumo ( | ) aoku ari-masen.

No, clouds aren’t blue (although other things listed above are blue).

22. EDILEOED (+) BNETH?

Hoka ni aoi mono (_ | ) ari-masu ka?

Is there anything else blue?

oEL FA &
23. A, ( ) RATT.
Watashi (_ | ) genki desu.

269
 I am fine, too
FA &
24. H AND he ( ) LH, CFT.

Anata (_ | ) genki desu.

You are fine, too.

Us3e
25. Ka ( ) HRACT
A?

Dare ( | ) byooki desu ka?

Who is sick?
POSE Us3a
26. MASA ( ) MRTT.
Kawamoto-san ( | ) byooki desu.
Mr. Kawamoto is sick.
PddsE bS
27. MASA ( ) YO ( ) BHATT
A?
Kawamoto-san ( | ) doko ( 2. ) warui-n desu ka?

What is wrong with Mr. Kawamoto? (Literally: “As for Mr. Kawamoto,

where is (he) not well (i.e. which part of him is sick)?”)

Pdodse Br* wate .
28. MASA ( ) RBC ) BRA ( ) BV 24 TH,
Kawamoto-san ( | ) atama( 2 ) onaka( 3. +) itai soo

desu.

I heard that Mr. Kawamoto has both a headache and a stomachache.

(Literally: “... both (his) head and stomach hurt.”)

FARAVD . 2ZAUD iz
29. DEE ( ) R-INyY ( )ivQDttaA BE ( ) RLYAT
Fo

Man-nen-hitsu ( | ) booru-pen ( 2_ ) iri-masen. Enpitsu

( 3. ) hoshii-n desu.

I need neither a fountain pen nor a ball-point pen. What I need is a

pencil.

270
 ELMODLA
L Eo Ad CA HE a EC >
30. D4 ( ) BieArvryBa® ( ) BVILRK, BEDS ( ).
2 iy) Ht
REL CHAR,

Kinoo (| ) nishikawa-kun to maeda-kun ( 2_ ) asobi-ni-kita.

Boku-tachi ( 3 ) yakyuu o shite asonda.

Yesterday, Nishikawa and Maeda came over to play. We played

baseball.

271
Lesson 3
Complete the sentences below, using “(t(wa)”, “A*(ga)”, “t(mo)”, or “M

(no)” in the parentheses.

1 RR ( )E( ) HNETH?
Tookyoo ( | )chizu (| 2_ ) ari-masu ka?

Do you have a map of Tokyo?

2. BR ( +)el ( ) NETH?
Oosaka (_ | ) chizu ( 2 ) ari-masu ka?
Do you have a map of Osaka, too?

3. AR ( ) wR ( ) AN EH,
Oosaka ( | ) chizu ( 2 ) ari-masen.
We don’t have a map of Osaka.

4 2eR ( ) mE ( ) ena ( )
Nagoya ( | )chizu( 2 ) ari-masu( 3.)

We have a map of Nagoya, but ...

5. Leb, HR ( ) MHERETIO HAN,

Jaa, nagoya( |) chizu o misete kudasai.

Well, then please show me a map of Nagoya.

6 2( )M( ) BXAY?
Kimi ( | ) nani ( 2 ) tabe-tai?

What would you like to eat?

7 (NNR () EXAN
Boku ( | ) hanbaagaa ( 2 _ ) tabe-tai.
I want to eat a hamburger.

272
 hat ( ) (iy?
Nomi-mono ( | ) nani( 2) ii?
What would you like to drink?

(Or ) Boras. PARFA-— (+) un,

Boku ( | ) nodo ( 2. ) kawaita kara aisu-tii ( 3 ) ii na.
As I’m thirsty, I’d like to drink iced-tea.
BS Zs3HwW at 9
-brL C ) RC ) RHO) ZAYET,
Watashi ( | ) chichi ( 2 ) kyoodai ( 3 ) futari i-masu.

My father has two brothers. (Literally: “As for my father, there are

two brothers.”)
bb diz BEIAL
11. RC )RC )& ( ) bKELIEXSTABUTT.
Chichi ( | ) ani( 2 ) otooto ( 3. ) watashi ni totte wa oji
desu.

(My) father’s older brother and younger brother are both my uncles.
bb Biz =z Yb bs BEAL
RK ( ) KX ( ) Fe ( Jr FHA ( ). & ( )

( ) wm ( ) ZAuat.
Chichi ( | ) ani( 2 )kodomo ( 3.) i-masen( 4),

chichi ( 5 ) otooto ( 6 ) musume (_ 7_ ) futari i-masu.

(My) father’s older brother doesn’t have children, but (my) father’s

younger brother has two daughters.

tdi Brg ak 9
13. brlh ( )#C ) Re ) ZAWEF,
Watashi ( | ) haha ( 2 ) kyoodai ( 3 _ ) futari i-masu.

My mother has two brothers as well.

. @ ( es ( JbeELIeXotlspUtTT.

Haha ( | ) kyoodai ( 2 _ ) watashi ni totte wa oji desu.

273
 (My) mother’s brothers are my uncles, too.

) BRA(
223
15. FB ( ) v4 ttsa?
Kyoo (| ) otenki ( 2 ) doo desu ka?

How is today’s weather?

223 pt a BH
16. 4B ( ) A ( ) Rive,
wa ( ) eo tie +,
Kyoo (| ) kaze ( 2. ) fuite, ame ( 3 ) futte imasu.

Today, it’s windy and it’s raining as well. (Literally: “... the wind is

blowing, and the rain is falling, too.”)

) BRA(
bs .

17. BLE ( ) Butlr3ia?

Ashita (| ) otenki ( 2 ) warui deshoo ka?

Will it be bad weather tomorrow, too?

TA .

18 bvtvz, HLH ( Viiv BRAT IE 39.

lie, ashita ( ) ii otenki deshoo.

No, tomorrow will probably be good weather.

RAED
19. so ( )RLOATH ( )e
Enpitsu ( ) hoshii-n desu ( 2).
I'd like a pencil ...
MWA
20. 7 4 ) EALITtTTA?
Nani-iro ( ) yoroshii desu ka?

Which color do you want? (Literally: “Which color would be good?”)

BP C4
21. ARID ( ), Bw ( ) AEF ( )o
Akai no ( ), kuroi no ( 2 ) ari-masu ( 3 ).
There are red ones as well as black ones...
C4 iz
22, BvD ( ) RLF.
Kuroi no ( ) hoshii desu.

274
 I want a black one.
BY
23. HVA ( ) YITHFA? thn ( JNA,

Akai no (_ | ) doo desu ka? Sore ( 2_ ) iri-masen.

What about a red one? That I don’t need.

34 ay gto
24. i ( ) Pie ( ), CAREW ( )wWwetse?
Umi ( 1 ) naka ni( 2 _ ), don-na seebutsu ( 3_ ) i-masu

ka?

What kinds of creatures are there in the sea?

34 aMPe YW Li<¢so
25. MeLi ( ), BPA ( )wet, hw ( ) BVT,
Umini( | ), sakana ya kai ( 2 _ ) i-masu. Shokubutsu

( 3. ) ari-masu.

In the sea, there are such things as fish and shellfish. There are plants,

too.
BY r+ 4 L4 or - t
26. RYH ( ) WwpPacTra? bkEL ( ) BB ( ) ST
To

Akai kuruma (| ) ikaga desu ka? Watashi ( 2 ) shiroi kur-

uma ( 3. ) suki desu.

How about a red car? I like white cars.

L4 or. e 4 Ax BS r+ 4 5B Ws
27. Bye ( ) Sle, HOR ( ) AXETH, FUEDEUOTS
Aean

Shiroi kuruma (_ | ) migi ni, aoi kuruma (| 2_ ) ari-masu nee.

Aoi iro no mo iIi-desu ne.

To the right of the white car, there is a blue car, (right)? The blue one

iS nice, too.
Fe 4 B WT rt
28. fH ( ) FLERE THOSLIC, BUSAUCRESA ( ) HAT

275
 xo
Boku ( | ) terebi o mite-iru toki ni, oji-san to oba-san ( 2. )

tazunete kita.

When I was watching T.V., my uncle and aunt came to visit.

29. bl ( ), 2e—( +) BETH (CO) EC) ARRAY

( ) ECA CHRET.
ATO (CO) RYT (OS) DEF.
Watashi ( | ), sukii( 2 ) tokuidesu( 3 ), fuyu( 4 )

supootsu ( 5 ) hotondo deki-masu. Sukeeto ( 6 ) hokkee

( 7 ) yari-masu.
I’m good at skiing, but I can do most winter sports. I skate and play

hockey, too.
ee iT . y Le 4 Dd AT IA
30. AMLIB TALI, SHURE ( ) RAZ4ZE, MN ) A
=z Le 4 L
( ), €LT
AB ( ) RAZ bteNGISE.
Ano yama ni nobotte miyoo. Kiree na keshiki (_ | ) mieru yo.

Kawa ( 2 ) mizuumi ( 3), soshite, kisha ( 4 ) mieru-

kamo-shire nai yo.

Let’s go climb that mountain. We’ll be able to see a great view. We'll

be able to see a river, a lake, and possibly even a train.

276
Lesson4

Complete the sentences below, using “t(de)” or “# (o)” in the

parentheses.

1. burlsvc ( ) CORE ( ) ROsL Am?

Anata wa doko (_ | ) kono jisho ( 2 ) kai-mashita ka?
Where did you buy this dictionary?

br LIgRAI7Y— ( ) HRELK
Watashi wa eki e takushii (_ |) iki-mashita.
I went to the station by taxi.

comes () RETO HSU.

sono akai tokee (_ | ) misete kudasai.
Please show me that red clock.
Le¢ 23 r
br LIZRDIAF/IN— SOR FS ) RANA YF ( ) Exe

Le.

Watashi wa kinoo depaato no shokudoo (_ | ) supagettii

( 2 ) tabe-mashita.
Yesterday, I ate spaghetti at the restaurant in a department store.

LON-RF—4—% (FAD ( ) MOT CHA

Kono baasudee-keeki ( | ) naifu ( 2 _ ) kitte kudasai.

Please cut this birthday cake with a knife.

LON, HUNOBSM( ) XY ( ) BET CHS.

Koko e anata no onamae ( | ) pen( 2.) kaite kudasai.

Please write your name here with a pen.

bE ( ) BA) Bok
277
 Watashi wa haha ni tegami (_ | =?) kakitome ( 2 _ ) okutta.

I sent my mother a letter by registered mail.

BETO.CS ( ) A ( ) NES?
Onaka ga suita. Doko ( | ) nani( 2 _ ) tabe-yoo?

I’m hungry. Where and what shall I eat?

HAC IOBR (+) EKLEL EH?

Anata wa doko no gakko (_ | ) sotsugyoo-shi-mashita ka?

From which school did you graduate?

LOH (+) oF CHC KL NABH NET. Zl (0) oval

HoT HA,

Kono michi (_ | ) massugu iku to, basu-tee ga ari-masu. Soko

( 2 ) basu ni notte kudasai.

If you go straight down this street, there will be a bus stop. Get on the

bus there.
ir lEA C62 ABR URN Ad iL
_BAR( ) ld, BISKOE
PR ( ) HET,
Nihon ( | ) wa, kuruma wa michi no hidari-gawa ( 2 )

hashiri-masu.

In Japan, cars keep to the left side of the road.

12. HLAOW, RitH ( ) =2-3-7( ) BREF.

Ashita no asa, hikooki ( | ) nyuuyooku (| 2_ ) shuppatsu-shi-

masu.
Tomorrow morning, I’m leaving New York on a plane.

13. RBbELOIB( )N-F4—- (+) Lat

Raishuu watashi no uchi (_ | ) paatii ( 2 ) shi-masu.
I’m going to throw a party at my house next week.

278
 . WbIZA 0:39 wh
14. CDAVARTZY ( ) ~S#BOLUOBHBILA
THD?

Kono restoran (|) ichiban oishii oryoori wa nan desu ka?

What is the best dish (served) at this restaurant?

PER BC LevUr % Be
~ LBSADRXAlL, TEA ( )UCLT THER) ( ) PrY—}
;
IEA TIVE F,
Yamada-san no okusan wa, goshujin (_ | ) nakushite kara hitori

( 2 ) apaato ni sunde-imasu.

After having lost her husband, Mrs. Yamada is living alone in his

apartment.
cerL x»
i, Web
16. brLoMels, DE ( ) a trRmICeNET. AAR ( ) BR
i. ( ) LET.
Watashi no sobo wa, kotoshi ( | ) kyuujus-sai ni nari-masu.

Min-na ( 2. ) oiwai (| 3 _ ) shi-masu.

My grandmother is going to turn ninety this year. We’re all going to

celebrate ( her birthday).

17. Ake ( ) ~Hiee-b ( ) BNE EG.

Min-na ( | ) issho ni dezaato ( 2 ) tabe-mashoo.
Let’s all have desert together.
HF ( )Or( ) oto,
Kitte ( | ) nori( 2 ) hatte kudasai.

Please paste down the postage stamp with glue.

bP 3 WCSR aA IW 2 W
-moeA ( ) ee ( ) Kee TITS ELK.
Aka-chan ( | ) uba-guruma( 2 ) sanpo ni_ tsurete-iki-

mashita.

I took the baby out for a walk in a stroller.

279
 BH ( ) vo ( ) NEL SGM?
AALS
20.

Obentoo ( | ) doko ( 2 _ ) tabe-mashoo ka?

Where shall we eat our boxed lunch?

21. br LIER ( ) HP ibn CTAELE. DH ), £ZORI

HAIL. bELORIL, IMLZGIL OIE (+) MIELA,
Watashi wa inu (_ | ) sanpo ni tsurete iki-mashita. Kooen

( 2 ), yosonoinu ni de-au to, watashi no inu wa, ureshisoo ni

shippo ( 3_ ) furi-mashita.

I took my dog for a walk. At the park, when my dog saw another dog,

it wagged its tail in delight.

zw = kh = U Le LS
22. br lili, ZORBOBSB ) BB ( ) ANKELA,
Watashi wa, sono eego no tango (_ | ») jisho ( 2. ) shirabe-
mashita.

I looked up that English word in the dictionary.

23. ARS, FMW ( ) PIREREVEF, dofz td, RECITY—

( ) Bot. RFE THE.

Konya wa, hoteru (_ | ) kurasu-kai ga ari-masu. Watashi wa,

tomodachi to takushii (_ 2 ) hirotte, hoteru made iki-masu.

Tonight, there will be a class reunion at a hotel. I’m going to catch a

taxi with a friend, and (that is how) we’re going to go to the hotel.

24. RAILBREDT IR ( ). ROAK ( ) BALA,

Kyoo wa nihongo no kurasu( |), suraido (| 2 ) mi-mashita.

Today in Japanese class we saw slides.

_ bes US a maf u
25. CARH ( ) BRC ) LTSY, ARB ) ARETE,

280
 Kon-na tokoro (_ | ) hirune ( 2. ) shite-iru to, kaze ( 3.)
hiki-masu yo.

If you take a nap at a place like this, you’ll catch cold.

26. breligees—b ( ) coatydn (+) HBC) Rar

Tro
Watashiwa depaato ( | ) konokoin-ire ( 2 )senen( 3.)
kai-mashita.

I bought this change purse for one thousand yen at a department store.

27. DOPROM ( ) # ( ) kat KAY,

Ano gakko no mae (_ | ) kuruma( 2. ) tomete kudasai.
Please stop the car in front of that school.

28. yeyrxy ( ) F-LORB () MVELEG.

Shanpen ( | ) chiimu no yuushoo ( 2_ ) iwai-mashoo.

Let’s celebrate our victory with champagne.

29. OEM, MA MATOEtA, HELOBO ( )HLUO

( ) Hot (HAY,
Kono teekiken wa, kigen ga kirete-imasu ne. Asoko no mado-guchi

( | ) atarashiino ( 2 ) katte kudasai.

Your (train/bus) pass is no longer valid. Please buy a new one at that

ticket window.

30. SAIL, Ba ( -) ERKASE DET. SELCOBVEMOR EF

( )BR( ) hel 5d.
Kyoo wa, sumidagawa(__|_) hanabi-taikai ga ari-masu. Asoko no

takai tatemono no okujoo ( 2. ) hanabi( 3 _ ) mi-mashoo.

 Today, there’s going to be fireworks over (at) the Sumida River. Let’s

watch the fireworks from the rooftop of that tall building.

282
Lesson 5
Complete the sentences below, using ““C(de)”, “%(o)” or “I=(ni)” (“~(e)”)

in the parentheses.

lL bRLIGERE (SR ( ) BRD () ha tHAaLA.

Watashi wa, kodomo-tachi ( | ) basu ( 2 _ ) omatsuri
( 3 ) tsurete iki-mashita.
I took my children to the festival by bus.
BxF9L ry CALS
2, beELISRSE ( )ATEEWATHA CMEHK ( )UWyebs 9

a>?

Watashi wa kyooto (| _) ikitai-n desu ga, kono densha( 2. )

ii deshoo ka?

I'd like to go to Kyoto, (but) is this the right train?

3. RIE ( ) RK (DY K4yF( ) CBSILEL

7 6

Boku waé_ kissa-ten( | ) kanojo ( 2 ) sandoicchi ( 3. )

gochisoo shi-mashita.

I bought her a sandwich at a coffee shop.

4. be Llt=a-3—-7 (+) BAR ORB) Peso

( ) RL tas,
Watashi wa nyuuyooku ( | ) sumitai kara, shinbun ( 2. )

apaato ( 3 _ ) sagashite-imasu.
Because I want to live in New York, I am looking for an apartment

through the newspaper.

5. bELOME( ) vo ( ) Boro?
283
 Watashi no enpitsu ( | ) doko ( 2. ) oita no?

Where did you put my pencil?

LAMAGA U . b :
See ( )L, vo ) asl tia?
Konban nanji ( | ) doko ( 2. ) ai-mashoo ka?

Where and when shall we meet tonight?

& A = TCT HA »

brELIANYT7LYE ( ) BRE ) FR ( ) BSELA,

Watashi wa pen-furendo ( | )nihongo( 2 )tegami( 3.)

kaki-mashita.

I wrote a letter to my penpal in Japanese.

Bld, Ooo (+) 074 (+) REY.

ELT ZS”
£¢< va

H#-74y( ) LEW,
Boku wa, itsuka fune ( | ) hawai( 2_ ) ikitai. Soshite, soko

( 3 )saafin( 4 ) shitai.

Some day I’d like to go to Hawaii by boat. Then, I’d like to go surfing

there.
UC TALS » wa
A-—IN—-2z—-Tybh ( ) BHC ) ky ( ) Rvuvle4qpREL
Teo

Suupaa-maaketto ( | ) jitensha ( 2 ) pan (= 3 ) kainiiki-

mashita.

I went to the supermarket by bicycle to buy some bread.

wbEB we & iid Cth db
10. brlli-B ( ) -B@( ) BHC )LET.
Watashi wa ichi-nichi (_ | ) ichi-do haha ( 2 ) denwa

( 3 ) shi-masu.

I call my mother once every day.

AopYyp 2 P
11. SBR ( ) #eoC ) eles.

284
 Mikka-go ( | ) mata koko ( 2. ) ai-mashoo.

Let’s meet again here in three days.

; Soa U =3 & 2h UE (323 Lerifo
12. oyKyY ( ) 4t¢ RAT RRS, Tee CO) ER CO) BL ET
a?

Rondon (_ | ) iku hikooki wa, nanji( 2 ) kuukoo ( 3.)

shuppatsu shi-masu ka?

When will the plane for London leave the airport?

bliss ( ) 96 ( ) BHT,
Watashi wa saifu ( | ) uchi ( 2. ) wasurete kita.

I forgot my wallet at home (and came here).

lt, BCE (5B (Rt, ABE (OO ) 4 ya

EVHSILGE U iA U &3Le

iL Pues h

( ) £€otT&H (+) FRET.

Kare wa, maiasa shichiji-han ( | ) uchi( 2 _ ) dete, jidoosha

( 3 ) haiuee ( 4 _ ) hashitte kaisha ( 5 ) iki-masu.

Every morning, he leaves his house at seven-thirty and drives on the

highway to get to his office.

iE< xk ED tAHATS . 4
15. PEILFRP ( ). mA ( ), THT) ( ) Rote.

Boku wa yonaka( | ), senmenjo ( 2. ), gokiburi( 3 )

mitsuketa.

I found a cockroach in the washroom at midnight.

PNP CA Os eta t
~ANSeITAP ( )ax ( ) Rok,
Kariya-kun wa tesuto (_ | ) hyaku-ten ( 2_ ) totta.

Kariya got a hundred (A*) on the test.

17. BBR
OS, BA ( ) HH ( ) abo ( ) HK
( ) LELE7.
285
 Kyoo wa samui kara, min-na (_ | ) issho ( 2 ) uchi no naka

( 3 ), geemu ( 4_ ) shi-mashoo.

Since it’s cold outside today, let’s all play a game inside the house.

18. Blt BRC )EN( )LASY( ) fot ee

( ) RH ( ) BCL ELE.
Boku wa, ohiru( | )tabe( 2 _ +) resutoran ( 3. )itte,

soko ( 4 ) saifu ( 5 ) nakushite shimatta.

I went to a restaurant to eat lunch, and lost my wallet (there).

WETDE Woles . Pwy w
-beELIL, mU-K ( ) FrAx—Ff ( ) B® ( ) 478 ELK.

Watashi wa, imooto to issho (_ | ) depaato ( 2 ) kaimono

( 3. ) tki-mashita.

I went shopping at a department store with my sister.

20. be ( ) Fb (+) PARZY-A( ) NEL EG

Ato( | )dezaato( 2 ») aisukuriimu ( 3 _ ) tabe-mashoo.

Let’s have ice cream for dessert later.

21. NYA7I- (+) RotE( ) RA TARO,

Herikoputaa ( | ) notte, sora ( 2. ) tonde-mitai naa.

I want to fly through the air in a helicopter.

22. HLEBR () HE ( ) MY TALS,

Ashita gakko ( | ) sensee ( 2 ) kiite-miyoo.

I'll ask my teacher (about it) at school tomorrow.

23. BHAA ( ) bASROBBOSR () Moe, TE (

BXCIbA| Kot.
Oniisan ( | ) wakara-nai tango no imi ( 2 ) kiitara, “jisho

( 3 ) shirabete goran” déatte.

286
 My older brother said, “Look it up in the dictionary,” when I asked him

the meaning of a word that I didn’t know.

2CR 32 LeLAa
24. ALA Et ( ) bokkEoSE ( )., we ( ) LEDKODD

Sh Te 6

Tsukue no ue ( | ) atta tomodachi no shashin ( 2. ), doko

( 3 ) shimatta no ka wasureta.

I forgot where I put the picture of my friend which had been on the

desk.

25. bE RTH HD? SOH( ) Rot BhHOEE( )E

( ) Hot, 20H ( ) dot
Y, Bos ( ) BD
7k.
Aa, eki desu ka? Ano hashi (_ | ) watatte, saisho no shingoo

( 2 ) migi( 3 ) magatte, sono michi ( 4 ) massugu iku

to, hidarino hoo (_ 5_+S) ari-masu yo.

“Oh, the station? Go across that bridge, turn right at the first traffic

light, (then) keep going straight on that road, then you'll see the station

on your left.”

26. SLE.
FR (-), mRELOLEt— ( )PRL ears
bea, SRR ET (CO ) FAT (+) LRH R (SY TES
1
Ashita wa, gakkoo ( | ), katoo-sensee no seminaa ( 2 )

shusekki-shi-nakere ba nara nai kara, konya juuji made ( 3)

taipu ( 4 )repooto ( 5 ) tsukuroo.

Since I will have to attend Prof. Katoh’s seminar at school tomorrow,

I’ll type my report by ten o’clock tonight.

287
 x Ww Pn

27. 7X-F4— ( ) VAREFL:A ( ) ACTFIIALL? thla,7

SYDIA ( ) Hh ato
Paatii ( | ) don-nadoresu ( 2. ) kite ikoo kashira? Kare wa,

burakku-tai ( 3. ) tkutte itta kedo.

What sort of dress shall I wear to the party? He was saying that he

would go in black-tie.

28. BAIRD
VAD, COMA ( ) RC) BLERO ) &
aTCMNaN?
Kyoo wa atatakai kara, kono hachi-ue ( | ) soto ( 2. ) da-

shite, mizu ( 3 ) yatte-kure nai?

It’s warm today, so could you take these plants outside and water them?

29. DERBY, BORRE ( ) a-e- ( ) ATH OIG

( )MOFL ES,
Nodo ga kawaita kara, ano kissa-ten ( | ) koohii ( 2= )

nonde kara uchi ( 3 ) kaeri-mashoo.

I’m thirsty, so let’s go home after we have coffee at that coffee shop.

30. ZMObtl ( ) BIL ( ) coBM() Loti KAY, %

hab, CObsAVEM( ) BLEID( ) FLAHT, HAV
(+) DU TENT KAY,
Sono osushi( | ) ohashi ( 2 ) kono osara( 3_ ) totte

kudasai. Sore kara, kono chiisai osara ( 4 ) oshooyu ( 5.)

sukoshi irete, wasabi ( 6 ) tsukete tabete kudasai.

Please put the sushi onto this plate with the chopsticks. Then, pour a

little bit of soy sauce onto this small plate, and eat it with the wasabi.

288
Lesson 6
Complete the sentences below, using “7 5(kara)”, “t=(ni)”, (“(e)”), “XCF

(made)”, or “X Clo(madeni)” in the parentheses.

1. ay4— bo (+) KCAL AOHTREL AS

Konsaato-hooru ( | ) takusan hito ga dete ki-mashita.

A crowd of people came out of the recital hall.

B. AO5AH ( -)FLERRKO?
Kimi, kinoo wa nanji (_ | ) terebi o mita no?

Until what time did you watch T.V. last night?

HRV ( -) LOMEL THEFTS?

Anata wa itsu ( | ) kono mura ni sunde i-masu ka?

How long have you lived in this village?

ep RA 4<tto E9429 BEEH = SnbA ZAR
bELILKFORKAICR BR ) AR ( ) RELA, RFM=EA
BEY E33 OA
( ) ARMIWET,
EhO5, EERR ( ) MNET,
Watashi wa kyonen no rokugatsu ni tookyoo ( | ) oosaka

( 2 ) ki-mashita. Rainen no sangatsu ( 3 ) oosaka ni i-masu.

Sorekara, mata tookyoo ( 4 _ ) kaeri-masu.

I came to Osaka from Tokyo in June of last year. I’ll be in Osaka until

March of next year. Then, I’m going to go back to Tokyo.

Dyvby ( ) £279 ( +), RAAT CA bode Nat

a>?
Washinton ( | ) mosukuwa( = 2_ ), hikooki de, dore kurai

kakari-masu ka?

How long does it take from Washington D.C. to Moscow by plane?

289
 & 2 PVLS
> BILAL
B CERSE OTUEEA ( ). 16 ( ) BH

( ) Buttle
Kyoo wa sutoraiki de, densha ga hashitte i-masen ( | ), uchi

( 2 ) kaisha (| 3 ) aruite iki-mashita.

Because there was no train service today due to the strike, I walked to

my office from my house.

© ( ) WABABB TRL
Sora (| ) inseki ga ochite kita.

A meteorite came falling out of the sky.

ED SaG ee7L LAPATA tf OU PAILA

R MK ) Rap ( ) . RPP TIRE COU Da) ET,

Tookyoo (_ | ) kyooto( 2_ ), shinkansen de nijikan-han gurai
kakari-masu.

It takes two and half hours from Tokyo to Kyoto by Shinkan-sen (bullet

train).

Git, FAIENA ( ) BUILTERY,

Boku wa, kyoo wa tsukareta (_ | ) asobi ni ika nai.

Because I’m tired today, I’m not going |

to go out to have fun.

10. bilit, SHA (+) ( +) BRBORREES LUNES EO

(+), REA ZOUK ( ) HoT CKAY,
Watashi wa, kin-yoobi ( | )( 2 ) nihongo no sakubun o

kaka-nakereba nara-nai ( 3 ), eega o miru no wa raishuu

( 4 ) matte kudasai.
As I have to finish writing a Japanese composition by this Friday,

please (could we) wait until next week to see a movie.

brHLIGES (+) FRKOA

CHA, EHUMSR (+) hat
“AIA
11.

290
 my?

Watashi wa, hiroshima (| _ ) ikitai-n desu ga, densha wa nanban-

sen ( 2. ) de-masu ka?

I'd like to go to Hiroshima, (but) from which platform will the train

leave?
MU b ~ © t4 t4 xz 4
12. tafe eC LAO,BOM (CC ) BCC) RRL EL AA Row
9 z tA C L Teo

Yubiwa o naku-shita node, heya no sumi (_ | )sumi( 2. )

sagashi-mashita ga, mitsukari-masen deshita.

I lost my ring, so I looked for it everywhere in my room, but it

couldn’t be found.

RUPRAHS (+) $e COMANET.

EEL T( ) IH—EW
CHRAELES.
Hikooki ga deru (_ | ) mada ni-jikan ari-masu. Shokuji o shite

( 2. ) koohii de mo nomi-mashoo.

We still have two more hours until the departure of our flight. Let’s eat

something and then have some coffee.

XA 2 BELA x4 a .
14. CMORBltmHa ( ) BC ) AL TAINSE,
Kono manga wa omoshiroi (_ | ) kimi ( 2 ) kashite ageru yo.

This comic book is funny, so I] lend it to you.

45 6 BH J > » 22
. EAR Pat ( ) EAMAHZL, tamltv.7 ( ) BK A

7754.

Sora ga kuraku natte-kita (_ | ) mata amegafuru yo. Tsuyu wa

itsu ( 2 ) tsuzuku no daroo.

The sky is getting dark, so it’s going to rain again. I wonder how much

291
 longer the rainy season will continue?

16 BME ( ) Toke NHHHMETE

BEDOK ( ) BRO
( ) q aT SK.
Kudamono-ya (| ) ittara, banana ga totemo yasukatta

( 2 ), oyatsu ( 3. ) katte kita.

I went to a fruit shop, and I found their bananas so cheap that I bought

some for snacks.

Fae) u 4 iba
“~~ tv
17 © THEW BKDE ( ). brL IK BF ( )RMLVYAT
AR

( ) Vv ze LH,

Totemo atsui hidatta ( | ), watashi warokuji (| 2 ) suzushii

ofisu ( 3 ) i-mashita.

Since it was a very hot day, I stayed at the cool (air-conditioned) office

until six o’clock.

18, BAA AER (+) RIE) HELA ), BRL

ELE.

Hamada-san wa, rokujus-sai ( | ) ginkoo ( 2. ) tsutome-

mashita ( 3. ), taishoku shi-mashita.

As Mr. Hamada worked at the bank until he was sixty years old, he has

now retired.

19. beLIL, BENT ( ) BC ) RHKEL ACUMEN SHA,

Watashi wa, umarete ( | ) ima( = 2_ ) sukii o shita koto ga

ari-masen.

I’ve never skied in my life. (Literally: Between the time I was born until

now ... )
Le¢ ry iw

20. - ATs Bla, 11> ( ) ¢ ) BaAeitnhlse7 A247

292
 Kono shukudai wa, itsu( | )( 2. ) dasa-nakereba_nari-

masen ka?

By when do I have to hand in this homework to you?

21, BOR ( ) Rawk, MR (+) C) Sa BRA,

Tonarinoie ( | ) higadete, akegata( 2 )( 3 ) sangen

ga zenshoo shita.

The fire started at my neighbor’s, and by dawn, three houses were

completely lost in the fire.

22. Blt 7ZYAPR( -)HY77O-A( +) Ey bEbboKS

Boku wa, kurisumasu ( | ) santakuroosu ( 2. ) mitto o mo-
ratta.

On Christmas, I got a baseball mitt from Santa Claus.

CADW _ . Ki IWA Lel:3 dar 9 FWUA
23. GEA
yb i-“T4v7 ( ), BRC ) BHC AADKEA
aA >

BIoL re.

Konkai no samitto-miitingu ( | ), nihon ( 2 ) shushoo to

futari no daijin ga sanka-shita.

For this Summit Meeting, Japan sent the Prime Minister, accompanied

by two ministers.

24. (+) BAHOR ( ), DKLIGSARR ( -) TASHA

TLE.
Asa (| ) atama ga itakatta ( 2 ), watashi wa kyoo gakko

( 3 ) iki-masen deshita.
Because I had a headache until this morning, I didn’t go to school today.

25. br Ligld, BOR ( -)ERTHOT ( ) 7% ) RZ

CT. RF ( \FRELEA EDOAE Ft, ZAC ( )

293
 ( ), bIRFL( ) HTHElre
Watashi-tachi wa, yokohama (_ | ) denshadeitte( 2 ), basu

( 3 )norikaete, hoteru( 4 _ ) iki-mashita ga, hoka no hito-tachi

wa, sono toki( 5 )( 6 ),moohoteru( /7_ ) tsuite i-mashita.

We took a train as far as Yokohama, then (from there), we transfered

and got on the bus to the hotel, but the others had already arrived at the

hotel by that time.

S26 U . m5 U WA
26. HLEUAAT
4 ATHAR ( ) EK TA YTAHSA (OC), NESE
( )( )A74A( +) HeRUHIEE SAH,
Ashita wa ofiisu de asa kuji ( | ) miitingu ga aru ( 2 ),

hachi-jihan ( 3 )( 4 ) ofisu ( 5 ) ika-nakere ba nara-nai.

As I will have to attend a meeting in my office at nine o’clock tomor-

row morning, I have to be in my office by eight-thirty.

2x3 FAR 33 DWV LS é ov
27. SAILRR ( ) 64 ). bALISSH( ) ABR (OC)
MA
Wt, HHH IB ( ) MIVEF,
Kyoo wa zangyoo (_ | ) aru( 2_ =»), watashi wa kaisha

( 3 ) kuji ( 4 ) ite, sore kara uchi ( 5 ) kaeri-masu.

Because I have to work overtime today, I will be at my office until nine

o’clock, then I will go home.

bd BR wv 34 a b¢ RwWED
28. HO TIP ( ) Fo T ( ). brELISHOFP ( ) Bok, ABO
VPN Pw ee DH ck ay
JED RIK ( ) BT, FOB ( ) AokFEII RHEE,

Fune de oki( | )itte( 2 ), watashiwauminonaka( 3.)

mogutta. Taiyoo no hikari ga kaitee ( 4 ) todoite, yume no kuni

( 5 ) itta-yoo ni kiree datta.

294
 After I went off shore by boat, I dove into the sea. The sun’s rays

reached all the way down to the bottom of the sea, and it was as if I had

wondered into a dream, it was so beautiful.

tAIfo x3 3 eLEDA RAADIEZA o
29. H&erli, HA ( ) Fea ( ) ( ). Bee ( ) ATTA
& 1S

YFLHA?

Anata wa, sengetsu ( | ) kyoo( 2 )( 3. =), tosho-kan

( 4 ) nansatsu hon o kari-mashita ka?

How many books have you borrowed from the library since last month

(until today)?
bes 2K Biz tC HA x 5Y) RA uD
30.

S29.
Chuugoku ( | )iruani( 2 )watashi( 3° ) tegami ga kita.

Rainen no natsu ( 4 _ ) chuugokugo o benkyoo shite ( 5),

kugatsu( 6 )( 7 )nihon( = 8_ ) kaeru-soo da.

A letter (addressed to me) came from my brother in China. He wrote

that after studying Chinese there until next summer, he would come

back to Japan by September.

295
Lesson 7

Complete the sentences below, using either “& (to),” “%> (ya),” “fe(t
(dake),” “U» (shika),” or “<¢ 5 vy (kurai [ <5. gurai])” in the paren-

theses.

1. SSEILCn
. () tHH? (tiv, @n ( ) TT.
Akai enpitsu wa, kore (_ | ) desu ka? Hai, sore ( 2 ) desu.

Is this the only red pencil? Yes, there is only that one.

lt, RE ( ) $28 ( ) RBS) HCHAIFELEL

reo
Boku wa, kazuo-kun (|) kooji-kun( 2 = ) fumio-kun( 3°)

kakurenbo o shi-mashita.

I played hide-and-seek with (such friends as) Kazuo, Kooji, and Fumio.

breLit, S#I-E- ( ) Ya-R( ) RHEL

Watashi wa, kesa koohii ( | ) juusu ( 2 _ ) nomi-mashita.

I only drank coffee and juice for breakfast this morning.

F< it
Mit, AMFALY (+) 497 (+) ENERL TLE,

I didn’t eat anything but an omlet and a salad this morning.

ZL a

BAt Wwe 2 ( ) Reiss?

F< te) 4 BE 4

Mls=d ( ) R244. brELIA-7 ( ) RABID,

Hoshi ga, ikutsu ( | ) mie-masu ka?

Boku wa mittsu ( 2 ) mieru yo. Watashi wa hitotsu ( 3.)

mie-nai wa.

296
 (Approximately) how many stars can you see in the sky? I can see only

three stars. I can see only one.

HLADMRII
HY RAF ( ) BH (+) SHER THC
Jo
Ashita no ensoku ni wa, sandoicchi ( | ) kudamono ( 2. )
ame o motte ikoo.

I'll take a sandwich, some fruit, and some candies on the picnic tomor-

row.

lt. BED ( ) BRE ( ) MAMET L.

Boku wa, onigiri ( | ), okashi ( 2 ) nomi-mono o motte iku

yo.
I’ll bring some onigiri (rice balls) and things like cookies and beverages.

brit, BRS (+) had ( -) Ho tia wn,

Watashi wa, obentoo ( | ) nomi-mono ( 2. ) motte ika-nai

wa.

I'll only bring a boxed lunch and beverages.

Ene? BRA ( ) Khaw ( ) Lebarato

cl sd?
Be ( ) HotHABALL,
Sore dake? Obentoo ( | ) nomi-mono ( 2 _ ) jaa onaka ga

suku deshoo? Kudamono o futatsu ( 3 _ ) motte iki-nasai yo.

That’s all? You'll be hungry with only a boxed lunch and beverages.

Why don’t you bring a couple of pieces of fruit or so.

zx 3 & i my DED LA x F< fA aaU 7)
_FEMORRAaI MRORENIBC ) TH Set CER
SRA z
( ) REA, CHAK ( -) REDOK.
Kyoo no fukee-kai ni ryooshin ga kita no wa, boku (_ | ) de,

297
 zenbu de sanjuu-nin ( 2. ) kita keredo, chichi-oya wa go-nin

( 3 ) ko-nakatta.
Among the parents who attended today’s P.T.A., I was the only one

whose parents both came, and thirty parents came altogether, but there

were only five fathers who came.

11. bl, SB=8A( ) HotORNO,

BEB, ABA)
LTC ty?
Watashi, kyoo ni-hyaku en (_ | ) motte i-nai no. Keezoo-kun,

go-hyaku en ( 2. ) kashite-kure-nai?
I have only two hundred yen with me today. Keezo, could you lend me

about five hundred yen?

V2 2a 7
» ARKEORD ORE THTEN ( ) ba Veta?

Anata no ie kara eki made kurumadedore ( | ) kakari-masu ka?

How long does it take from your house to the station by car?
tja 23 &2tf4 uh
~RRDOMBE THAD ( ) Bb ETa?
Tookyoo kara sapporo made nan-kiro (_ | ) ari-masu ka?

How many kilometers are there between Tokyo and Sapporo?

i LOS HAV at at W ,
BORE ( ) HEA, BR er Fo Zlinr, ch ( ) a
at AW F< aoe 2 x
FAIZ PRE EL. RlaT Yr Vm ( ) Ta,
Boku no tomodachi ( | ) sensee wa, samui samui to itte-iru

keredo, kore ( 2 ) no samusa wa heeki da yo. Boku wa tii-

shatsu ichi-mai ( 3. ) kite-i-nai yo.

(People like) my friends and my teacher keep saying that it’s cold, but

cold weather like this doesn’t bother me at all. I’m only wearing a

T-shirt.

298
 EF ( ) FRY ( ) UBER THD?
Biifu ( | ) chikin (| 2 _ ) dochira ga suki desu ka?

Which do you like better, beef or chicken?

[SeEL OSE) ( ) SotkLOoi, BRE (+) UZ

SvicroTtb,
Blo TOS () THe
“Kimi o aishite iru yo,” ( | ) itte-hoshii no ni, kissa-ten

( 2. ) resutoran ni haitte mo, kare wa damatte-iru ( 3 ) desu.

I want him to say (to me), “I love you,” but when we go to (places like)

coffee shop or a restaurant, he only remains silent.

Dole amar
Ae (3-2 RA ( ) RABUN ‘ib, Heatlice Bl ( )uULE

SUMOKUMY, B5-8 (+) RASHID, 941A

Kotoshi wa isshuu-kan (| __)yasumi ga tore-nai kara, ryokoo wa

chuugoku ( 2. )nishiyoo to omotta keredo, moo futsuka( 3 )

yasumi ga tore-soo da kara, tai nimo ikoo to omou.

Since I could only take one week for vacation this year, I had planned

just to travel around China, but now since it looks like I can get two

more days off, I hope to go to Thailand, as well.

AROBetICN( ) ( ) BO? HIF ( ) RXV

LAILTA rk

Do
Konban no okazu kore ( | )( 2 ) nai no? Sarada( 3 )

tabe-tai naa.
Is this all we’re having for dinner tonight? I wish I could have (at least)

a salad as well.
tant Lecr ~ ( tC &

19. SBD BOE OTS BAIS XN-Y ( ) 2a, tHED ) BRT

299
 Vv Zur,

Kyoo no suugaku no shukudai wa ni-peeji ( | ) nanoni, mada

hanbun ( 2_ ) dekitei-nai.

The math homework for today is only two pages, but I’ve only done

half of it.
ex3et % & Leja oe9c5 W Bb .
20. HALAL, RP ( ) RRA FRAT
OEC RIL, INL <
Kk UPA at
TC, SBR ( ) ( ) HAas ok,

Ashita wa, kyooto (_ | ) nara e shuugaku-ryokoo ni iku noda to

omou to, ureshikute, ni-jikan:( 2 )( 3. ) nemure-na-katta.

When I thought about going to Kyoto and Nara tomorrow on the school

trip, I was so excited that I could only sleep for about two hours.

300
Lesson 8
Complete the sentences below, using “«(to),” “G(de),” “M(no),”" “£4

(yori)” or “{ZX&<(hodo)” in the parentheses.

E it E ith . . ot
1. [ORS ( ) BOR (CO )L LBS (CO) NEV ASR THA?
Kono tokee ( | ) ano tokee ( 2 ), dochira( 3 ) hoo ga

yasui desu ka?

Which is more inexpensive, this watch or that watch?

S-t— ( ) HE) Ce b ae TH?

Koohii ( | ) koocha ( 2_ ) dochira ga ii desu ka?

Which would you like to have, coffee or tea?

brlLita—t— ( ) HR) RG a ARITH.

Watashi wa koohii (_ | ) koocha ( 2. ) hoo ganomi-tai desu.

I'd rather drink tea than coffee.

lta RltI—t— ( ) HAUL SADEA.

Boku wa koocha wa koohii (_ |) suki ja ari-masen.

I don’t like tea as much as I like coffee.

394 ( ) SA (+) EFA H, CEI (|) RK

HA) Et+AL,
Kinoo ( | ) kyoo (°° 2. ) hoo ga samui desu ne. Demo hok-

kaidoo ( 3 _ ) samuku-arimasen yo.

It’s colder today than it was yesterday, isn’t it? But it’s not as cold as

Hokkaido.

COMBI,
BE ( ) bAL (+) PNELED.
Kono shigoto wa, anata ( | ) watashi( 2 _ ) yari-mashoo.

301
 Let’s you and I do this work.

FRO ( ) BTL ( ) RES ( ) 56B( +) Chars

BHA CHO?
Sukiyaki ( | ) osushi ( 2 ) tempura ( 3 ) uchi( 4 )

dore ga ichiban osuki desu ka?

Of sukiyaki, sushi, and tempura, which do you like best?

bre Listh () FAC HSLDAHR () Boct.

Watashi wa ane (_ | ) se ga takaku-ari-masen ga, imooto

( 2 ) takai desu.
I’m not as tall as my elder sister, but I’m taller than my younger sister.

‘Kees ( ) SBS ( ) LIRR

RIG CT.
Kyooto kara( | )nagoyakara( 2 _ ) hoo ga tookyoo ni chikai

desu.

It is closer to Tokyo from Nagoya than from Kyoto.

10. BE) RC (SR (+) RCE ARH LE

Kisha ( | ) iku( 2 ) basu ( 3 ) iku hoo ga yasui desu

yo.
It is cheaper to go by bus than by train.
ai9 52> rho)
PBIB ( ) Byrvlynxr, &D4 ( ) #¢ ay,
Kyoo wa ototoi ( | ) atsui keredo, kinoo ( 2. ) atsuku-nai.

It’s warmer today than it was the day before yesterday, but not as

warm as yesterday.
ah a4 e3 trv HAH
. & ( )., BOBRAA ( ). BRIA ( ) ( ), Enaa—
AIS B
GH ( #HRETA?

Kimi ( | ), kiminootoosan ( 2 ), oniisan( 3 )( 4),

302
 dare ga asa ichiban hayaku oki-masu ka?

Among you, your father, and your brother, who gets up the earliest in

the morning?
F< $3 ard VED . a z nal tT
13. Meld, BRE ( ) ew (OC) LEGA RK, Bld, BR ( )
XU eas,

Boku wa, suugaku ( | ) seebutsu ( 2 ) hoo ga suki da.

Kokugo wa rekishi ( 3 ) suki ja nai.

I like biology better than math. I don’t like Japanese as much as

history.
E3823 CALS BB
.a2a-3a-7 ( ) im ( ) la, Ves ( ) 185 4°AU0AS

\YTHT A?
Nyuuyooku ( | ) tookyoo ( 2 ) wa, dochira( 3 ) hoo ga

jinkoo ga ooi desu ka?

Which has a greater population, New York or Tokyo?

~bOR—N— (+) Rokett (+), CORP (CO) st

FC ) EA as, $orvBy,
Ano suupaa ( | ) katta banana ( 2 ), kono suupaa

( 3 ) banana ( 4 _ ) hoo ga zutto yasui.

The bananas at this supermarket are much cheaper than the bananas I

bought at that supermarket.

16. BRE (47 ( ) EBS (+) EA ARO THD?

47 ( +) 1894, BBR (+) RUTH.
Jitensha ( | ) baiku ( 2 ) wadochira ( 3° ) hoo ga hayai

desu ka? Baiku ( 4 ) hooga, jitensha ( 5. ) hayai desu yo.

Which is faster, a bicycle or a motorcycle? A motorcycle is faster than

303
 a bicycle.
DA woalk< 2 TH

Rie (+) Ra (COYOTE NELK. DA () ) 5ak

TLE.

Tomodachi( | )kyooto( 2_ ) ryokan nitomari-mashita. Futari

( 3. ) ip-paku ni-man en deshita.

I stayed at a Japanese style inn in Kyoto with my friend. The charge

was twenty thousand yen for the two of us for the night.

bRELILR ( -) HaB CheeLe HO +) HARI,BO

BS
( )KA&WTT,
Watashi wa ani (_ | +) se ga takaku-ari-masen ga, kutsu ( 2. )

saizu wa, anino ( 3_ ) ookii desu.

I’m not as tall as my (elder) brother, but my shoe size is larger than his.
i 5 BEAL RAULEIU td wb

_ Pay ( )#@#AzBTI, & ( JbrEL ( ) ¢ ) BR

(0) SBESARTED ELA. TORUS (0) Fork Sid

KELte
Kyoo wa otooto ( | ) tanjoobi desu. Haha ( 2 ) watashi

( 3 )( 4 ) oiwai (5 ) gochisoo o tsukuri-mashita. Keeki

wa kyonen ( 6_ ) zutto joozu ni deki-mashita.

Today is my brother’s birthday. My mother and I cooked a feast to

celebrate. The cake we made this year was much better than the one

we made last year.

£4 6wBEG CAPS wos 3 4 a BE
20. REIL HL, re ( ) SBE ReERI
ok KEK XA ( dA
F a4 b 25 Sc id es
( )broldiy Koka, Hlae i ( ) HOB
b, BK aS
U bA SIRs
Ny 3 wo
B® ( ) Beek har. SBE! ZA ( ) jnLIVY Bsa

304
Boku wa otooto to, daigaku ( | ) gookaku-happyoo o mini-

itta. Takusan ( 2 ) hito ( 3 _ ) ippaidatta ga, boku wa futsuu

( 4 ) se ga takai kara, tooku kara, jibun ( 5 ) bangoo ga

yoku mieta. Gookaku da! Kyoo ( 6_ ) ureshii hi wa nai.

My brother and I went to the college to see the acceptance list. It was

packed full of people, but since I’m taller than average, I could see my

number well from a distance. I’d been accepted! I’ve never been

happier than (I am ) today.

305
Lesson 9
Comprehension Exercises. Complete the sentences below, using appropri-

ate particles.

My Experience Living in Japan (A):

LoberL ( ) BH) Tere (+) Oat

Watashi( | )namae( 2 ) burenda( 3_ ) ii-masu
My name is Brenda.
ANABEL 3
2. bre (=), SBC +), CORB ( ) BRE (CO) OH BB
Hvr7yre KIA S

LET.
Watashi( | ), kon-gakki( 2 ),konodaigaku( 3 _ )nihongo

( 4 ) benkyoo-shi-masu.

I’m going to study Japanese at this college starting this semester.

SL aA Usk wo it o> ; e3
3 brEL( ) EHF ( ) FAAT+A Vi vaar() R
é SB x
m ) KRELHA.

Watashi ( | ), kyonen ( 2. ) juuni-gatsu hatsuka ( 3 ),

shikago ( 4 )tookyoo (= 5_ ) ki-mashita.

I came to Tokyo from Chicago on December 20 of last year.

4. (bRUL( )) BR( ) mMHTTH( ) vat( )R

%( ) BRE He ( ) LELAL. BRA ( )B
nr¢ kK IA = NABER i BACA

KE ( )ACSADELKE( ), MHTOLIBA( ) bE
r wu

LEA.
(Watashi ( | )) nihon( 2. ) hajimete desu ( 3. ), shikago

( 4 ) daigaku ( 5 ) nihongo ( 6 ) benkyoo ( 7) shi-

mashita shi, nihonjin( 8 ) otomodachi( 4) takusan i-mashita

306
( 10 ), hajimete no yoo na ki( |! ) amari shi-masen.

This is my first time in Japan, but I studied Japanese at a college in

Chicago, and had many Japanese friends (there), so I don’t feel very

much like I’m (here) for the first time.

Pua At? mA S i IEA EA
COKF( )( ), BRE ) THA
<, BRC ) Rik
Tuy AASEG
( TER ( ) RA ( ) % BLET.
Kono daigaku( | )( 2 ),nihongo( 3 _ ) de wanaku, nihon

( 4 )bunka( 5 )rekishi(’ 6 ) keezai( 7 ) benkyoo-shi-

masu.
At this college, I’m going to study not only Japanese language but also

Japanese culture, history, and economics as well.

yat( ) REC ) On CR ( ) BA TOELA

( ) REC) ) ReARFA ( ) LtWEt. RA
Prev-( )BMSA( ) at
Shikago ( | ) daigaku ( 2 ) ita toki( 3 ), ryoo( 4 )

sunde-imashita ( 5 ) tookyoo ( 6 ) ( 7 =) hoomustee

( 8 ) shite-imasu. Hosuto famirii (| 9 ) kurokawa-san( 10 )

ii-masu.
When I was at the college in Chicago, I lived in a dormitory, but in

Tokyo, I’m staying with a host family. My family is the Kurokawas.

EK ( ) BMA ( ), MBSE) PRAA TT.

Goshujin ( | ) kurokawa-san ( 2. ), booeki-gaisha ( 3.)
shachoo-san desu.
Mr. Kurokawa, the husband, is the president of a trading company.

BxA ( ) MESA (+), BUTE ( ) RHETT.

307
 Okusan ( | ) akiko-san( 2 ), ikebana( 3 _ ) sensee desu.
His wife, Akiko, is a teacher of flower arrangement.
WEITAILZ Us3 Worth ti su BES z
—-@rk ( ) BHAA (+), MBL TT. HMRC CU)UBOUCCO)COF
( )wet.
Ichiban ue (_ | ) ojoosan ( 2. ), kekkon-shite, nisai ( 3 )

otoko ( 4 )ko( 5. ) i-masu.

Their eldest daughter is married, and has a two-year old boy.

i IZA Ui3 mw 22 z
10. —~@€8 ( ) BAA ( ) 42H ) RAF (CO OY) YD,
bro ( ) MUETtT.
3% eu

Niban-me( | )ojoosan( 2 ),namae( 3 )kimiko( 4)

itte, watashi ( 5 ) onaji toshi desu.

Their second daughter is named Kimiko, and she is my age.

SAFRA( DEC) HEC GR CO) Mat

< Lk LA U BE ze
11.
wr CILZIWSARAHW

( ), Ea ( ) BR— Bz CT,

Kimiko-san( | )shita( 2 ),shinji( 2 )yuuotooto( 4 )

imasu( 5 ), kare( 6 ) kookoo ichi-nen-see desu.

Kimiko has a younger brother, Shinji; he is a first-year student in high

school.
tes z ADF
12. bre ( ) var ) VRE OC), SAFRA (CC) OR
#25Ku “um t
( ) LTWVELA ( ), MPRA EDIMPRE
TT.

Watashi ( | ) shikago ( 2 ) ita toki ( 3. ), kimiko-san

( 4 )buntsuu( 5_ ) shite-imashita( 6 ), kyoodai no yoo ni

nakayoshi desu.

Because I had been exchanging letters with Kimiko while I was in

308
 Chicago, we are very good friends, like real sisters.
+ALL kEER = e353
. ) BA ( ), SAFXA ( ) BRAK ( ).&
AFSL ( )bklL( )
ee
(+) #4 KE-5Y EC)
Bh CiTo
KCKALELK
t
senshuu ( | ) nichiyoobi ( 2. ), kimiko-san ( 3. ) otoosan

( 4 ) kimiko-san ( 5 ), watashi ( 6 ), kuruma ( 7 )

dizunii-rando (_ 8) tsurete-itte kudasai-mashita.
Last Sunday, Kimiko’s father took Kimiko and me to Disneyland.

-bkEL ) PRYA( ) FARE SYE (+) (CC) Rs

E3235
Zoe )bSXDEF ( \) RR a

( )F4RAa-FYEF
C ) FAVA C ) ( ) F069 T Vo OLlELa.
Watashi ( | ) amerika ( 2 ) dizunii-rando ( 3 )( 4 )
itta-koto ( 5 )arimasu( 6 ), tookyoo ( 7 ) dizunii-rando

( 8 )amerika( 9 )( 10 ) sokkuri de, bikkuri-shi-mashita.

I have also been to Disneyland in the U.S. I was surprised that the

Disneyland in Tokyo was so similar to the one in the U.S.

15. FARS-FyK ( ) BAT( )RRIT- (+) BMEL

re
Dizunii-rando ( | ) asonde ( 2 ), tookyoo-tawaa ( 3 )

nobori-mashita.
After we had fun at Disneyland, we went up the Tokyo Tower.

R( ) Aha ( ) BHLBSA (+) HRELK. WII

zu ice BSeIbA
—( )wF ( ) RHUT BOFL ( ) BRLELA,
Yoru( | ) min-na( 2 ), osushi-ya-san ( 3 )iki-mashita.

309
 Kauntaa ( 4 ) isu ( 5 ) koshi-kakete, nigiri-zushi ( 6 )

chuumon-shi-mashita.

In the evening, we went to a sushi restaurant. We sat on tall stools at

the counter and ordered ‘nigiri-zushi.’

zn ( )AAR( ) APATINH ( -) REL KE. SEB

Ws MPaULEos
17.
BES BOERS x ait
MH )B CC )/A#C J) KAO SARTHELA. BB)
” Be b ar 3h Os
RA TIZA ( ), P47 ( ) BOTH) ROTHGAA
( ) Ww ¥ L Teo

Sore ( | ) min-na ( 2. ), karaoke-baa ( 3. ) iki-mashita.

Kaisha-zutome ( 4 ) otoko ( 5. ) hito-tachi( 6 ) takusan

kite i-mashita. Osake ( 7 )nondeiruhito( 8 ),maiku( 9 )

motte uta ( 10 ) utatte-iru hito (|| ) i-mashita.

Then all of us went to a karaoke bar. There were many men who

worked at companies who had come (to the bar). There were people

who were (doing such things as) drinking sake and singing songs,

holding a microphone.
z BE Pv wt NA BEF
18. RAFAA ( )bEL ( ). HUA ) MME WEF
z HALF AWVRKAAC

( ). &AFSA ( ) BKC) RRETT.

Kimiko-san ( | ) watashi ( 2 ), onaji daigaku ( 3. ) ben-

kyoo-shite-imasu ( 4 _ ), kimiko-san ( 5 ) senkoo ( 6 )

eebungaku desu.

Kimiko and I are studying at the same college, but Kimiko is majoring

in English literature.
he ragt¢ Lat©
brELE ( ) AF ( ). RS ( )b0T.

Watashi-tachi( | ) daigaku( 2 ),shibuya( 3. ) ari-masu.

310
 Our college is in Shibuya.
ZKESB & KY TO Aa)
20. RAFSL ( ) bREL (+), BBMTR (+) KR ( ) x
are wd
eC ) HT
Kimiko-san ( | ) watashi (| 2 _ ), mainichi chikatetsu( 3
basu ( 4 _ ) daigaku ( 5. ) kayoi-masu.

Kimiko and I commute to school by subway and bus every day.

311
Lesson 10
Comprehension Exercises. Complete the sentences below, using appropri-

ate particles.

My Experience Living in Japan (B):

1. BA( ) bEL( ) ARC ) ( ) BBC) oO,

BHLALS3.
Kyoo ( | ), watashi ( 2 ) nihon ( 3 =) ( 4) seekatsu

( 5 ) tsuite ohanashi-shi-mashoo.
Today, I shall talk about my life in Japan.

bl ( ), BRA COs ( ) BRET. Ye T-()

BUC, SRE ( -) Far. HRs.
Watashi ( | ), maiasa taitee roku-ji ( 2 ) oki-masu.

Shawaa ( 3_ )abite, mi-jitaku ( 4 ) suru to, chooshoku

desu.

Every morning, I usually get up at six. After taking a shower and

getting ready for school, I have breakfast.

BAA ( )36( )RR( ) LAT FRC Om

( ) Batt ) ue (Oe CO) RRC)’
NET.
Kurokawa-san ( | ) uchi ( 2 ) chooshoku ( 3. ), taitee

wafuu de, gohan ( 4 ) omisoshiru ( 5 ) hoka( 6),

yude-tamago ( 7 ) yasai ( 8 _ ) ari-masu.

Breakfast at the Kurokawas is usually Japanese style, and we have

(there are) rice, and miso-soup, as well as boiled eggs, and vegetables.

312
 <i HA L¢ Ho + 420 £3
A. br L ( )BRE ( JABS TT ( ). FAB ( )
( ) EAVILTERNSNEHA,
Watashi( | )nihon-shoku( 2. ) daisukidesu( 3_ ), nattoo
( 4 )( 5. ), mada dooshitemo taberare-masen.

I love Japanese food, but natto is the only thing I can’t eat yet, no

matter what.
Ral Ces wb IZA WO

RS AFRA ( JbEL ( ). 796 ( )—-BF(

96
tC BEAL LAU CA Fe i BD

( )wET ( ). ( ) PO ( ). PR ( ) HVA
L&U WA tC

CT £REIAZIbS ( ) hET.
Kimiko-san (| )watashi( 2 = ), uchijuu( 3 _ ) ichiban haya-

ku uchi ( 4 ) de-masu ( 5), otooto ( 6 ) shinji-kun

( 7 ), gakkoo( 8 )chikai node shichi-jihan gorouchi( 9 )

de-masu.

In the family, Kimiko and I leave home the earliest, but Kimiko’s

brother, Shinji, leaves home around seven-thirty, since his school is

close to the house.

<4 Pb Le CA Le 623 Zu Bs
BZMsaA( ) CEA (C )HRAATI ( ), oA me
CSB me U 4b oy

( ) BRB ( ), ABOCAZBMSA ( ) #2 ( ) Ret.

Kurokawa-san ( | ) goshujin ( 2 ) shachoo-san desu
( 3 ), mai-asa kaisha ( 4 ) kuruma ( 5_ ), hachi-ji goro

kurokawa-san ( 6 )mukae( = 7_ ) ki-masu.

Since Mr. Kurokawa is the president, his compnay car (his chauffeur)

comes to pick him up about eight o’clock every morning.

BE Hv we
7. BRE ( )eNtT( )FKR( )BE CO ) BbS
( ) RAFAL ( ) bEL (CO ) He ( ) REC)
 &33
meLET.

Asa daigaku ( | ) tsuite( 2 ) gogo( 3 )jugyoo( 4 )

owaru ( 5. ), kimiko-san ( 6 ) watashi ( 7 ) betsu-betsu

( 8 )koosha( @_ ) benkyoo-shi-masu.
After we arrive at school, until our afternoon classes are over, Kimiko

and I study in separate buildings.

= = HAW mR Wits w by
BARES ) HEE ( ) Zar ( ) wk ( ) Bot.
BK TS
BAS BE
WMViEkw ( ) ATT.
Nihongo ( | )sensee( 2 ) namae( 3 =) ikegami( 4 =O?

itte, wakakute kiree na on-na (__5__+?) hito desu.

The name of my Japanese teacher is Ikegami, and she is a young and

beautiful woman.
mA S HK £3 Ue #33 Led SU RA
BAR ) RKC ) ( ), @ ( ) ARR ( )
A Kk U RA

HA YETL. BH ( ) =RRSA)
ET.

Nihongo ( | ) bunpoo ( 2 ) jugyoo( 3 #), shuu( 4 ?)

go-jikan ( 5 ) ari-masu shi, kaiwa (— 6 ) ni-jikan ari-masu.

We have a Japanese grammar class (as much as) five hours a week, and

we also have two hours of conversation class.

twa 2 CA CA

BARE ) AAA ( ) ( ). PRAIAA ( )AAVAAK

CA BeISCVUA

( ) FAYA ( ) PBA (C ) WET,

Nihon( | )kurasu( 2 )( 3_ ), amerika-jin( 4 )furansu-

jin( 5 ) doitsu-jin (| 6 ) chuugoku-jin (| 7 ) i-masu.

In my Japanese class, there are students (whose nationalities include)

American, French, German and also Chinese.

314
BA ( ) Xik( )MRTZ792( +) ( +) w BEbe
( ) EWE ( ) MRC) Ltuat. BARA (OB
Bak ( ) eu ( ) HECHT (CO) DAL (CO) au
ARATE EWETF.
Nihon ( | ) bunka ( 2_ ) benkyoo-suru kurasu ( 3.)

( 4 ), ima, ocha ( 5 ) ikebana( 6 ) benkyoo ( 7 )

shite-imasu. Kimiko-san ( 8 ) okaasan ( 9 ) ikebana

( 10 ) sensee desu ( || ), watashi ( 12 ) iro-iro oshiete

morai-masu

In the class where we study Japanese culture, we are learning tea

ceremony and flower arranging. Since Kimiko’s mother is a teacher of

flower arranging, I learn a lot from her.

Bok )R ( )MBRTE7ZIRZ( +) ( ), Bsees

( )ont( )R(C ) RATCHET.
Nihon ( | ) rekishi ( 2 ) benkyoo-suru kurasu ( 3.)
( 4 ), meeji-ishin ( 5 ) tsuite( 6 ) hon ( 7 ) yonde-
imasu.

In the class in which we study about Japanese History, we are now

reading a book on the Meiji Restoration.

BR( ) OTOH ( ) RE Ske ( ) OH

( +) Nat.
OR ( ) ER ( ) HoT UTEBELY
TH.
Ohiru ( | ) taitee gakkoo ( 2 ) shokudoo ( 3)

otomodachi ( 4 ) issho ( 5. ) tabe-masu. Washoku (

6 ) yoo-shoku ( 7 ) atte, totemo oishii desu.

315
 Usually, I have lunch at the school cafeteria with my friends. Both

Japanese and Western style foods are available, and they are delicious.
t+ oU Ue 25 3 z
me C ) RR (CO ) Rh) RAFRBA (OY) DEL
Wwobs wR

( ) —#e ( ) 76 ( ) mF,

Yoji( | ) jugyoo ( 2 ) owaru ( 3. ), kimiko-san ( 4 )

watashi( 5 )issho( 6 )uchi( 7_ ) kaeri-masu.

When school is over at four o’clock, Kimiko and I go home together.

MILE rn z “3
15. FRE ( ) RLVUCLSTH., SAFSA ( ) BRAA (CS)
west PwLes B Bruce
YTEItl «tT. aH ( ) RbaT ( ) ¢ ). TB ( )
( )BESA( )SoANL at (+), BAC) HALE
( )"H( ) Fe ( ) execr( ) ban HeNEH
Avo
Yuushoku ( | ) tanoshii hitotoki desu. Kimiko-san ( 2. )

otoosan ( 3 ) totemo isogashiku te, kaisha( 4 ) owatte

( 5 )( 6 ), gaikoku ( 7 +) (= 8 ) okyaku-san ( 97 )

attari shi-masu ( 10 ), fudan ( II ) watashi-tachi ( 12 )

issho ( 13 ) yuushoku ( 14 ) taberu koto ( I5 ) amari_ ari-

masen.

Dinner time is a fun time. But since Kimiko’s father is very busy, and

even after work, he has meetings with visitors from foreign countries,

he seldom has a chance to have dinner with us.

16. Th. SAFSA ( ) BREA ( ) Rema) CC)
36 ( )MotRET( ) aAa( )UB( ) BE
( ) RAK BRE ( ) x
BEVE LAU
( ) Bat 2B (i) 4

316
 Demo, kimiko-san (| )otoosan( 2 )yoruku-jigoro( 3 )
( 4 )uchi( 5 ) kaette ki-masu( 6 ), min-na( 7 )issho

( 8 )ocha( @_ )nondari okashi( 10 ) tabe-tari shi-nagara,

gakkoo ( II )koto( 12 )hanashi-masu. Otooto ( 13) shinji-

kun ( [4 ) issho desu.

However, when Kimiko’s father comes home at around nine o’clock, all

of us drink tea and eat sweets while we talk about things (that

happened) at school. Kimiko’s brother, Shinji, (chats) with us, too.

BABE ( ) KOXLEZOT.
ZBvichobwe<
tu

RAFXL (+) DEL (CS)

tSUHIK VU RAKED
R + ay ) MMBLEF.
Mainichi shukudai (_ | ) takusan aru node, kimiko-san ( 2. )

watashi ( 3. ) yoru juuni-ji( 4 ) benkyoo-shi-masu.

Because we have a lot of homework assignments every day, Kimiko

and I study until twelve o’clock midnight.

RAFXL (+) BS )beoane ( ) bkrEL ( )

Zz vw 2 &
18.
BL ; iA = “es

RATHIETL.
bKL ( ) BRE ) boa owyye ( )
SAFSL ( ) RAT HEF
Kimiko-san (| )eego( 2. ) wakara-naitoki( 3 ), watashi

( 4 ) oshiete-age-masu shi, watashi ( 5 ) nihongo ( 6 )

wakara-nai toki ( 7 ) kimiko-san( 8 ) oshiete-kure-masu.
When Kimiko does not understand English, I help (teach) her, and in

return, when I don’t understand Japanese, Kimiko teaches me.

evant (=) Re ( ) FR ( ) RET. DELCO) Y

Z na tA ’ tC Ha
AT ( ) BRB \BoORR % = ( ) ¢ ) + &

317
 ( ) Saat.
Toki-doki shikago (_ | ) tomodachi ( 2 ) tegami( 3.) ki-

masu. Watashi ( 4 ) shikago( 5 )nihongo( 6 ) na-ratta

yokoyama-sensee ( 7 )( 8 )tegami( 9 ) kaki-masu.

I sometimes get a letter from my friend in Chicago. I also write letters

to Mrs. Yokoyama from whom I learned Japanese.

20. bl ( ) #Hye7- (+) BUST (BR (OO) B

BS ( ) RESCH (+), REC KMB( +) RST,ab
LA( ) UN. WoketH.
Watashi( | ) mai-asashawaa( 2 )abi-masu( 3_ ), nihon
( 4 ) ofuro ( 5 ) daisuki desu ( 6 ), yoru yoku ofuro
( 7 ) hairi-masu. Sutoresu ( 8) torete ii kimochi desu.

Although I take a shower every morning, because I love Japanese baths,

I often take a bath in the evening. It rids me of stress, and makes me

feel good.

318
 ANSWER KEYS

[Lesson 1] 7. 1-(mo), 2-** (ga)

1. |-4*(ga) 8. I-tk (wa), 2-** (ga)
2. 1-ts (wa) 9. I-ld (wa)
3. 1-A*(ga) 10. 1-(d (wa), 2-2* (ga)
4. 1-ld (wa) 11. 1-% (mo), 2-2* (ga)
5. \-ld (wa) , 2-0* (ga) 12. 1-td (wa), 2-(¢ (wa), 3-4*(ga)
6. 1-td (wa) , 2-2* (ga) 13.. 1-( (wa), 2-** (ga)
7. I-tk (wa) , 2-44 (wa) 14. 1-(mo), 2-** (ga)
8. 1-A*(ga) 15. 1-t& (wa), 2-2* (ga)
9. 1-ld (wa) 16. 1-td (wa), 2-(t (wa)
10. 1-td (wa) 17. 1-td (wa)
11. 1-#*(ga) 18. 1t-% (mo)
12. 1-A*(ga) 19. |- (mo)
13. 1-A*(ga) 20. 1-% (mo)
14. 1-tt (wa) 21. 1-td (wa)
15. 1-A*(ga) 22. 1-2*(ga)
16. 1-A*(ga) 23. 1-* (mo)
17. 1-t& (wa) , 2-4* (ga) 24. |-# (mo)
18. 1-(d (wa), 2-A*(ga), 3-A*(ga)/ld 25. 1-A*(ga)
(wa) 26. 1-A*(ga)
19. 1-A*(ga) 27. 1-td (wa) 2-/* (ga)
20. 1-A*(ga) 28. 1-ld (wa), 2- t (mo), 3- & (mo)
21. 1-#*(ga) 29. 1-# (mo), 2- * (mo), 3-A*(ga)
22. 1-ld (wa) 30. 1-ts (wa), 2-#* (ga), 3-(t (wa)
23. 1-td (wa)
24. 1-ts (wa) [Lesson 3]
25. \-ts (wa) 1. 1-@(no), 2-#* (ga) /tt (wa)
26. 1|-A*(ga) 2. 1-M(no), 2- & (mo)
27. 1-**(ga) 3. 1-% (no), 2-(s (wa)
28. 1-2*(ga) 4. 1- (no), 2-(t (wa), 3-A* (ga)
29. 1-td (wa) , 2-08(ga) 5. 1-7 (no)
30. 1-(s (wa) , 2-td (wa), 3-td (wa) 6. I-ts(wa), 2-7* (ga)
7. I-tk (wa), 2-#*(ga)
[Lesson 2] 8. I-ts (wa), 2-2 (ga)
T |-( (wa) 9. 1-ts (wa), 2-#*(ga), 3-A* (ga)
2 |-2* (ga) 10. 1-M(no), 2-(t (wa), 3-A* (ga)
3. 1-A*(ga) 11. 1-M(no), 2-t (mo), 3- & (mo)
4. |- & (mo) 12. 1-M(no), 2-(s (wa), 3-A*(ga), 4-2%
5 |-(s (wa) (ga), 5-7 (no), 6-t (wa), 7-A* (ga)
6. 1-tk (wa) , 2-25 (ga) 13. 1-@(no), 2- (mo), 3-A* (ga)
319
14. 1-@(no), 2- & (mo) 25. |-C(de), 2-* (0), 3-% (0)
15. 1-M(no), 2-td (wa) 26. I-T(de), 2-% (0), 3-T(de)
16. |-ld (wa), 2-4°(ga), 3-A*(ga) 27. \|-T(de), 2-* (o)
17. 1-M(no), 2- (mo) 28. I-T(de), 2-% (o)
18. 1-(d (wa) 29. |-T(de), 2-* (0)
19. 1-#*(ga), 2-A* (ga) 30. I-T(de), 2-C(de), 3-% (o)
20. 1-A*(ga)
21. 1- (mo), 2- % (mo), 3-A* (ga) [Lesson 5]
22. 1-n*(ga) 1. 1-4 (0), 2-T(de), 3-(= (ni)
23. 1-lé(wa), 2-td (wa) 2. I-v(e)/t= (ni), 2-T (de)
24. |-M(no), 2-ts (wa), 3-A* (ga) 3. I-T(de), 2-t= (ni), 3-% (o)
25. 1\-l&é (wa), 2-A*(ga), 3-% (mo) 4. {-t= (ni), 2-C@(de), 3-*% (0)
26. \-lk (wa), 2-lt (wa), 3-A* (ga) 5. 1-%&(0), 2-~(e)/I= (ni)
27. \- (no), 2-#*(ga) é. 1-(= (ni), 2-@ (de)
28. 1|-A*(ga), 2-A*(ga) 7. I-tx (ni), 2-T(de), 3-* (o)
29. \-l&(wa), 2-A°(ga), 3-a*(ga), 4-M 8. I-C@(de), 2-~(e)/l= (ni), 3- (de),
(no), 5-tt (wa), 6- & (mo), 7- (mo) 4- %& (0)
30. 1-%*(ga), 2-% (mo), 3-& (mo), 4-6 9. I-n(e)/t= (ni), 2-T (de), 3-* (0)
(mo) 10. 1-2 (ni), 2-t= (ni), 3-*& (0)
11. 1-2 (ni), 2-@ (de)
[Lesson 4] 12. I-’(e)/l= (ni), 2-= (ni), 3-% (0)
1. I-@(de), 2-* (o) 13. 1-& (0), 2-(2 (ni)
2. 1-T(de) 14 I-l2 (ni), 2-% (0), 3-Cl(de), 4-4
3. 1I-%& (0) (0), 5-~ (e) /tz (ni)
4. \|-C(de), 2-% (0) 15. 1-2 (ni), 2-@(de), 3-4 (0)
5. 1-%&(0), 2-C(de) 16. I-C(de), 2-% (0)
6 1-%& (0), 2-T(de) 17. I-T@(de), 2-t=(ni), 3-T(de), 4-*
7. |-% (0), 2-C (de) (o)
8. I-C(de), 2-%(o) 18. 1-%(0), 2-(= (ni), 3-~(e)/tz (ni),
9. 1-%&(o) 4-T (de), 5-*% (0)
10. 1% (0), 2-T(de) 19. I-l2 (ni), 2-~(e) /f= (ni), 3-t= (ni)
11. I-T@(de), 2-% (0) 20. 1I-(de), 2-(= (ni), 3-% (o)
12. |-C(de), 2-% (0) 21. I-t= (ni), 2-% (0)
13. 1-@(de), 2-* (0) 22. \-(de), 2-(= (ni)
14. 1-(de) 23. \-t2 (ni), 2-*& (0), 3- T(de)
15. 1-&(0), 2-T(de) 24. 1-t2(ni), 2-% (0), 3-~(e)/Ic (ni)
16. |I-C@(de), 2-T(de), 3-* (0) 25. |-%&(0), 2-C(de)/* (wo), 3-t= (ni)/
17. |-C(de), 2-* (0) “~(ni), 4-#& (0), 5-2 (ni)
18. 1-% (0), 2-C(de) 26. \|-C(de), 2-(= (ni), 3-t= (ni), 4-Tt
19. |-& (0), 2-T(de) (de), 5-& (0)
20. |I-% (0), 2-C(de) 27. \-(=(ni), 2-& (0), 3- T(de)
21. 1-%(0), 2-@(de), 3-* (0) 28. 1-%& (0), 2-~(e)/l= (ni), 3-% (0)
22. \|-%(o), 2-C(de) 29. |-C(de), 2-* (0), 3-~(e)
/I= (ni)
23. |-T(de), 2-%* (o) 30. I-%(0), 2-T(de), 3-(= (ni), 4-(-
24. |-C(de), 2-% (o) (ni), 5-& (0), 6-& (0)

320
[Lesson 6] 30. [-(= (ni), 2-45 (kara), 3-(= (ni),
1. |-%*& (kara) 4-$ T(made), 5-A*5 (kara), 6-¥ T
2. |- T (made) (made), 7-t= (ni), 8-~\(e) /I= (ni)
3. |-2*© (kara)
4 1-4 6 (kara), 2-~(e)/t= (ni), 3-£ [Lesson 7]
(made), 4-~ (e) /I= (ni) 1. 1-4 (dake), 2-f¢
tt (dake)
1-4. % (kara), 2- ¥ C(made) 2. 1-¥ (ya), 2-* (ya), 3-& (to)
mo |-4*5 (kara), 2-46 (kara), 3-~ T 3. I-& (to), 2-f£tt (dake)
(made) 4. |- & (to), 2- LUAs (shika)
1-2& (kara) 5. I-< H.(gurai), 2-f£tt (dake), 3-L
1-4. (kara), 2- ¥ T (made) 4° (shika)
|-%*& (kara) 6 1-& (to), 2-& (to)
PN
5 |- ¥ T(made), 2-(= (ni), 3-A5 7. I-& (to), 2-*? (ya)
(kara), 4- $ T (made) 8. 1-& (to), 2-L#*(shika)
|1- $@(made)/t=(ni)/~(e), 2-Ar5 9. I-& (to), 2-flt (dake), 3-< 5»
(kara) (gurai)
|-* (kara), 2- £ T(made) 10. I-t¢tt (dake) ,2- ¢ 5 U*(gurai), 4-L
|- G(made), 2-45 (kara) 4 (shika)
1-4. (kara), 2-(= (ni) 11. 1-U*(shika), 2- ¢ 5 Us (gurai)
|-4* & (kara), 2- ¥ T(made) 12. I-< &bs(kurai)
[-(= (ni), 2-* 5 (kara), 3-62 (ni) 13. 1-¢ &.(gurai)
|-#*5 (kara), 2-# T(made), 3-(= 14. 1-*%? (ya), 2-< 6t+(kurai), 3-La»
(ni) (shika)
l- ¥ C(made), 2-(=(ni), 3-5 15. 1-& (to), 2-& (to)
(kara) 16. 1-& (to), 2- (ya), 3-7*44 (dake)
|-4*% (kara), 2- ¥ T(made) 17. |-UL a*(shika), 2-724 (dake), 3-5
1- C(made), 2-(= (ni) LU’(gurai)
|-#*% (kara), 2-#£ T(made), 3-(= 18. I-?¢lt (dake), 2-U #*(shika), 3-¢ 5
(ni) L.(gurai)
|-(= (ni), 2-4* 5 (kara) 19. I-#¢14 (dake), 2- L 4*(shika)
|-(= (ni), 2-4* © (kara) 20. I-(ya), 2-< 5t*s(gurai), 3-L%
|-¥ @(made), 2-5 (kara), 3-~ (shika)
(e) /t= (ni)
|- C(made), 2-%* 5 (kara) ,3-(= [Lesson 8]
(ni), 4-# T(made)/t= (ni), 5-*¥ET 1. |-& (to), 2-& (to), 3-M (no)
(made), 6-(= (ni), 7-t= (ni) 2. I-& (to), 2-& (to)
|-4*% (kara), 2-A*6 (kara), 3-¥ T 3. I-& +) (yori), 2-7 (no)
(made), 4-(= (ni), 5-~(e) /t= (ni) 4. 1-l£& (hodo)
|-A* (ga), 2-4*% (kara), 3-(= (ni), 5. I-k W(yori), 2-M(no), 3-lEL
4- $ ©(made), 5-~\(e) /IZ (ni) (hodo)
|-# T(made), 2-A*5 (kara), 3-~ 6 1-& (to), 2-T(de)
(e)/t= (ni), 4-¥ T(made), 5-~(e)/ 7. I-& (to), 2-& (to), 3-M(no), 4-T%
(= (ni) (de)
29. |-4*% (kara), 2-# C(made), 3-2 8. I-l£&¢’(hodo), 2-& ¥) (yori)
(ni), 4-2*& (kara) 9. I-& 4) (yori), 2-M (no)
10. I-C(de), 2-& +) (yori), 3-T (de) 13. 1-M(no), 2-ld(wa)/lt=(ni), 3-—*M
11. I-& ¥) (yori), 2-lE &(hodo) (no), 4-*(ga), 5-& (to) ,6-* (0),
12. I-& (to), 2-& (to), 3-¢ (to), 4-T 7-T(de), 8-~(e) /t= (ni)
(de) 14. 1-lk(wa), 2-M(no), 3-~ (e)/IZ (ni),
13. I-& Y (yori), 2-M(no), 3-lEx& 4-* (mo), 5-A*(ga), 6-A* (ga), 7-*M
(hodo) (no), 8-(é (wa), 9-M(no),10-& (to)
14. I-& (to), 2- (de), 3-M (no) 15. |1-C(de), 2-45 (kara), 3-~(e)/Iz
15. I-C@(de), 2-& ¥ (yori), 3-M (no), (ni)
4-7) (no) 16. 1-t& (wa), 2-T (de), 3-~(e)
/I= (ni),
16. 1|-& (to), 2-T(de), 3-M(no), 4-M 4-0) (no), 5-t= (ni), 6- & (0)
(no), 5-& 4) (yori) 17. 1-#* (kara), 2-T(de), 3-~(e)/Iz
17. 1-& (to), 2-M(no), 3- T (de) (ni), 4-% (no) 5-7 (no) ,6-2* (ga),
18. 1-l£ &(hodo), 2-M(no), 3-<£ ¥ 7-% (0), 8-*? (ya), 9-& (0),
(yori) 10-4 (o), 11- % (mo)
19. I-M(no), 2-¢ (to), 3-&¢ (to), 4-T& 18. I-& (to), 2-lé (wa), 3-C(de), 4-2
(de), 5-0 (no), 6-£ 4) (yori) (ga), 5-7 (no), 6-(s (wa)
20. 1-M(no), 2-M(no), 3-C(de), 4-£ 19. 1-@(no), 2-(t (wa), 3-(= (ni)
') (yori), 5-0 (no), 6-1 & (hodo) 20. |-& (to), 2-(é(wa), 3-& (to), 4-Tt
(de), 5-~(e) /(Z (ni)
[Lesson 9]
1. I-@(no), 2-td (wa), 3-& (to) [Lesson 10]
2. 1-lé (wa), 2-4°5 (kara), 3-T(T), 1. \-(t (wa), 2-M(no), 3-C@(de), 4-M
4-% (o) (no), 5-¢= (ni)
3. 1-l&(wa), 2-@ (no), 3-(= (ni), 2. \-tk (wa), 2-(= (ni), 3-% (0), 4-4 (0)
4-2%*% (kara), 5-~(e) /t= (ni) 3. 1I-@(no), 2-M(no), 3-(é (wa), 4-&
4. \-tk (wa), 2-ld (wa), 3-A*(ga), 4-M (to), 5-A (no), 6-t= (ni) ,7--*? (ya),
(no), 5-G(de), 6-M(no), 7-* (o), 8- & (mo)
8-7 (no) ,9- & (mo) |0-4* 5 (kara), 4. \-td(wa), 2-(k(wa)/A*(ga), 3-7*
| 1-* (ga) /td (wa) (ga) ,4-f¢It (dake), 5-td (wa)
5. \-T(de), 2-lt (wa), 3-tEtt (dake), 5. I-& (to), 2-l£(wa), 3-C(de), 4-*
4-7) (no), 5-*? (ya), 6-*? (ya), (0), 5-A*(ga), 6-7 (no), 7-td (wa),
7- § (mo) 8-* (ga), 9- & (o)
6. 1-M(no), 2-(= (ni), 3-tk (wa), 4-(= 6. 1-M(no), 2-($ (wa), 3-4* (kara),
(ni), 5-4*(ga), 6- (de) ,7-(t (wa), 8 4-7) (no), 5-A*(ga), 6-&(0), 7-Ic
-%& (0), 9-lt (wa), 10-& (to) (ni)
7. 1-@(no), 2-'k (wa), 3-@ (no) 7. —|-t2 (ni), 2-4*5 (kara), 3-M (no),
8. 1-@(no), 2-td (wa), 3-M (no) 4-4*(ga), 5-£ T(made), 6-& (to),
9. 1-@(no), 2-t$ (wa), 3-M(no), 4-M 7-(k (wa), 8-M (no), 9- G(de)
(no), 5-**(ga) 8. 1-@(no), 2-M(no), 3-ld(wa), 4-¢
10. I-M(no), 2-l£(wa), 3-%(0), 4-& (to), 5-% (no)
(to), 5-& (to) 9. |-M (no), 2-M(no), 3-td (wa), 4-(=
Il. I-@(no), 2-t=(ni), 3-& (to), 4-A* (ni), 5- & (mo), 6-& (mo)
(ga), 5-A*(ga), 6-(s (wa) 10. 1I-M(no), 2-l= (ni), 3-td (wa), 4--?
12. |-td (wa), 2-(= (ni), 3-4*5 (kara), (ya), 5-*? (ya), 6-*? (ya), 7- & (mo)
4-& (to), 5-& (0), 6-A*5 (kara) 11. 1-@(no), 2-#(0), 3-C(de), 4-(k

322
 (wa), 5-& (to), 6-M(no), 7-% (0),
8-0 (no), 9-lt (wa), 10-M (no),
1 1-*5 (kara), 12-(d (wa)
I-M(no), 2-*#(0), 3-C(de), 4-tt
(wa), 5-(= (ni), 6-@(no),7-% (0)
\-l& (wa), 2-2 (no), 3-T(de), 4-&
(to), 5-(= (ni), 6- & (mo), 7- (mo)
I-(=(ni), 2-A*(ga), 3-e& (to), 4-&
(to), 5-tk (wa), 6-62 (ni), 7-~\(e)IZ
(ni)
\-(4 (wa), 2-M(no), 3-(k (wa) ,4-2§
(ga) ,5-0*5 (kara), 6-(mo),7-Aa*5
(kara), 8-@(no), 9-& (to), 10-A*5
(kara), |Il-(é (wa), 12-& (to), 13-(=
(ni), |\4-% (0), 15-tt (wa)
|-7 (no), 2-té(wa), 3-(2 (ni), 4-tt
(wa), 5-~\(e)/(= (ni), 6-2*5 (kara),
7-C(de), 8-t2(ni), 9-% (0), 10-%
(0),11-@(no), 12-4 (0), 13-M(no),
14-& (mo)
\-#*(ga), 2-& (mo), 3- (mo), 4-#
T (made)
\-#*(ga), 2-A*(ga), 3-lt£ (wa), 4-7*
(ga), 5-a*(ga), 6-#* (ga), 7-(¢ (wa),
8-2* (ga)
1-7) (no), 2-%*5 (kara), 3-4* (ga), 4-
(t (wa), 5-C(de), 6-& (0), 7-(= (ni),
8- & (mo), 9- & (0)
20. \-tt (wa), 2-%(0), 3-A*%(ga), 4-M
(no), 5-#*(ga), 6-%* (kara), 7-t=
(ni), 8-A* (ga)

323
 PATTERNS

[A]
about ni tsuite [LDUT! ceeececcceeececeeeeeeceeseesesensens 192
according to “.. ni yotte ~IZk3T(... ni yori ~IZkY/...
niyoreba ~li dé *ld/... ni yora-nai de ~Il&
DTP UNC) cteeeteececeeeeeceesceneeecssssesseneeeneenes 128
according to (topic)... “to ie ba ~Xuvald, ” “... nara ba ~ Ap b(t”
Cee e ce ewe meee e ener ener stan eere nee e noes eae seassees l

again “mata mo ya FPL bX" ceeeeeeeeeeeetetteeeeeteeeees 246

also MO ce EY ce ece ence ecneceascesceeceeceeseeeseerenees 9]
although “to yuu noni £9 MI,” “ii noni LYUsmic” 167
and Ota Mari STEAL ceceeeececeeeeceeeeeeceeeeeseeees 113
and “(noun) to (NOUN) OWL" ceeeeceeeeeeeeettteeeeeees 201
. and ... the same verb is repeated with “ni (=” in between 131
.. and ... “ shi _ shi ~LELw~L” TOPErTreererer rr re ee er i 180

.. and ... (like crazy) “. (tte... (tite... makuru ~(7) T~(9) TWF
LZ ce teecnceeececeeeeeseseseeeeeeeeeaeeereeeseseneneas 191
(doing verb) and/while then (doing tari. tari STEW DPE ccecectececseneeeenes 188
verb)
anyone “dare ShimMo T24L Lb)" cet ecetectecereeeteeeeseeeeeee 184
as “no yoona ~N£I4,” “..noyooni ~Ns£
4 (=” TEPeTTTeCTreSTrreree ey ee eee errr re 153

as for “ttara ... nai ofc bw~ty eee

ee eee rer eer 186

as for ... and ... “ae TOT. TOT EUS EUV weer
eeeeee 210
as if “ga gotoku Arm & \ eee eer 38

as well as “'. mo ... mo ~t~ Ff" cece cece cence re ccecncsccce 93

at “de wa C(t," “de MO C$)" seccsscetsceevscecseevewens 20

at “ni yotte ~lod oT... ni yori ~IZ EY /...
ni yoreba ~ltid*mld/... ni yora-naide ~(=
£ AUNT)” cece nce e een e ence cence ceceneeseereseneees 128

at “kore nite —4#lo T,” “koko nite -2tI2T"” ++ «142

at all Mmarukkiri £ OO RW" ceeceeeecceeecceeseverenessees 75
[B)
because ... “naze nara ba ZtEAL (LY cevcccsecceceeccccecceeeees 4
(precisely) because “. karakoso ~A*5=-€"or"...bakoso ~(£=
EM cette nce eenseennenenseneneseecnseeeeseneneeencensetes 76
because (someone) said ... “to yuu NOde LB AADC" —veveeceeceeceeeseeeseeeees 161
between “kara... Made WPS~ EC! cececeececeeeeeees 57
between “(moun) to (NOUN) EW vrereeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeees 201
both MO ce MO WE WE cette tec eceteeeeeeeeeeeeens 93
but “to yuu noni C49 Mx,” “ii noni LYUMI(=” 167

324
by “.. ni yotte ~lIZk7T(... ni yori ~IC EY /...
ni yoreba ~(lidéMIdL/... ni yora-naide ~(=
aoe
ee 6) Mee 128

[C]
cannot do ... even if (I) were to try “ (verb) ni mo (= & (verb) zu/nai F/% Uy" “++ 136
“ni tsuite (LDUYT cece rece ce tceeceeeeeeeeeeeneceeeenes 192
concerning
considering (something, it is evident “..suruto~g Hx,” ... shita tokoroga~LKe =i
Pi" aeccccccencccccrcreeccccseoscccsseecennsscessessseeseaees 2
that ...)
(D]
do (something), but ... “koso sure _¢¢0" see deneeeneneareeeeeseseeseeeeees 76

doesn’t make much difference “..demo ~t" or“... temo ~TH” corr 94
doesn’t matter “..demo ~T"or“..temo ~TH”" cr 94
due to “.. ni yotte ~l2é 07 T (... ni yori wir dg
W/... ni yore ba ~lo
dktvld/... ni yora-nai de
or bal ae dlVat) 128

(E)
MO cw MO WWE treet eee ee eeeeereeeeees 93
either ... or
“sae ... dakara SR AWTEMH” crveccccceeeseceeeees 179
even
(even if I were to ... ) “doose ... keredomo ©9t~ITNMEH” cree 72
ya Fae ae @ oe 246
even more “mashite

“kara to itte ~DO LU 7 T" e

tere eneces
crteree 63
even though
even though “to yuunoni L£UYFMIC” “ii noni UkyYMI=” = 167
every possible (thing/method) “ari to arayuru... HWY CHODO~"™ creer 209
“dare shimo TLILL BH" ceeee etc s
cette teeeeeeeeeeteee 184
everyone
“ga mama ni OE aE 2 Ue 38
exactly as (something)
(F)
from “ni yotte ~lZk3T(... ni yori Ik Y/...
ni yore ba ~lo
kdMIS/... ni yora-nai de ~l=
Bat ee ais ME 128
WDD ~E Cl crreeceeseeeserere 83
from ... till “kara... Made
... Made ~DH~ ECM crccctereceseeeere 57
from/to “kara
... Made ~DH~ EC! cereetecteceeeeees 83
from ... to “kara
(H] 7
have/has just done (something) “ta bakari TID DS ceeerecreereceeeceeeeeeenes
Toa CT crcceceretesnccceeceressecersnecesasorsoes 934
(he/she) says ... “datte
iar. SE 178
..., (he/she said) “tesa TS , “to sa

(1)
“te sa T «x a “to sa a « WP ecw ccc cccsnenosesessces 178
.., (I hear)
I regret ... “.. deshoo ni ~TUS DIZ,
~ nm
. de aroo ni
~CHHAIIL,"... daroo ni ~72492," “..
deshita deshoo ni ~TLA TUS 9 EE,”
“. datta deshoo ni ~fZavi TLS 912," “..
roo ni WE DHEA DIL” crrerteeeeteettees 135
datta

((I) remember) “dakke ffalt,” “dattakke FZ afoDIT" ceeeeeees 69

325
I suppose ... “. deshoo ni ~TULs 9IZ,” “... de aroo. ni
~CTH4A7 IZ," “.. daroo ni ~t? 4 9 12,"
“.. deshita deshoo ni ~CLETCLE JIC,”
“datta deshoo ni ~fZafz= TL sé 912,” “...
datta roo ni ~fis 1-4 4 (=” ee ccccoeceececvecs 135

I sympathize ... “.. deshoo ni ~C@UL& 92,” “.. de aroo ni

~TH4AI(Z," “.. daroo ni ~t? 4% 9 2,”
“.. deshita deshoo ni ~@CLKECL4E JIC,”
“,. datta deshoo ni ~# atl és FIZ," "%..
datta roo Ni TE DIL ADIIM crereeseeseeeerees 135
I wish (it) would ... “Nai kana ~ Tp saz” cmc cernccccceccecvececcescecccese 53

if only there were (something), even “semete... demo... thE TCE wl cerereecceeeees 28
just a little bit of it...
in “de wa Cl, ” “de mo Ct" cece cen ccseesccecsscccs 20

in “kore nite —#I=T,” “koko nite = 2(27T” 142

in/at (location) and in/at (loca- “. demo .. demo ~ThH~ TH” crreeerseeeees 19
tion) ...
in any case ... “nani wa to mo are flZ LE EBA” wee eee cece ees 221
in terms of (topic)... “.. to ie ba ~eurgld, ” “... nara ba ~¢p 5 (g”
Coe me eer e ner n erences conn rere cease ee neeeeseesceccceece l

it is certain that ..., but “.. niwa... keredo(ga) ~lrlé~ttn

re (A%)” 134
it’s not as if ... “aru mai shi HD ¥ \\ Lb.” ane ccccsccesrececvcccsseccs 182

(J)
just by doing... “ kara ni ~Rb (=” Peer eens enoneseseecsacscceceseens 65

(L)
let us say ... “iwa ba U4old,” “tatoe ba PEASE — veveeeeee 4
like “no yoona ~N£9%4,""..noyooni ~NE£
FUL tec eec eee ee tec eeeecseeeesteteeevseenseeeeseessoees 153
(M]
more of a... than ... “to yuu yori rams 4 ae t) Wa ceecccncnccncccvecuscccceccs 957

must do (something) “ne ba nara-nai tvalé% 671," “nakere ba nara-

nai/nari-masen 4ZlItmidg te o hu/te Wy # tt
J tet et ee ee eaten eee eeeesaececeesssesssetesereesseeeess 3
[N]
neither ... nor ... “ mo ... ba ~t~l(f" Poe cere ccneccccccnesscesevece 3

no matter ... “don-na ni... tomo CAZII~¢ &,” “doredake ...

tomo Crtilt~ce $)" soc e cece ce ccenscnsscecsccccces 918

no matter (something) “. Uga ~DAS" “Oo mai ga ~EUAM eee 39

no matter what/how (some- “don-na ... demo CAA~CH A 97

thing) ...
not all bad “manzara .. demo FAR
H~ CH” cccecececees 28
not necessarily ... “kanarazu shimo WF L t,” Orr ccanasenccesccescsece 184

not only ... “nomi narazu Nery 5g” Cece rons nc cccccnssvvccs 166

not only ... but (also) ... “.. dake de(ja) naku .. mo ~#ITC(U
S) a ¢
Wo $y ete eee e nec e nese etenec cee eneenseeeesenesesecenes 12

326
not only all ..., but ... “.. to iwa zu... to wa zu ~tUdoT~ebrp
Gil ec eecececsccecsececersceeseceeeecceusussaseeseeeaeees 213
not only (something), but also (some- Hbakari ka (EDS A! cecceeececcesseseceesseseeeeenees 8
thing)...
(not only ..., but) ... also “.. bakari de naku .. sae ~lfa) THK ~SA
Fi etecncnereceeecececececacsssesascseeseoeseeeseseeees 180
not unthinkable “manzara .. demo FAA H~ CE” — cecceeteeeee 28
(nothing else) to do besides ... “yori hoka LW) (EDM! csesecesssseceessseeeesseeeessaes 255
now that kara Mi Wa WAS (LILY cer eeceeeeeeteeeeeceeees 64
(0)
one after another Kara occ © SDS WAN cceceecnceecensnsweceeeeees 58
or “(noun) to (NOUN) ~~ cereeesteceesteeerseees 201
. OF ... Ka ce Ka NPD NAN ste t et et et eeececeeeeeereenenen 47
. OF ... Sper 7-1¢- PPI 7-10- MosaCll> RedeCl > 249
(or) AO NO WOW)" cece eeceescceetceesescecnaeees 156
(number) or (number) OKA cc TDS cent eset et eteceeseeeeeeeeeeseones 48
.. or something/someone “to yara LAD" vceceseeesceeeeeeesteetseeensersneens 248
[R]
(receive favor from ... by request) “. te morau(... te morai-masu) ~TH59(~T
HOE o)" see e eee e ens een cs eeceeecnseecesseceseeres 132

regardless of “..demo ~TC#"” or“... temo ~TH”" cee 94

regardless of the fact that... “don-na ... demo CATES TE" ccecceeeeeeeeeeteeees 27
(S]
since “. kara ni wa ~ADb (= (£" Tererrrrrrrrrererer rier 64

since/because..., (as expected) ... dake atte TLITH OC! veeecececcecceceneeeneeeeeeees 13

since it was So ... “a(n)mari ... node H(A) FH ~~ cereseeeeees 161
so to speak “iwa ba U\4old," “tatoe ba TEE ALT" ovrereeeee 4
solely due to (one cause), matters “bakari ni (LAY (LM cece eececeecee
eeeeeeeeecesseeees 6

took a turn for the worse.

(something) and (something) also WMO cee DA WEE! cece et eeeceteeeeeeneeeeeneees 3
speaking of (topic)..., “..toieba~rvvv2aly, ” “... nara ba ~@ 512”
Lecececaceeeeccccececscceeseesenceceescaccesecssescseesesceues 1
such as “noyoona ~N£94," “..noyooni ~NS
FIL cree ecce teen teceeeeeeteeeeseeeeeesseseeeaeenaens 153

such as ... (and ... ) 4 YA ve MAO WR LAL LM crs eeseeseeeeeeeneeneees 108

(T)
that (would ...) ... “sore KOSO “EFL LEM cecerceeeceeetteseeeeseeaeeeeaees 16
“ba... dake ISD PLUS — ceeceeeceeeee a eeeneneece 12
the more (something), the...
the more ..., the more .... “ , suru hodo ~o SEL," “... ba... hodo ~lt
LE LY sessccecceseesseneceeeseeesesseeneeescoesngees 44
the reason being... “naze nara ba ATED IE" ccceeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 4
things like (something) and (some- “1. dano ... Cano ~PEOI~ TFET” —rrreerecreereceees 14
thing)

327
this/that many “koo mo — 79 & (kon-na ni ~AZ%ZI=),” “soo mo
€4% (son-na ni €A%I=),” “aa mo HAH
(an-na ni HAAWIZ)” 97
this/that much “koo mo — 4 (kon-na ni ~A“ZIZ),” “soo mo
4% (son-na ni €A%I(=),” “aa mo HHH
(an-na ni HA AIC)”
(this was the situation) when (some- “.. tokoroe ~t l24AwW"
thing else happened)
..., (to be sure) ... “.. (de) wa... (da) ga) ~(C)lE~(t)A"
too “ mo io at Si Mere

(turn) into .. ni naru (nari-masu) ~li24%S(%Y EF)” or

“. ni kawaru (kawari-masu) ~(li2S(2uW ¥
*)”
(W]
wasn’t it so that ... “.. de wa/janaika ~TClde@OA/U era
what is/was it ...? “dakke fivlt," “dattakke 72a 72 7It”
when is/was it ...? “dakke fiat,” “dattakke at 7IT”
whether it’s (something) or (some- “... datte .. datte ~7#2s T~?i7T” (or, varia-
thing)... tion: “... tatte ... tattle ~t37T~he 7 T”)
o Nari _ nari ~try t) ~ty t) Face enc cnccccnccceccs
whether or not
(whether) ... or not “. (a verb) yoo to... mai to ~(4)3tC~#U)
“” pec c erence cence eee seer neces eee e anc tense snc censsesce

whether (you) do (something) or not, “. Uga ~DA,” “mai ga ~EUASM vere

it doesn’t matter...
while doing... Ota mari WPEAL Hl ceseeecccceeeeseeeeseneneeeeeeees
why don’t you do... “tara doo ka WP OAM ceeceeeeteeeeeeees
with “kore nite “#1(2T,” “koko nite = t= Tt”
without ... or ... “. to naku... tonaku ~tacr~eyc”

328
 GLOSSARY (English-Japanese)

[A]
a... or something Nari TLE) — cvceececececrereccccscsccecscescsoererresssenens 114
a fact NO J) rreteetetseecceacsscescescescceccescesscuscessensesaee 154
a matter NO J) reeetteceeseeesacenseeesseesseesceesseeessessesseennes 154
about HOdO (Fo ceectcccecetecceccenctecessesnseseeeseeseseeeses 43
about kurai(gurai) < SUC CUS) crete eeeeecererteeeeeees 79
about TO ty tttctetecsecceccsarsssecsensssenescsecscencnteresantes 95
about NO J) rreteectsntenceccssnsenseccescssncesssnesensenceesnees 149
accompanied by tO Lo ttteceeeenceeceeeeeeeceeceeeseesenseatereeseneeeneees 902
according to dO Co cececeeetectsceeeeeecencrseeseeeeeseneeatereesestesecees 25
according to Kara D0 cere ceceeeerececenecncscnseeseeseesecseneaeaenes 62
according to Ni (treet eteteneececeeeecesencnsecessecestscesesseeesesens 128
after doing ..., (not once done ...) Kiri Xb) cccccecceccecesseccescesesceeensnseeesstennetensacs 74

against tO Lo teste eecenceeeeeeseeecenseceeseeeenseeeeseeeenenseeees 203

.. all right? NO J) creeteetenteecceneensecsesseessesseeseseseeseesenseess 155
.., all right. COMO Lf) weet ete t tte ee eet eeteeeeeecneeneeeeseeeneeneeees 219
also TO ty ttt teteesecncsccenecncsesensessncosnsessaesssconees 92
also Mi-MO (2 € (CPL) ceteeeteteeeeceeeeeeeseeeeneeesnseeees 136
although 2) ES 39
although MONON £)TID) cecererectctteeteeteeceseceesonseeeeewenes 102
although MONO-0 €) DD Fe cee eeet cee eceecscccecaresceeccesscesceeees 104

although NON] Dir terececectetecececsesceeecececeeeneneeserseeenes 167

although (usually) ... tokOr0-0 CL AF ceeeecte eee teeceeeeeacecsseseceseees 217
always just doing (something) bakari [20+') ccccccscccccceccsccetscscrecscesseesseseseeeenes 5
fe(- et Cee 19
among
and Ni Ur teeteteteeececeeeeseescsesceeeseeeaeeeeeeeeenees 127, 129
and t© Co cette teceneeeeeeroescenereesencesessersntensensensens 19]
and tO Lo cet teteteteteceeenecetencnenseseseeeeeneseereenseneeas 200
.. (and) ..., SO ... Shi LL crete ececeesececnceceeeeceeesecusensesensanseeeeenees 181
.. and ... (among other things/ ya Xx err errr rrr rrr rere rere ee ee eee eee eee 242

places)
and ... (other things) 7-1 a col> 249
datte ti 7 T Prrrrrrr errr erree reer reer errr rrree rrr eer rye 16
anyone
datte ti 7 T Perr rrr rrerrr errr rere rere reer ee er eee eeee 16
anytime
ro} 40: ipede
Bl Qo 16
anywhere
bakari (n° ) Pererrrre rrr errr errr ee rreee ee eee reer 7
approximately
approximately hodo tz ral Perr r rrr errr rere ere Teer eee ee ee eee ee eer 43

approximately kurai(gurai) < SUC CUS) creeeeeeeeeeeeeteen eens 79

around MO ft) cetereteteseceteeeeeesecncesenesensseeesesesenerenees 95
Kara Db —_cecccrccceecrececceceecesecseccescesseseenseaens 61
as
as ni (= Peo erm meen ee nseeerec onsen ceesneesseneseasseseenseens 127

as to-shi-te «LT (C.P.) weet cree teem e ne eeeeeeceeenacnes 929

as a token of Ni (Tree eect ee eeeeeeeeessccceeneseseeenensesseeeesserenes 127

as far as Made $C creccreecetecesceeereeecceeseeesseeeseeeseees 84, 86
as far (a distance) as MO £) crete tee et eeneeeeeeeeceeesereseerseneeteeeenenenes 95
as for ..., 7s ee 38
as for to-shite-wa ¢« LTlt (C.P.) cece cence scenes cenenes 995

as for ..., Wa (Leer cecetceeeecceesceesnsereeceestesenesesensneeeees 236

as for ..., also/too ... to-shite-mo «LT % (C.P.) once reece eeeeeseseesenes 993

as long a time as TO t) tttc tt te ete e eee nee set nee necnnscnneneeeeeeneeeecenenees 95

as many as Kara TU cecteceeeeceecceseeceseeeceectserseeenseneseenes 60
as many/much as TO t) eter eete eet eteneceececeeneeeeeeseseeneensenaeror
ens 95
as much 4s ... dake TLUF — cceccecceecteeeeeeeeseceeceeeeeseceeeeetseeeees 11
as much as KAA DD reece ete teee cent eetcceenccer
seer eneseneeesenes 60
as soon as Nari Tb) cevec cece eee eee eee eee eee eeeestentereeneererseess 113
as soon as tO Lo tee eeseeeeeueeeeeeceeeeceeeeeneacceeeseeeeeaeeeeeeees 208
as soon as 7 ie EEE ESSOOESOCESESCESEEESESOSOOSOSSOOOED 943
as soon as ... ya-ina-ya ~OUALX? (C.P.) ceeeeceeeeeseeeeeeee
eeeeees 947
as well as MO ft) cree treet eect eee eneeeeeeeeeneneceeneceeaeeneerenes 95
as you've already heard ..., 2s eee 38
at CO Co ce ccceteeesercceeesccceteseeseeessenessentens 18, 20, 23
at CR cece ene nnneeeeneneeeeensereteneeeeeeteneseesenenenaneees 33
at 11 a A a eee 56
at nl Al eeeeee eee 119, 124, 125, 128
at Ni-eshite (LUT —ceeccccccccccescccctcccccccsccsccccecncces 140

at NO Dd trrecececeteetsccescssescsereensesssssessetenes 149, 150

(at) O Fr seetevennesesesseessesessesessesessencnserssseseetetes 175
. at a time ZUTSU GoD ce rreececereeeetcnceeeceetccencceeeseeeseesenes 959

at least tOMO Tf) crete rect tet eee ttc e toe tactneeeseneeneeeaeseeees 197
at least TOMO © £) creer eeeeeeet tenet eceneeeeeeeeeeenenseeaseeenes 219
at most (210110 ee Qt 3 ee nner nn 197

at most TOMO © freer rect teeeeec este esecenseeeeceeeeeeeseteseees 219

(B)
because KAA TU reece eee e ence eeeceesaeeeneeeetesseesaseteeers 61
because MONO tO) ceccrecscscescscsecsesscaececnseecseeeesceeeecerens 98
because mono-de(mon-de) &ACTCHATCT) —vrrreersereeees 100
because node(n-de) DCA TC) —_rtrrtteterececeeeeeeteeseenees 161
because tO Co ret eeeeeaceeeeenscccesnseceeesessseeeesessessensensees 190
(because) node(n-de) DMCATC) trrrcetecectsteeeceeeseseeeees 162

(because) NO-de APU DCH A —rrerceeccecceceesscesessceesceeees 163

before made-ni £ Cll ceccceccccceecceetccevecccccesseenseensees 90
belong to NO J) rateeaccccceceeenstssscaccceecceeessesssseesseeseeenes 144
between NO J) caeeeeecereccerensncceescscerenenssesseseessseseeseees 148
but Fr) SESE OOSEEESOOOSOSOSOOOSOCOSOOOOSSOOOOOSS 39
but KEredOMO UF Hd cecereeeccecececteeeceeeeeseneseaeeees 70

330
but kuse-ni < thIL (C.P.) veeeeteteteceretteteereeneeresees 82
but NONE Dlr cree eecteceeteeceeccnceneeersenceeeneeneeensees 167
but tokoroga CLAD —crreereecesecrecesecessereeseesecaes 217
.. but ... Shi Lo ceceeecctcetccesceeceeceeceecensresseersesssenesnesees 181
by CO Co teceesccceeecscceeeeenncceeensseseneensesseseasones 23, 25

by KAA D0 catecetecececcecsceceeeeceneeseensesenenseeenes 62
by Ni (we eccececccece
cece ceeensccccecceeesseceeessseees 128, 131

by NO J) crereececcccvccseeccceccessccscseesceesssecseesescsecs 148
by tO Co ceeecceeeesececncerecstenccsenscteecseseeseseesseeeess 191
by/from the fact that ... NO-dO J)Co ceeeccccctsnncccccccccescccssacecsevssescecesens 162
by way of Ni (cette reer cc csc r ccc cccencnccrnesccsnsecsncssccacseceecs 127

(C]
. called/named ... tO YUL LUVA —cereeteeesccesccecescceseserceseeeseeeeees 227
(the color of) NO J) reettctteteactsesceccecencecessesceesecssseeesesesters 151
concerning Ni-Cite (LES UT —cvreccecceceececccccncecsscceescsessees 139
considering Kara Prt crecccceceeccscestsceccsaceceeceetecseseseeeners 61
considering (something, it is evident ba (do cecccccceccecccccencccnvcnecccccsccccccccecsescsenenes 2

that ...)
consequently kara-shite Arb Pad QUOC 66

continuously only doing ... Kiri Xb) ceecececscceceecsccsereceecaececnecseseesseasenes 74

could only do (something) bakari (aa* ) ECE EOO OOOO 5

could (you) do ... kashira DL b ceccetececseececsceeceessesserereeseeenes 68

created by NO J) ceetrestnseectscesssececcsecceessnsesesssessssestenees 148
(D]
depending on Oe Te ceetttcteecetcecnceseencestssccesseseesseeseeseseeeees 25
1210110 ee Qt 3 Cc 196
despite
despite doing (something) Po, REE 39
despite that fact ni-mo-kakawara-zu (1 &MA AF (C.P.) verre 138
(’'m sorry that I) did not do ... nde AC crtsecestereceseeseessesensescscsesessesesenes 115
but ...
ee QO COO 190
do (verb) and ...
do (something) by using (something) GO Te cee teceececeeeteeeeseeesweeseeeenceseeseseesesee
sone 21
do you want to ... ka rab PPT err rr errererrerrer rer rere errr errr rere ere ere eee 50

(doing verb) and/while then (doing CT a) eee 188

verb)
bakari (n° 4) PrP errTererreerrerererrrerr rrrere rr err Ty 5
doing only one thing all the time
don’t ... Na TL —recerererecccecccccccveccescseresesecesccosssecresens 107
to-iwa-zu « Lot (C.P.) eee ce ecco cncccseseeescesne 912
don’t say that ...
due to ... de To cetectctceeeesensseeeesceseseseeeseeseceeesesensersees 24
1: rs > en 6l, 63
due to
due to Ni (cet eeeeeeteeeeeeeeneeeeeneescnesseesenstseeseeeateens 128
Nite (LT ree eercetecececccecnccccnecevscnsecseecceenccnes 142
due to ...
(E)
(quantity) each ... ZUTSU GID verre eee eeeee teen eseeeeeneeeeeeeeteteeseeeeees 259
COMO Cty cccrccerccevevccscsccsccccccsccccsccsscscensecnes 26
even
even
even MO) rect ce ee tect teen eet eeeeeseeeeetneeereeeeeeenseeesenes 97
even Mi-MO (Xt) (C.P.) creeteeereetesteeseeceeceeereeeeneeeees 136
even SAC KR Kc ereccecceescesseevscenccecssevccesseesseesseeasens 179
even if (I) were to ... AC ee it Qe 234
even if (you) were to ... tatte ToD CT rec c cece eee cc cece crn ececcenesetsneeneeence 189

even if (you) were to ... tokorode © MAC cecteccecccceccecccceceecceenseecces 215

even if (you) were to ... to-shite-mo © LT (CPL) creeeeeeeeeceeeeesenenes 294
(even) if (you) were to do ... ni-shite-mo (2 LT & (C.P.) cerseeceeeeeeteeeeeeeeee
ees 140
even (something) is/does ... Gatte ToT —recceccccccecceccccencceccenresserontseeenees 15

(even) though releli10 etaie Seer 30

even though kKeredomo (FFU EL £) cecec rec eeeeteceeeetteeseeeeensenees 70
even though kuse-ni (tI (CP) cetetteeteeseeeeeeeeereneeeseeees 82
even though MONONO €) DID) cectrceccecceeteecsetcetecceeeseeeersseens 102
even though Magara ALASby ceceeeeseseececeveeseseeeeseeesseeeeseeees 111
even though Nagara-Mo 778% $f (C.P.) veecreecteeeteceeeeeceeees 112
even though ni-mo-kakawara-zu (L&D STF (CP) veer 137
even though NON] DIL crteceececceecceesceeesstensceenecsesneees 167, 168
even though tatte To CT terre erect cree ete eteencceneeceeenseensceeres 189

even though tO Co ret etecetneceeerecetsceteeeeeessersnseeanessensaeeeees 192

even though to-wa-ie CULUYA (CPL) ccecceeceeteeceeeeeeseeeeeeees 997
even though (it’s not to the extent made-mo £ Cty (C.P.) ceretreeceeceeeeecteeeeeseeeeeres 88
that) ...
even while doing ... Nagara-mo 757% € (CPL) creececeereceeeereeeeeeeees 111
every to-yuu-to LUYFL (CP) cveeeeceeesesseeeeeeeeeeees 231
every single ... to~yUU LUD (CP) crectceeececeeeeeceseesscneneeserers 9299
every time to-yuu-to CUYD L (CPL) wrtereeeceeeeeceeeeeeee
sees 931
(excuse me, but) =v a-Yoloaso wr 4 Wak See 72
(F]
for CO Ci ceceecececscscceeetecsecereseaseeesessscseeseeeereatees 23
for CR cece ec enee cnet eeeeeneseeeeeeseeeesseseeeeneeaeseesenaes 33
for KAP TH —_retctteetcceen
ccc nesecescnsceseeescceneceeneees 61

for MN) (LD tert etteceeeeceeeccessenesceentstsvessessees 125, 127

for ni-shite-wa (2 L TUE (C.P.) cecceceecreeseeeeeeeeeeeees 141
for (i.e. as a means for doing ...) NO-Ni DIX (CP) veeteeeeseeeeeeeeceeceeceeeee
essen eee 169
from GO Co cece ee tceeeeeeececeeesceeeensssereesccseeeeseeees 23, 25
from Kara DU cece eeteeeecesceesceenceeesees 54, 55, 56, 59, 63
from Ni (tte eee eeeeeteeeescetesteeeseeeessteeensennuees 126, 128
from NO Dd ctrtceteectereceeeeseeeetetsnseeteeeeenserenees 150, 152
(from) O Fe rete cece eee e eee n eee ereeeeeeeeeeneeensensstesteeereeseees 175
from N()dP SL) eee, 255, 256
from a viewpoint of Kara Tb ceceer eee eteceesenccceseeceeecensceteseeeseseees 62
(H)
he/she said that ... Gatte Tim CT ceccccccccceccccceccccceccereereenesetsnseees 17

how about ...? KOTO TC cece etce rene ec cnceeeecenrecescurecsssereeceeenes 79

332
however keredomo (FAL Lf veeeeeeceeseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeneeneeees 73
however to-itte LUST (CPL) csreereeeesseesseeeeeeeeereens 212
(1)
I'd thought (I)’d done (something) Ba DS ceescersceeesceesseessaeeseeeseeeeseetseeesseenseeens 4]
but ...
I hear tte Co tee eee tececeeeeceneeeeeseceesseceuenenceeeeeneecees 234
I hear to yuu LUZ (CPL) ceeeeseeeeteeesseeeeeseeteeseeeenees 228
I hope..., though .... ga-na(ga-naa) A*% (As4%E
dH) (C.P.) veeveceererceee
ees 42

I’m wondering if I could ... Ba Di vrescersceeessersevesseeeseeeseeeseeeeserseseeenens 40

(I say) te Co treet eeeeeeeesaueeeeccseeeeeseseseeuenessesereeeenes 194
(I said) teba CUS vveeecececeeeeeecceeeeeseececeeeuseeeseeeeeeeees 195
| ¢: Re > OOo 187
(I said) ..., (do ... already!)
(I) think/(I) will do ... ka-na(ka-naa)D*4r
(Dts dd) (CPL) ceereeeeeeeeeeeees 53
I wish ... kashira DYL bp veeeececeereeeeeeeeeeeececsssesseeeeaeeoes 68
I wish ... na(naa) *8 (Ad) 0 veeeeeceteeeessetesteeeeeeeeeesenes 106
I wish (it) would ... ka-na(ka-naa) D°7E (ADS7EH) (C.P.) vreceececeeeere
ees 53

I wonder ... kashira D\L by ceeceeceeceeceecteeeeecesescaeceeeseeeoes 68

I wonder ... Yara RPE ceeevseeeeseeesanenaes pieeceeeeseeeeeeeeeneeeees 250
(I) wonder ...? ka-na(ka-naa) Pte (DAE dH) ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 59
(I) wonder ... kashira DYL by ceeereeeeceeteeeeesceeceeeasecseneneneeees 66
(I) wonder ... No-daroo QtZA FCP.) cerereeeeeeeeeeeeesseesssenees 159
if ... ba [fo ceececcecseeesesseeescesscceseeesseeneeeeseseeseneeees 1
if ka PD —rereeeeeceeensccsceecsseceesenecerereressseeesenseees 46
if to treet ee eeeeeessceeeesecseeeeeeeeseeeeeneeeeesesenees 208
(if ...), but... keredomo (FALL fs veevevesececesececcceeseeseeeeeerees 71
(if ...), can/would do ... , (but...) Ba DS ceereceeeeesserseeesseessessseseeesssesseessseeeenes 40
(if ...), can/would do .. .. (but...) NON] DID ceveeececcecercecenceecenssseeeeeeneceenssesoees 168
if (I) were to ... te-wa Tl crceecececeeccecceseceeecsesenseceseaeseuseeeess 198
if only ... MON0-0 £)OD Fe ttre eceeeceeteceereaeeeeeesseeceeneseees 104
if only SAC AA ctereceecceescnseccssseceseeeeseensssensseeeeeenens 179
if ... then mononara(mon-nara) HMw o(HAWD) creer 101
if (we) say that, then ... to-yuu-to LUYF L (CP) rererereceeeeeceeseeeeeeees 231

if (you think) you can... mononara (mon-nara) bMS ( HAWS) “++ 102
de Co teteteececsccecscsseesscseseseneenseececsssesasens 18, 19
kara Prly cetreceetecesenscsecsseeceseeceecaesenseneaeenes 55
i [l veceeeceeeeeececseeeeseesceeesaeeees 119, 121, 124, 125
ni-oi-te (ZT (C.P.) ce eleeeesereceesecneeseeccesecs 139
NO CO) ttettcetecececnceeeteccseececnssessseeeenaeeeens 150, 151

in addition TO ft eteeeeeeeceessaaeeeeessaneeeresssseeseeersanenenees 95
in addition Ai ([L tetteeeceeeeeceeeseceeeeeceueesseeseeuseeseneesseeees 129
fe(- et QO 91
in (amount of time)
no ni Mtz (C.P.) PP rerrrereree rer re eee creer rere rr rrr 169
in doing ...
in order to do ... i [l teteeeeeeteeseeseseeseeeteceeesenssseeeesseeeeseeeens 130
no-ni ADiz (C.P.) eee c cece rere recennccessveeseessseeseess 169
in order to ...
in referring to WE b Gee 235
in the field of
Co eeee COE OOOOere 907
in the manner of
(in this manner) ... de Core tectncenceneeeenceeenceaeeneacereeetneeseeenseneees 24
(indeed) KOSO Erte ete tee teeeteeeeeeeneeeeeneetenssseaseseenes 75
. “ing Ni (rte tet ec tee eeeeceenceneeneeeeneesenetteeeeesenseesees 134
al el Oe 121
into
Is it true that ...? tte Co tetecttceteeeeeee
totter eeeencereceneeceerseesneenes 233
70)00 ER a ee 78
isn’t it ...
is/are probably ... no-daroo DTZAA (C.P.) crreeeeeecseeseserseteeereeees 159
it’s not necessary to ... made-mo £# Cy (CPL) crerereeeeeteeeseeeeeeeeeaeeeees 88
it’s said Too (1]0 all Oy 228
(it so happened that ...) No deshita DCU fe veecteceteeeeetetesceseeeereeeeneees 165
[J]
judging from Kara Dl cecececeeeeccceeeetereteceteeetseeeeeeeneees 62
bakashi \ga°L cence cece n nec c cece nnn eetcceneeecccceresns 10
just:
just dake TLUf cereceecettceecteeteeeeeeneeeeeeseeceseeeeseees 10
just Kiri Xl) ccececeececeeeeeecseeteeeenteeeeeeseecsseeseeeeenss 74
just Made FC creer ececeeeereeeeeeeeeeresecssnsnseenseeeneees 87
just about to do (something) bakari (EDS) vec tetereeeceeeeeceeesestsnseseseneeeenees 7

just for/to ... made-ni ¥ Cll (C.P.) ceeeeceeeereeeeseeeeseeseeeeees 89

just when ... tokoro-e CLAN (CPL) creeececeeereeeeceseeeeeeeeees 216

(K]
keep doing ... tewa TUdo cecrececceececeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeereneeees 200

[L]
let’s ... ka PS —cstecccssescntesnsessastessessscssesscsssoseoesenenies 50
let’s leave the ... to-shi-te © UT (CP) ceceteeeseseeereeeeseneeesseneees 229
like nado(nanka) O° (ALA DY) weeeeteeete
teers eeeeees 109

[M]
(made of) NO J) trtetecteteeeeenseeeneeneeeeeenseseseesneesensenenens 147
merely Made FC cececeteceeececscsessccssasseeseesesenseesenees 87

[N]
(0 ee Eee 904
never (not even once)
never mind ... to-mo-are © HAHN (C.P.) cece cece cree cee ceesseceeene 990

never mind (something)... dokoroka COL AAS —ceeteceeteteeceeceereeeeeeesssneeees 29

no ... MO ft) creereteeteeteeeeeetsceneecesnsaceseseneeenseeeeaeeees 96
no better than 1d IP a) 256
no fewer/less than MO ft) tecetecetteete
teen essseeeeesenesesseeeeerenenseseeenes 95
no less than Kara Db ceteececeeeecteeeeteneeneneceeteeeseseeeseenees 60
no matter ... COMO Tt) verec rere te et ete ee ee ee sees ee eeeeeeesnsaeesaenes 196
no one datte toa Co cerecceceteceeeteetecrecseeecseseseeseneeuses 16
not all bad COMO Cty) cerceceretececeteceeesereeeeeeeeseseceseceensees 28
not any MO ft) ceetcettereerererecsteeeeeseneseneeseneneeensecasenes 96
(not) any more (than) Shika LAS crecectecececcetecteeeetceeeccesseeeesenensenens 182
(not) as much/little as ... HOdO (Eo cececcecectececteecteceeteeseteesenssesueseewens 44
(0 eea Cee 904
(not) as much as

334
(not) ..., either MO) trtecctectteececececesesecteeesaseensnenssseseenenees 99
(not) even ... SULA Fh —reccsereccccecccececccsccccenceccesccseseressens 185

not even ... to-shi-te “«“ LT (C.P.) cece ere cnc cen eneeeceneesneeaees 993

not having done ... N de A, Co cestrscectececceccncecescceceseecsesenteeseeses 115

not possible to do, (for example) GOkKOro CLA ce ecectectececeeccnccececsecceteesseseese 29
not unthinkable GEM Ct) — caccccccecceccccsccencccseccescceseesncucsesess 28
nothing datte fosCo ceeececcececsecscececcesvccssscuavasesessaees 16
nothing MO) crtttrettecececereceesssesteseterecesscssseeauseeeees 96
nothing except for ... Hoka (EAS —crecccccccccccsccesscsenccecscessescsescsensees 45
numbering 1
(0S5\/
|) a Oe Bn(Oe 998

[0]
of de Co cecceceetsccceecstsecceenstsceeeteeessseeseneeseeeenes 23
of Kara Ply cecececeeecesescsecesescecesecuceeesceeseeseess 54
of Kara Db ceececetetecenceeceeeeeencensesesaenenaenseasees 59
of NO J) ceercceccceeeeececeevoes 144, 145, 148, 149, 152, 157

wy OKay? ne(nee) ta(42A) —rreeeeereeeeeeteeeeseeeeeeeeseeeeees 117

on ro(- ee GQ ESSE
eee ee 95

on Ni [ltt teteteceeeteceneececeseeeeceeeeceseeees 119, 121,124

on NO J) retecesceteeesereccscesecenescesencesenessesees 149, 150
on O Fr tt tasveceeneavevsessnsescessescesescscssssnessasceseenees 176
on the basis of YOri Kb) —rereeteeeeeeeeeesseeeeeeeceeesseeneeseenseeeenes 256
one NO GZ) —rececseeccecccceccescccerecessccvceesecnsesenesenecens 152

only bakashi (ZA cececerecceccceeecenceeececceceseceeneeees 10

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only Hoka (EDS —ceccerceccccccceccccccccccecescessesessseneees 45
only Kiri Xt) cevcecececsvcecncseescsscsceesencnen
eeeseneesenes 74
only NOMI DrFR —veeccereceecececescscecesceceseeseeeeeses 166, 167
(only) about ... bakashi (ZASL weeec cece rec eee reet eee eteeeeeeensseceerese 9
only if SAC KA ceececeecececsececeecsescescseseeseseeseseeeeseeees 179
only (this) and nothing else Shika LS — cececcecececscececscecsceceeseenseeseseseeessees 182
.. or something Mante ZEA CTC cccccecesecectcseeseseseencessnceceeeeseseres 112
out of Kara Dl ceececeececeecsceceenceeessseeceeseees 55, 59, 63
over NO J) rteteeteeeetecensenrerenseessesaenereeasseueesseeers 150
owing to ... de Co ceectecesceececessensesenceessnssassanesenseaenseaenss 24
owing to ... Mite (LT crete ee eeeeeeecescecenceceseceseessenssesaseenes 142

[P]
per Ni (Ll ceeteeteceeeaceeceeacecseceeecenssceseeseesseseeesense 125
perhaps because of ... ka DY —steeecetacececececeessecseesccesncseesseeseeeseaeeeees 47
no-deshoo MCLE 4 (C.P.) eee eee c cece cece scencces 164
perhaps it’s because ...
please te-e TH (C.P.) creeceetceeseeersecsereeeseeeeneeeeaes 198

putting aside ... to-mo-are “ t, An (C.P.) POPP eereee rere ere eee eee eee 290

[R]
kurai(gurai) < BiU(¢ 6») wee ce nee eeececenccceces 81
rather than doing ...
tEMO Tf cert tseeteceececercteeeteeceeeeeereeceeseeseenes 196
regardless of
na ty PPT eTTSeeTTTTTTESTTTOSTTEPTeeT Tree Tieer rere Tree eerie 106
..» right?
.., right?
[S]
.. say (that) tte DC ttt eeeeeneneeeneneneneneneneeseeeeeeeeeeenenens 239
seeing Kara Dro ceceeeeceeecseeceeseeenceeseeseeeeeeseeeeateeees 61
shall we? YA NP eee eeeeneeeeeeeeeeeseseeeeeeeeeeneessseeeeeeseaeanes 244
should (I/we) do ... Kashira ASL b — cecccecseceteccececeececeeececscceceennees 67

should there be ... mononara (mon-nara) b}A&5 (HABE) corr 101

since Kara Dro ceteteeececeeteeeneseeescesesseeseeeeeeeeenes 56, 61
since MOND £0) — trertetetecteesssssescscssossesnsatsssorsceees 99
since node(n-de) (1p aGl© ae © RE 161

since/because ..., (as expected) ... dake-ni fEUFIS (CP) treet ereeretteeeeeeee
eeeeeeee sees 13

since (... was not expected) ... dake-ni fLIFIZ (C\P.) ceeceeeeeeteeeeeeeteeeeeeseaeeees 13
wy SO MOND £) J) ceretetetcecetecetceeesenscteeeeeeeseeneteeteres 99
SO Kara DU ccerecceveeececeseeeseceenceereteseeecsenaseness 61

(something) is/was done by (some- dO Co te teceeetececcsesseeeneseeseaeeeeseeenseseseaseneaees 26

thing)
something like ... GEMO Ct) cecccececceteecceterecccssccecccencessceesseeees 27
(something like) kurai(gurai) ( DUC CUS) — cececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenes 80
something (like) ... nado(nanka) TE (ALA DS) veeeeseeereeeteeeeeeees 108
something like ... nado(nanka) ZU CALA DY) —veeeeee
tere teeeeeeeeens 109

something like ..., (I hear) toka CDS —verececcececececesceseccnssceneseesecesseeenenes 214

(something) that ... to-yuu Pala ig PEE 998

speaking of ... teba CUP crrreccececececsctencscerscecseeeeeseeerseeeens 195

speaking of ... to ie-ba CUAL (CP) creeeeececteseeeeeeeseeeeeenes 210

(speaking of) tte DC tec te tee eneteneneseneneneneneneeseeereneaeeenenens 239

starting with ... kara-shite D> LT (CIP) ceeeesteeeeeeseeeeeeeseeees 65
such a thing like tari Tob) ccecercetectceteeeecreeseeeceesssreeeseeereesenes 188
such as to itta CU To (CPL) veetreteceeeeeeeseesereeeeeeeenes 211
such as ... and ... (and ..., etc.) toka LD —cercecececececeseeeeceeeseesecssnessssseeesees 213
[T]
than YOri Kb) rereeeeeeeeeeeeseeneeeeeeeeseeeeteeeeeees 253, 254
that (introduces a clause or a |
(0 ee eC 906

phrase)
that means ... to-yuu-no-wa ©1134 DIX (C.P.) oreceeec
ereeeence eeeees 230
that which is NO CO) rrtettseetestecesceceecesseceesescesseeerenseaseseass 149
the (noun) called ... 1 (=e at QR 939

the fact is that ... NO J) teteteteccnseceeesenceeeeseseseeeeseeensesesenseseenes 155

the moment ... YA NP settee ee eeeceeeeeeeeeeseaeeseeeseeeeeeeneeeseesaeaenes 243
the one NO CO) crtettceeeestenesceeeceneeaceseneessecensesesaeeseess 152
the reason (for that) ... to-yuu-no/wa EUSF ONS (CP) cercereeeereeseees 230
the (thing) that is called ... to-wa CUS (CP.) crreeseeceeteeeeseseeseeeneeeeeeeeeeaes 295
there is no choice but Shika LDS veeeececececteeceesenetctceeeceeseserasarseeees 183
they say Coden
0 erakOOo Bn(OF oe 928

(they) say tte DC cette eee eceeeceececeeerceceeeneereensesenensseeaes 234

(this is what I think), but ... Za PS rrvreeeeeeeeeceeeceseneesneeeceeeeeeesneeersaeeesenes 40

336
though keredomo (FALL) cee eret cece ceeeetceesecteeseseenees 70
through Kara DYE cececcccenecsseeeeeecceeeeeenseeeeessserecnenss 55
through O Fe rete eetceeeeeceeneeceseeeeesereeeseoeeenesenenseeeeeteees 176
till Made £ Co crcevccsctesssccscccceccccececeesesscseseeeenens 83
to CR tteetceeeeeeeneseeeeeeeesseetneneseeensessseeeneeeeseenns 32
to CR ceccceenrecereceneessneeeeenseseeseeeeeeeeeenseessaeseees 33
to Made $C cecccctetccceessccevsccesesseeeseeenees 83, 84, 86
to il i eee 121, 122, 125, 132
to NO J) reece eee eeeseeetenecssseereeeeeeeeeeneneesecseeaeeeees 148
to do ... Mi (tree cece n ence ence nec e estes snecerecneceeenrvonreseces 130

to tell the truth NO J) ceeeet cece eeeeeensenesnnscereeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeees 155

to the extent of Made F Co revccceeeceverecccenseeesccesssesseessevssesases 86
to the extent that ... alle(0 & aa eeeeee eee 43
to the extent that .. kurai(gurai) { BUC CUS) cececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseees 80
to think that ... to-wa CUS (C.P.) cecereeeeeeeeeeeeeseeteeseeseeeesceeees 226
too 11\° ak Seeeee eee 92
totaling Co lan70 a a Oo i (OF 2 eee 998
towards CR ceceeetcenecccceeeneeeeeeeesscseseeeeeereeeneeensceeeues 392
[U]
until Made F£ Co crcctecteeceeesctectenscenseressesssenssenses 83, 86
up to Made £ Co ceccececctetcccessceessacesssceeeesssesssesnaees 85
(up to) Made-ni £ Cll crccecccccercccecccetssseeessreesaveneeses 90
(W]
what is/was it ...? KO (Freer cece eeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeneerensenssesnseneseeaeenas 69
whatever ... IT1'0 a Got2 eee eee 27
when te-wa TUS (C.P.) crereeceeteeteceesesseseseeeeeeeeeeees 199
when TO Lo reeecccccccccncecccccccncncececesscacseressesenesssneeses 208

when Xe)
0) deBtao Eee eee eee 215
when YA XP rete eee esececseneeeceeceeceresseeesesetsseseesseeeees 243
when (something happens)... (instead ba (fo crcteeretececececesescceceseeteceeeceseesceeseseoes 1
of “if ...”)
whenever GEMO Coty) vrcreccrecceerteescessccssesecsseecseecsucnenees 27
when is/was it ...? KO (Free eee eeeeeseeeceseeccesceneseneecasvaseeseesenseess 69
whether ...? Ka DS —_ verre cece nneceeennccnscseestnseeesseeeseseesesaeeeees 46
while Ni-shite (LL CT cecceetccteeeecceeseeenccesarenceesceonecs 140
while doing ..., (also doing ...) Magara ZEAty ceceececceceeceecsecsereeteeeceeseeseecans 110
while doing ..., on the way, do ... gatera ATH cece cece cence cent cece estes essen eecsessnes 49

why don’t we ... Ka DS —_rrereeceeeeceesccecceecsesneersaseeeeesnsesaseneteeses 50

why don’t we ...? KOtO = —_ceeeceetceeeesetcceesersceeeseessseesesessenses 79
why don’t you do ... Ka DD —ctrerteceeceeceeceenseecseceecsesseeaseasensensteeenes 51
with Mi (LD cette ceeeeeeeceenceenccenceeseeeccreseseeseenees 126, 127
with NO J) ceteettecetcesscsccesereccensesssecsessenseesens 144, 148
with te Co teeta ctaceeeeeeeeeseceeeeressnsenseeseeeessseeseaseane 191
with te-wa TUS (C.P.) creterereeceeteeeeeeteseeeeeeeeeeneeees 199
with to Ltt teee etc tteeeeeeeeceenseeaneeeesaneesrecreseeseeenes 902
with to-wa CUS (C.P.) cercererecessceceteeeeessceseeseeseeees 225
(with intention to) ... GO Co cttceesecesceceescncceseceseneeseseessaesesseaeeseres 24
within Made £ Co ceecececcccscctecvenseccscsscsceassssceaeseesees 85
would we? YA XP ree eeeeeeeceeeeneeeeesecneeeecneeeeeteesesseeeeeeeees 244
would you ...? te-Ne Tt (CPL) vecreeeeeeeeeeeneeeecceseeceeeseeeenees 198
[Y]
yet kKeredomo (F426t) — crecececeeeceseecececscsceceeoeeeens 73
(you) are asking/saying ...? tte DC te rectetececescecscersereccssssssecreeseeeesseseaes 233
(you) did ..., remember? KUSe-Mi {thE ce cerecceeecccescccecccceescccenseeeeseees 82

338
 GLOSSARY (Japanese-English)

[B]
ba (¢ “considering (something, it is evident
that ee) Cece rece c ccc c cece cree nce nncesecesesssecseseces 2

ba (¢ Cif 0) ceeececesencecesseesescesceeeeenecesseeeseeeeeeeseens 1
ba (x “when (something happens) ... (instead
Of Tf 17) vette eceeeecee esse eeseeeeeenessuneceeeeees 1
bakari (£A*4) “always just doing (something)” “doing only
one thing all the time? vcvrrececeececeeeereeeeeees 5
bakari (¢A* +) “approximately” csrrrcsssereeeeceeesseeeeeeeenesseenens 7
bakari (£4) “could only do (something)” —-vrvssereeesreeeeeeee 5
bakari (£A*4) “just about to do (something)” —vvrrre+eresereeeee 7
bakashi (£A*L “FUSE ceeeteeeteseceeeeeeeceeeeceenseeessusceeeeseeeeeeuaes 10
bakashi ($A*L MONLY” —stectreeeetecereeeeeeeesseeueneesceeeeeunseeseeenes 10
bakashi (JA*L “Conly) about ...% csstrerteeeesereeeeeeeeeeeereseenneeees 9

(D]
dake 72 (t “as much as .. Ode ccc r ccc c ence reese escccsnereeseees 11

dake 72(t “only” “JUSt? «verte eeteereeeeeeeeeeeeeeseneeeseseeaeeees 11

dakeni 72 IF I= “since/because ..., (as expected) 11." serreereeees 13
dakeni 72(F(= “since ( ...was not expected) 1.72 cerreeeseeeeeeeees 13
datte 7273T “anyone” “anytime” “anywhere” oosrrrrrrseeeeeee 16
datte 727T “even (something) is/does 1. crrrrereerereseeeeees 15
datte 727T “he/she said that 0.2 coccreceeeceeeeeeeeceeceeeeeeees 17

datte 723T “no one” “nothing”? —sstseereseseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeecees 16

de Tt COE? scetecececereneeeseeseeeeeseneaeneneesneeseonceseseeesens 20
de © Ot? “ip? cece eneecececececececentsctseceessseeeesneneees 18
de T Hat”? Foy cecececncncnececeeececnenenensaeaeeseseneaeeeees 23
de @ “Dy”? “for? ssecsseeeeeeeceeesenecccseseeeseeeeeeeeseeneeees 23
de Tt “by” “from” “on” “according to” crrrrttssteeees 25
de T “depending on” “according to” —strrrrsreeseeeeees 25
de © “do (something) by using (something)” —----- 21
de Cf “due to . “owing to a eee cece aa nccenenccenes 24

de © “from” “of” Perec crac cree cree cece eee senereneesessesescecs 23

de © “in” “among” Cece reece cece ett eta e senna sseceseceveses 19

de T “in (amount of time)” Cece c cece cence eeeceeneeececes 21

de Tt “(in this manner) ...” “(with intention to) ...” 24

” 66

de © “(something) is/was done by (something)” -°- 26

demo CT “even” POPP eTee eee errr ere r errr ererr rere eer reer rrr er rey) 26

demo Tt “not all bad” “not unthinkable” ——-rereesreerere 28

demo CT “something like ...2 vreeessteeesseeeeseeteeeeeeeees 27
demo CT “whatever” “whenever”? «—vrrrrrereereseeseeteeeeeees 27
dokoro “=4 “not possible to do, (for example)” oo-r++s+++++*
dokoroka = 4H “never mind (something) 0... verrerereteeeteeeeeee
domo & & “(even) though” cence cee cccesecccaceccccceveceeseescece

[E]
em

em “to” “for” Cece reer enero reer ene seen eee eee eseeseeseceseees

em

[G]
ga as” “as for” “as you've already heard ...”
6“ yy ee 66

ga 7% “but” “despite doing (something)” “although”

ga 7% “T’d thought (I)’d done (something) but ...”
ga 7 “I’m wondering if I could ...” “(this is what I
think), Dut 20.7 er tetcetec ese eeeneeeeeeeceesesereeens

ga 7 “(if ...), can/would do ..., (but 1.) crrrrereee eres

ga-na(ga-naa) A*%y (v4 H) “T hope ..., though 0.2 0 sssessseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees
gatera ASTH “while doing ...,on the way, do...” 0 tsrttterree
[H]
hodo (4 & “about” “approximately”
9? 66
-sssseresseeeeseeeeeeeees
hodo (i& “(not) as much/little ag... ccreeeeeeeeereeeeeeeeees
hodo (i¢ “to the extent that ae cece rcv ccc ccc cccescccceseccces

hoka (£2* “nothing except for ...” “only”? osrrreestereeteeees

[K]
ka 4° “of” “whether” acer c cree eevee cence eer eceesesscceeesececs

ka * “perhaps because Of 10.2 sttrsseeeteeeeeeeeeeeneeees

ka 7 “why don’t we ...” “do you want to ...”
‘“Vet’s .. wear c ence case nner cece ecsessecnecesscssescuce

ka 4° “why don’t you do 02 0 vetttetteeeteeeeeeeteeeeeeeees

ka-i AU (not translatable) pce c ence nec v en sec sence cessescscecce

ka-na(ka-naa) 4% (A S4E H) “(I) think/(I) will do...” (0 ceresereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees

ka-na(ka-naa) *4%s (a4 H) “J wish (it) would .. cece cece rece ecccccccnenscceseces

ka-na(ka-naa) a4 (a4 H) “(T) wonder 1.27 —treseeeeeeteeseeeeeeeeccceeeneneeseees

kara D> “as” “so” “since” “due to” “for” “because”
” oe

“considering” “seeing” —«1+++sstesseeeeeeeeeeeeeees

kara D> “as many as” “as much as” “no less than”
kara D> “from a viewpoint of” “judging from” “by”
“According to” crrrrrrsssssseeeseeeseeeseeeeeeeeeneees
kara he) “from” “at” “Since” —vsteerereceeeeeeeteeeeseueeeeenes
kara D's “From” “Of? — vsececeseeeeeneeeeeeeeceeneceeeeeseeeeenenes
kara D> “from” “of? “Out Of? —ceseeceeeeseeeeceteneceteneetanes
kara D> “from” “out of” “due to” Orr eererreerereee rrr eee eo

kara D> “from” “through” “out of” “in” ace c cerca scccccacs

kara-shite A*5 LT “Consequently”? —vtrrreeeteeeeteteseeeeeceeeasaeeeeeees

kara-shite A*5ULT “starting With 00.2 cssssseeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseeseeens

kashira #*UL 5 “IT wish ...” “could (you) do uu.” sesseseeeseseeeees

kashira A*UL 5 (I) wonder...” ceeerereeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeerteeeetensnees

340
kashira ASL 5 “T wonder 0.7% —crececccccettssccececcecscsceccccceesesess 68
kashira #*L 5 “should (I/we) fe (eee 67
ke (t “when is/was it ...2” “what is/was it ..2” +--+ 69
keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) (t #1 “even though” “but crrereseereecececeeeeceeseceeenes 70

re (sine, itr, eb)

keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) (} #7 “(excuse me, DUt)”? ste teeeeeceeseseeereensenseneeneeees 72

re (tne, We, Feds)

keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) (t#7 “however” “yet” ssrecssssseeseesseeseessenseeeeseeeees 73
YH Une, We, Web)
keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) (t#7 “Cif 00), DUt 1. creer eee eeeeeeeeeeeseceeseveeceereseanes 71

Yb (line, Wer, Wed)

keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) (t #1 “though” “Dut”? —verececeerecsecteeeeecececececeseeceees 70
Ye ne, We, Feb)
kiri & 4) “after doing ..., (not once done ...)” oovrrreeeeeee 74
kiri & 4) “continuously only doing 1.7 crrrceeeeeeeeeceeeees 74
kiri & 4) “only” “Just” eee c cece a ene c cnc ncccanccccceccecccccscscs 74

koso = “(precisely) DECAUSE” —ovrreer rect er eeetteetcetteteteeees 76

koso — “(IMEC)” —vvereteereereteeeceeceeeeeesenensescescwseneenns 75

koto —¢& “how about ...2” “why don’t we 1.27 serereeeeeee 79
koto —& “ISN’t it 2) cette eect ete ee ee eee eecceeccoesecceecerceceses 78

kurai (gurai)< SU. (¢ OU)) “about” “approximately” crrrereseeeeeeeeeeeeereeees 79

kurai (gurai)< SL. (¢ OU9) “rather than doing 0.2 (crcecrrsreceeeeeeceeeeenesees 81
kurai (gurai)< 5s (¢ 5s) “(something like)” —crrreserssceeeeeecessereeeeeeeeesees 80
kurai (gurai)< Sty (C59) “to the extent that ...7% cccrrcreccceceeeeeeceeeeeeeees 80
kuse-ni « tHl= “even though” “DU? «ve cee cence ee eeecerseesneseenses 82
kuse-ni ¢ ttl= “(you) did ..., remember?” —vserreeeeeeeeeeeeceerees 82
[M]
made * TC “even” Corer ere ccrreccrvenevcc rece eeeeeeeeeseesesscecevees 86

made $ T “just” “merely” ee c ec en ccc en ces eccecceccescesceserees 87

made #T “40” “ag far gg? vreeeceeseeeeceeecesseneessseesceneeues 84

made ¥T “to” “til” “UNTI]” -ecececeececececeesceceeaseececeeenees 83
made $T “until” “to” “as far as” “to the extent of” -- 86
made $T “up to” “Within” ccrccereesereececeeeeeeeneeseeeeeeeeees 85

made-mo £ T% “even though (it’s not to the extent that) ...” 88

made-mo £ T% “it’s not necessary to ot tebe eeeeeeneeeeeenneeeesens 88

made-ni ¥ Clr iadoY=)00) 0 sre 90

made-ni ¥ CI= “Just For/to 0.7% tteteteeeeeeeeeteeceereeesetsoeseereees 89

made-ni ¥€ Clr “(up to)” whe ce re ren erence e cane nets een ee arene nen ene nen anes 90

mo % “also” “too” “(not) ..., either” srerrreeteesereeeeeee 92

mo % “around” “about” crersrsrsrseeerstseteeeteteeseeees 95
“as many/much as” “no fewer/less than” “as
long a time as” “as far (a distance) as” --- 95
“even” SSTCHSHSHSEHHSEHS SHEESH HSEHEH OEE HHO HEHEHSHSHSHETHHSEHE HEHE BEH EEE 97

“in addition” “as well as” wee ee cec cee ncecceescccce 95

“not any” “no a “nothing” ec cecccevrscrcccesceee 96

mo % “this/that many” “this/that much”
mo “too” “also” “both” “as well as” “either ... or” 93
mono %@ “DOCAUSE” vrseeceeesecsscceseccceeseceeceeeeceeeeeeeoueeeen 98
mono $@ “Since” “1. SO? 0 reeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeenerens 99
mono-de(mon-de) 6M T(HAT) “HeECAUSE” tect tetteeeeetececeeneeceeceeesseeeeeuseeneees 100
monoka(monka) $@A*(# AA‘) (not translatable) vrrrseeereseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeees 100
mononara(mon-nara) HMA S(HAB “GE CHEM? —ceeecececeeeecececeseeceseeeeccnceseaeessaees 101
>)
mononara(mon-nara) HONWS(bAY “if (you think) you can...” 0 vtttteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 102
>)
mononara(mon-nara) HNWS(HAB “should there be ...2% —otrrterereceeeseeeeeeteseseseseees 101
>)
monono 800 “even though” “although” —-v++++seeeeeeereeeeeeees 102
mono-o $0)*& “although” «—vvveseeeeeeeeeeeeseeceseeeteeeeeseeeaeeeeees 104
mono-o 0 * “Ef Omly 2% ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceseeaeeeeeeeseeeeeeeees 104
[N]
na 4% “GON’t 0.7% tees eee eee eteeeneeneeeeseeseecenteeeecenssaseers 107
na 4 SoS o (24«|ge EEEOOSEEEES 106
na(naa) 44 (4d) “LT wish ..% —trreeccececeeteceecenccnsecseccneecessceesess 106
nado(nanka) 7% &(% Aa‘) “T]KQ? eect ee eeescesecencesensceneeteseereeeeseaseeaeeeeeees 109
nado(nanka) #4 & (4 AA.) “something (like) 7 ceeceeeeeesereeeeeeeeteeceereenes 108
nado(nanka) % &(% AA’) “something like ...% veeceeeeeceereeeeereeeeereeeeeees 109
nagara 4A*b “even though” ccrrrsrsereeseeseeeeeeeeeesseaeeesesenaees 111
nagara 4%AS5 “while doing ..., (also doing ...)” srrrrrteereeeeeees 110
nagara-mo 74A*b & “even though”? ccrrrrsssceeseeseeseeeeeeeseteenseseneeees 112
nagara-mo 4A*5 & “even while doing ...2 — vsrererecereesereceeeeeeneeees 111
nante 4%AT “OY SOMEtHING”™ —ssseeeereeeteeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeewees 112
nari 44) “a... Or SoMetHINg’ —vereeeereeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeees 114
nari 4 4) “QS SOON AS? cer eet terete este eeteseeeeeeeseeeeeseneneenees 113
n-de AT “(I’m sorry that I) did not do ..., but 2.” +++ 115
n-de AT “not having done ...” cereseteeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 115
ne(nee) ta(4#az) ns OKAY?” teeter teeeeeteeeeeseeeceeeneeceeeeeseesesens 117
ne(nee) #a(taz) Sa a €-4¢\oe EEREE OOSSERSOSOSOOEO® 116
ni (= “and” “in addition” —ovrrereeeceeececectceceeecaseeees 129
ni t= “and”? “With? —crecececeececececececeveeeeeesssscsususes 127
ni fo “as a token of” “as” “for” “by way of” +++ 127
ni (= at? “Sn? “CM? — cececceceeceecceceeeteeceecercesaeeeseeges 119
ni (= “at” “to” “in” “for” “per? verrresereeeeeeeeeeeeees 125
ni (c “Dy”? teteseeeeeeeeeeeaseesseeeessenessneeesseseneseseeneees 131
ni (= “by” “at” “according to” “from” “due to” 128
ni (= “from” “With? ccccececcecececcececeecereeeeseceeeseenees 126
ni (= TUNG? ce eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeetesesneeenereneees 134
ni (= “on” “in? “at? — cececececereceeeeeeesescteesssseececeneees 124
ni (= “to” “in” “on” “Into”? cceececceceeceeceeceeeeteateeeees 12]
ni (= OL ne ceceneeeeteseeceetenenseetecteceneenseeeesnasnaseeenes 122

342
ni (= “EO? cecececereceeeeneseesesesecnseeeceseceseseeseeeseaseees 132
ni (= “to do ...” “in order to do” ovrrrrreeceeeeteeeeeeetes 130
ni-mo (2 & “oven” “q]lsQ”? —rsrerteeeeeececereeeteeeeceneneeeeeneneons 136

ni-mo-kakawara-zu (2 HAA‘ oF “despite that fact? ccccccccceccceeeeceteeeeeseeeeeseens 138

ni-mo-kakawara-zu (LiADhHDoT “even though” crrrrrrrresreeceeeerecsteeeseeeeseeeeeenns 137

ni-oi-te (LétsT “concerning” “in the field of? —vrrserrreseeeeeees 139
ni-oi-te (LétsT “T17? nec e eee c eee ee cece rece cece nen eencencenseneenecenseeeens 139

ni-shite (2 LT “While” “at? — cerercecccreeeeecerceeteeeeeeeecceensnaseees 140

ni-shite-mo (2 LT “(even) if (you) were to do...” ootrrttereeretereess 140

ni-shite-wa (2 L T(t “EOL? «verre ence cence cnet cen eeeeeeeneeeeessenseneereeeseesens 141

nite (“T “at? “with? “im? — coecccececceeeeeceeeeec

eeeeenseeesseees 142

nite (2T “due to ...” “OWING tO 2 creeeeteeeeeereeeeeeeeeeees 142

no “a fact” “a matter? —ccecrerececctecreeeteeeeeeereeees 154
no ey all right?” ence cee cece eee ee ceeceeeeeesesenees 155

no “ot” “in” “on” “over” “from” ocecreeeeereerereteees 150

no ip? nacececeecececeerereseeterscenseseceseeseeesereseseseass 15]
no “(made Of)? —vrrrrreertreeetereeeceeeececesenceseeseeaeees 147

no “of” occ cect cece anne ee eee ee eeeeeeeeeeeseeereesesceseessees 145

no “of” “belong to” “With? —cerrrerereereeeeseseeeeees 144

no “of” “by” “with” “between” “to” cteseeee 148
no “of” “created by” cece c cee cecaccccrcecvcrcacsscsesecse 148

no “Of? “from” — crrceccccceccccceeeeceeceneensencneeeeeeesnes 147

no “of” “on” “about” “at? ccceccecereecee reereereereenes 149

no “Of? “from” — crrreccrccereeeeeeeeeeeeeecncsesseseeceeseees 152

no “one” “the ONC? —ovrrersereccecsececeeeccensesessceeeenes 152

no “that which is? —ovececcecceecreecteceer eeeeeeeeeeneeeees 149

no “(the Color Of)” —stisssssseseeseseeseesetenseseeeeseeees 15]

no SS
SSNSSSSPNSSSNsSSNSSS
“the fact is that ...” “to tell the truth” = -*:-:- 155
no-da(n-da) Mf- (At) (not translatable) crrcresrree
eereeeeteeereteeeeeeeeees 158
no-daroo M244 “is/are probably ...” “(I) wonder ...” 0 ssresretee 159
node(n-de) MC(AT) “(DECAUSE)” «ver tt ttre er etttt este eeeeeeeeereteetesteeeaees 162

node(n-de) MC(AT) “since” “DeCAUSE” «vr ret eet ete eteteteeeeeeseeeeeseeens 161

no-de NT “by/from the fact that ...7% —vrrecereeeeeteeee

eeeeeee 162
no-de aru DCTHSD “(DECAUSE)” «verter etre teeter eeeeetereteeceeeceseeeeeeees 163

no deshita MCUs “(it so happened that 2...) coceccerececeeeeseeeeen

eee 165

no deshoo MTL EF “perhaps it’s because ..." oosttterterseesreseeteeeerees 164

nomi 7) COM? veeeeeteeeeeteteetetteteetteeeeeeeeeeetetnees 166, 167
noni @l= “even though” csrrrrrreseeceesteeeeereeceseeeeeeeeeeees 168

noni A= “(f...), can/would do ..., (but...) ccrrrecrtereeeeees 168

no-ni Mz “for (i.e. as a means for doing ...)” osrtereeeees 169
no-ni A= “in order to .."*“in Going 2.2 crrrrestesseserseeees 169
[0]
0 & “(at)” “(from)” —cesceeereseeceeeeeeeeeseeseteeneneesenees 175
0 & “on” “through” —strrserseeseecceeserseeeeeeeeeeeeeseees 176

343
[S]
sa & (not translatable) cece cece ccc ccccncccccerseeeesscesens

sae XA “even” Vrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr rrr rrr rr rrr rrr rr rrrrr rer res)

sae A&R “if only” “only if? ccreeeseeeeereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenees

shi L (AMG) oacg SO ci? teetteeteeeeeeeetteeeseeeeeeeeeeees
shi L an o\t| eae

shika LA “(not) any more (than)” “ only (this) and nothing

e]se” tee eeeeeeneeteeeeeeeeneeeeseeeeseesseaeaseneeeeenes
shika LA “there is no choice but? «—ovvrreteceretteceeeeeeeeeees
sura $5 “(not) even .. cece cece cence e cece ence eeeeeseecsseseseses

(T)
tara To5 “(I said) ..., (do... already!)? (0 vvrerererereeerereees
tari 72 4) “such a thing FS? tree eee eeeteeteeeeeeeceeeneseens

tatte f-7T “even if (you) were to 7 tereeee

0 ttre eecereeeeees
tatte f-7T “even though” ceed e en tee teen ene e eens essen neeseceseeees
“and” eee t eee ee meee eta e ee eect ee nt eee eeee er esseseesesecenes
te T
te T “DHECAUSE? rere e teeter eet enecteneeeeennceeenseetecaeeesaaes

te T “by” “with ccecsecesereseterseteeeeteeeeeseeseeeaeeens

te T “do (verb) and 1.2 cereeceer eee ec ter eetess eee eeeeeeeees

te T “even though” occ e cece nee o reece nas seeeesenserescceeeses

te T CCL Say)? ceceeeeeeseteeeeeeceeeeeeteeeeeeeeneesneneeeeeees

teba Tid CCL Said)” cesseeseceseeeeeeseeeneeeeeeseeteceeeeeneeenes
teba Tld “speaking Of 0.7 cette eter eter eecesesenncenceensceenace

temo T “ot most” “at least? —cvcrcececeeeceereeereereeeeaeeees

temo TH “despite” “regardless Of? weer cree tect eeeeeeeeeneees

temo TH “no matter 07% coreec treet neces teeeeseneenceeceenseeees

te-ne Tta “please” “would you 10.27 crrrersteteeeserereeeseeees

te-wa C(t “Gf (I) were to... crettetet teeter eeteeseeeeeee

seesones

te-wa Tilt “keep Going 0.7% crescerereceecseteeeeseseeseecesceneees

te-wa Tilt “with” “when” Terr VErerrerreerr errr ere rere rrr reer errr)

to < against” —crececeserscessereeecsceessecssetseetaeeesanenes

“and” occ c cee etc c ence nanan ecee renee cseeeenaccacnsecsceens
to &
to < “GE”? “When? —ovcrcccceecccccceeceecccccennesssesceseeereens

to < “in the manner eo) eo

to ¢. “(not) as much as” “never (not even once)”

to < ae d oY:| A

to < “that (introduces a clause or a phrase)” -*-**:

to < “When” “aS SOON AS? ovrttttt eet eeeeetetteeeeeeseeeeees

to < “with” “accompanied by” —vvrrrveresserseeeeeeeees

to-ie-ba CUAIL “speaking Of 7 thee e ete eeeeeeeeceeeesereeeecsceesenes

to itta tlyote “SUCH AS? tr eteeeteteteeeeceneeteeeenennesseeeeeeeeerseees

to itte Xl45 T “HOWEVEr” —tetreetttnneneeeeeteeeeececnaaaeserereeesseeeees

to-iwa-zu CUHt “don’t say that 1.2 ccrreecsterseeeeeeeeeeeereeeseeeeees

toka « ** “something like ..., (I hear)” 9 -rtereeeeeeeereeteee

toka © “such as ... and ... (and ..., etc.)” crrrtrtreseseeees

344
tokoro C24 “WHET? —s ste ceteceeteceacetecenreseccesessneesseeseeeseseees 215
tokorode C2 4T “even if (you) were to ..7 vetteeeteeeeeeeeeseceees 215
tokoro-e © -4~ “just WhEN 20.7 corer teeter eeeeeeeeeeenteeeesensseenneee 216

tokoroga ¢ —4A§ “Hut? —_cecccecetececcccecencerccsecssenscseeeseeenseseseesens 216

tokoro-o Cl Ae “although (usually)... ccresseeesseeseeeeeeeeeseeeees 217

tomo & % ane: 0 00S (-4«| Aceon 219
tomo & % “at least” “at Most”? oocerrceeeeeeceteeeeeeeteeeeeeeeees 219
to-mo-are CHAN “putting aside ...” “never mind 0." vssreereeeee 220
to-shi-te &¢ LT CAG seencececeneecenceseceseeceteceeterensecsreseseuseeasees 222
to-shi-te &¢ LUT “let’s leave the ...% ccccreecerccecceeceecessessessensees 222
to-shi-te « LT “NOt EVEN 20.2 — tttet eter et eteteteeeeeeeeseoeceeeeeseseees 223

to-shite-mo &¢& UT& “as for ..., AlSO/tOO 11.7 —ttetee eet et eee eeeeeeeeeeer
eens 223
to-shite-mo « LT “even if (you) Were tO 27 cette eeteeeeeeeeeeeeeees 224
to-shite-wa © L Tl “Ag FOr? —vereececeececectecececeseesecsacessaceseseuseeesess 225
to-wa ¢ (dt “the (thing) that is called 0.7% crsecererreseeseeeees 225
to-wa ¢ (lt “to think that 20.7% — ccceececetceeeeteceeeeeseeeseeeeees 226

to-wa & (dt “WIth”? te eeeeeeceeeeereccnceceecesceesecsesesceasssseeeers 225

to-wa-ie (SUZ “even though” see cece cece cece ne en een eeneeneeesenseesoncs 227

to-yuu «4 “ called/named nf teen ne eeenccecenesceceeeessesencs 227

to-yuu & 4.4 “every single cage tb teen cence eee e nec eeceeeeeaaceneeneeens 229

to-yuu &bs4 “IT hear” “they say” “it’s said’? vstereseeeereeeees 228
to-yuu &b*.49 “numbering” “totaling” se ccecccserccccesrecvecccese 228

to-yuu &\4 “(something) that ...7% csrrcessesrssseeeesceeeneeeeeenes 228

to-yuu-koto-wa C119 2 & lt “that M@ANS 0.7% rrr eet e eect eeeeeeeeeeeeseeesscceeseees 229

to-yuu-no-wa ©4597 Mls “the reason (for that)... crestesteeceeereeeeeere

sees 230
to-yuu-to ij x “every” “every tIMe” —rrrrrec cree eeecete ee eneeneeeeeees 231

to-yuu-to ©1495 x “if (we) say that, then 0.7 —cererereeereereeeeeeeees 231
tte 27 T “even if (I) were to 7 crrtcecetteeteeeteeeeneceeenes 234
tte 27 T “Is it true that ...27 ccccecceecece
eeeeeects eeeeeseseenees 933

tte 7 T a SAY (that)? ccvccerserececceeecessseesceseseeseeeeees 232

tte 7 T “(speaking of)” seas cc cccccccaccccccuccucecvccesceseces 232

tte 27 T “the (noun) Called ...% —ctreeetseeeetseeeeeseeeeeeeees 232

tte 7 T “(they) say” “I hear? ccesssceessessseeeeeeeeenseeeens 234
tte oT “(You) are asking/saying ...22 ccrcreeresteeseeerees 233

(W]
wa (¢ “as for...” “in referring to...” strttetteseteeeees 236
wa (not translatable) — crrretrrereeereeeeeresceeceseeneenes 239

[Y)]
ya *? “... and ... (among other things/places)” = -*+-: 242
ya “as soon as” “when” “the moment ...” 0 s+rr+++ 243
ya *? “shall we?” “would we?” —crrrrcreceerereeeeceeeeeces 244

yai Us (not translatable) cece cen ccceccccneeceresseseccesscees 246

ya-ina-ya *?Us7~+ “AS SOON AS n,n teeeeeeeceteeseetecneseeeeceees 247

yara “and ... (other things)” crrrrerceeererseereeeeeeeereee 249

yara P45 “T wonder ...2 —vrerreccseccecescecsccecssesececssecescens 250
 (not translatable) emcee ccc rcc cece cc sc cer ecessccctesess 251
yo &

yori & 4) “FO”? — verte eects eeneneteeeeeeeeeneeceeeeeeenesaeeeeenaes 255

yori & 4) “no better than” ccccccrecccetccceerseteeeetseeeeeeeeaes 256
yori & 4) “on the basis of” “from” ovrrerrrceterteerseeeteeeees 256
yori & !) “HAM? «—_ cert teeter eteeseeeeeccetceeenceeeeseesaaees 253, 254

(Z]
ze +f (not translatable) crrvssecreeeeteeeteeseeeeeeeeeseeees 258
20 € (not translatable) crrvrrerreeeeereeeeeeeeeeeseeeeneees 258
zutsu 9° “.. at a time” “(quantity) each 0." 0 vrrrreeere 259

346