2021 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica

Impact of the Power Quality of the Wind Farm and

the Effects on the Power System
Julio Fredy Chura Acero Wilhem Rogger Limachi Viamonte Omar Chayña Velasquez
Mechanical Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Electrical Engineering,
National University of the Altiplano National University of Juliaca National University of the Altiplano
Puno, Peru Juliaca, Peru Puno, Peru
[email protected] [email protected] ochayñ[email protected]

Wilbert D. Alvarez Lupaca

Mechanical Electrical Engineering,
National University of the Altiplano
Puno, Peru
[email protected]

Abstract— This article analyzes the impact of the integration

of large-scale wind generation in an Electric Power System, also
the problem of the aeolian generation is described regarding to
the quality of the produced energy because the inverters, that
distort the fundamental wave of tension and current, has been
incorporate like one of the characteristics of the aeolian
generation that use turbines of variable speed, together with the
exports and imports of reactive power and the consequent
decrease of the power factor; for this purpose takes a practical
example, with real measures of reactive powers, power factor
and harmonics, carried out in the Demonstrative Wind Farm of
Marcona and others accumulated measures from the records of
the technical documentation of the wind farm, exposing a
methodology to determine, with the realized measures, the
values of reactive powers, power factor and harmonics for each Fig. 1. Marcona Wind Farm Peru
value of load degree of the wind farm and operation of the
turbines. II. WIND GENERATION
Keywords—Grid, power quality, reactive power compensation, Wind energy is one of the three main sources of renewable
wind power. resources, which are being exploited on a large scale;
however, its intermittent and unpredictable nature can cause
I. INTRODUCTION problems when integrating into a power grid [1]. Because the
A high level of wind penetration presupposes a wind results from the movement of air due to the atmospheric
deterioration in the quality of energy in the networks power pressure gradient, and this is directly proportional to the wind
plants in the wind farm-power grid interaction, due to the speed. Wind generation and wind movement depend on
characteristics of the wind generation. The type of wind factors such as solar heating, the Coriolis effect, and
turbine technology used in wind farms is what will determine geographic conditions [3].
the power quality. Thus, the use of variable speed wind
turbines, with inverters. When coupled to the network, it A. Wind Farm
produces the greatest deterioration of the voltage and current
Defines it as a set of wind turbines operating together that
wave. The aspects of the interaction are, the variation of the
in the network configuration represents a generation unit with
frequency, the variations and fluctuations of the voltage,
significant capacity. A wind farm can have only two or three
voltage drops, voltage and current asymmetries of the
turbines or it can be hundreds [4].The construction of a wind
networks, etc.
farm involves a range of prior considerations that ensure
Given the entry of the Marcona Wind Farm into the
optimal energy capture. They typically have a dedicated
electrical system analyzed and the possible levels of future
substation that is powered by optimally arranged conductors.
harmonic distortion that would occur in the 220 kV bus of the
Tres Hermanas SE, see the Figure 1. The behavior of the
harmonic power flow due to the injection of Harmonic B. Wind Power Conection to the Grid Electrical
currents of wind generators and the harmonic resonance Highlights that most wind farms handle common concepts
points resulting from this injection are identified through of power within the electrical network [4].
Frequency Sweep analysis. The total harmonic distortion
values obtained will be contrasted with the limits established a) Conventional system with a directly connected induction
in the Technical. generator, soft start device.

978-1-6654-0311-5/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE

 2021 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica

b) System with a synchronous genera tor preferably with - The simulation of the Harmonic Power Flow to
direct drive (large number of poles). Mains power is via a determine the total harmonic distortion in the 220 kV bus of
DC converter designed for full load. the Tres Hermanas SE after the Marcona Wind Farm is put
c) System with a double-fed slip-ring induction genera tor, into operation, considering scenarios of minimum and
with a converter a t 35% of the total load for a 1: 2 speed maximum demand in both flood and flood periods. dry season.
range according to [2], the impact of a high penetration of
wind generation in an electrical power system will manifest - The graphical analysis of compliance with the limits of
it self in the following ways: the characteristic power quality parameters established in the
- Intermittency of the wind and demand monitoring. Technical Standard for the Quality of Electricity Services
- Frequency regulation. (NTCSE).
- Reservation and dispatch. The information sources and instruments used are:
- Disconnection due to strong winds.
- Sudden changes in wind speed. - Articles from international journals and theses related to the
- Transmission capacity in areas with exploitable wind. subject under study.
- Monitoring and control of wind power plants. - Power quality standards: NTCSE, IEEE and IEC.
- Voltage regulation. - Books related to energy quality and wind generation.
- Reactive power. - Related theses. - Manual for Vestas V100 wind turbines 1.8
- Transitory stability. MW.
- DigSilent.
There will also be energy variations due to untimely changes - Single Line Diagram of the Electrical System under analysis.
in the wind speed that will impact the network ca using
disconnection operations, reactive power consumption,
voltage flickers and harmonics due to the inverters.

C. Effects of Connecting Wind Power to the Electrical

Harmonic distortion is associated with variable speed
wind turbines because they have electronic power converters
(an important source of current harmonics) for the
interconnection of the wind farm with the electricity grid, on Fig. 3. One-line diagram
the other hand, fluctuations in air speed and therefore,
generation power causes voltage flickers in the network,
produced in fixed speed wind turbines [1]. Minimizing the
flow of harmonic currents is desirable because they increase
energy losses in conductors and can cause the activation of
protection devices [3].
III. METHODOLOGY
The investigation procedures are based on simulations
developed for different scenarios using DigSilent Power
Factory software. The analysis developed through simulations
allowed the development of:
- The Frequency Sweep methodology in order to
determine the resonance points of the system after the
integration of the Marcona wind farm.

Fig. 2. Monolinear Diagram of the Wind Farm 8 MW of 32 MW

 2021 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica

TABLE I. WIND ENERGY MARCONA TABLE III. FREQUENCY AND IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS RESULTS WITH
THE MARCONA WIND FARM
Technology Wind energy
Location Peru, Ica, Marcona

Altitude 200 masl Frequency range (Hz) Grid Impedance (Ω)

Installed potency 32 MW 1 25.125

Number of Wind Turbines 11 2 65.458

3 30.254
Wind Turbine Model 8 - SWT-3.15-108 y 3-SWT 2.3-
108 4 76.245
Wind Turbine Power 8 *3.15 MW + 3*2.3 MW 5 114.315

Transformers 6 331.326

Number of Transformers 11 7 185.154

Power 2.6 MVA y 3.4 MVA 8 315.245

Tension 0.69 kV/20 kV 9 28.125

10 95.125
11 501.125
12 312.542
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 13 81.548
As noted above, the frequency sweep analysis on the bar 14 251.623
220 kV power supply of the Tres Hermanas developed in the
15 229.264
research has been applied up to the harmonic of order 40, with
analysis steps of 10 Hz andfound based on a theoretical model 16 133.152
of the network. 16.6667 192.265

TABLE II. 11 POWER TURBINES (MW) PER MONTHS

Farm Aerogenerador January February March April May June July August September October November December
aerogenerador 1
Plant 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325
aerogenerador 2
1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325
aerogenerador 3
1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325
aerogenerador 4
1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265
aerogenerador 5
1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265
aerogenerador 6
1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265 1.265
aerogenerador 7
1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325
aerogenerador 8
1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325
aerogenerador 9
1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325
aerogenerador 10
1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325
aerogenerador 11
1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325 1.7325
 2021 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica

during the flood period and with the integration of the

600 Marcona Wind Farm, with an evaluation of maximum and
minimum demand expressed in percentage terms, has the
500
following results:
Grid Impedance (Ω)

400

300 TABLE V. HARMONIC FLOW ANALYSIS RESULTS WITH THE MARCONA

WIND FARM

200 Minimum Demand Maximum Demand

Wind Limit
farm Harmonic Max Harmonic Max NTCSE
THD THD
100 operation (%) default THD default THD (%)
(%)
(%) (%)
To 20 % 5° 0.400 0.520 7° 0.250 3.000
0 0.550
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
To 50 % 0.600 5° 0.400 0.560 4° 0.350 3.000
Frequency range (Hz)
To 100 % 0.560 5° 0.400 0.490 4° 0.490 3.000

Fig. 4. Frequency Sweep Analysis Diagram with the Park

Marcona wind farm. V. CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that there is a strong interaction between
1.0002
the relative powers of the generator and the system at its
connection point. The relationship between these powers
1.0000 determines the transfer of disturbances, such as voltage dips
and flicker. The collaboration of the short-circuit currents
was quantified according to the type of generator used,
0.9998
concluding that the greatest contribution in magnitude and
PF

duration is supplied by the machine with double excitation.

0.9996

The harmonic distortion levels in the 220 kV bus of the Tres

Hermanas SE are determined through the harmonic flow
0.9994
analysis procedure after the Marcona Wind Farm is put into
operation. The individual harmonic distortion levels of the
0.9992 4th, 5th, 7th and 13th harmonics are the most predominant and
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
therefore contribute the most to the final Total Harmonic
Generator Load (%)
Distortion voltage value. The behavior of the impedance
versus the frequency is evaluated by the frequency sweep
Fig. 5. Generator Load Analysis Diagram with the Power Factor method that allows knowing the resonance points in the 220
kV bus of the Tres Hermanas SE.
For harmonics higher than the 15th harmonic, there are no
The analysis of the Harmonic Flow of Power, during the
resonance hazards. In the dry season operation, higher
dry season and without the integration of the Marcona Wind
distortion levels are expected than in the flood season
Farm, with an evaluation of maximum and minimum demand
operation. In the operation of minimum demand in the dry
expressed in percentage terms, has the following results:
season, the highest distortion levels occur during the operation
of the Marcona Wind Farm.
TABLE IV. HARMONIC FLOW ANALYSIS RESULTS WITH OUT THE
MARCONA WIND FARM Finally the main effects that the farm causes to the Power
THD (%) THD (%) Error System are:
Measured Calculated (%) 1. Large import of reactive power from the grid.
Low 2.76 0.72 2. Low emission or low total distortion rate of the grid current
water wave.
2.78
demand
3. Due to the low installed power and reduced number of
Dry water 1.57 0 wind turbines in the park, it is not possible to appreciate high
Maximum 1.57 flicker values.
demand
Limit 3 0
3 The main effects that the Power System causes to the farm
NTCSE
are:
1. Power failures: frequent power outages.
The scenario develops operating criteria for the Marcona 2. Voltage dips.
Wind Farm (20%, 50% and 100%) because this year it begins 3. Voltage asymmetries.
its operation. The analysis of the Harmonic Flow of Power,
 2021 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica

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