MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND

EDUCATION

FACULTY OF VEHICLE AND ENERGY ENGINEERING

REPORT
PRACTICE OF AUTOMATION
ELECTRICAL AND ELICTRONIC

Lecturer : Msc. Vu Dinh Huan

Class: PAES321133E_23_2_01FIE
Group : 5
Student : Mai Hoàng Minh Huy 21145012
Nguyễn Viết Thuấn 21145615
Trần Hoàng Thiện 21145613
Nguyễn Minh Hiếu 19145145
Trần Hoàng Ly 19145153

HO CHI MINH CITY, MẢCH 2024

 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I. RELAYS ...........................................................................................1

1. Introduction ....................................................................................................1
2. Application ......................................................................................................1
3. Some common relay .......................................................................................2
3.1. Relay 4 pin ...................................................................................................................... 2
3.2. Relay 5 pin ...................................................................................................................... 3
3.3. Relay 6 pin ...................................................................................................................... 4
3.4. Design the window regulator circuit ............................................................................ 5
3.5. Design the door look circuit .......................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS .................................................9
1. Resistance: .......................................................................................................9
2. Capacitor .......................................................................................................10
3. Diode ..............................................................................................................12
4. Transitor ........................................................................................................13
5. Practise ..........................................................................................................17
5.1. IC 555............................................................................................................................ 17
5.2. Photoresistor ................................................................................................................ 20
CHAPTER III. STARTER SYSTEM ..................................................................21
1. Starter System ...............................................................................................21
2. Design a circuit with starter system ............................................................21
 APPENDIX

Pic 1. Some common relay ........................................................................................2

Pic 2. Relay 4 pin .......................................................................................................2
Pic 3. Relay 5 pin .......................................................................................................3
Pic 4. Relay 6 pin .......................................................................................................5
Pic 5. Window regulator circuit in Proteus ................................................................5
Pic 6. Window regulator circuit .................................................................................6
Pic 7. Door lock circuit in Proteus .............................................................................7
Pic 8. Door lock circuit ..............................................................................................8
Pic 9. Read the resistor through their color codes ...................................................10
Pic 10. Some type of capacitor ................................................................................12
Pic 11. Symbol of diode ...........................................................................................12
Picture 11. Two types of transistors........................................................................14
Pic 12. Supply Vcc power to the NPN transistor .....................................................15
Pic 13. Supply Vcc power to the PNP transistors ....................................................16
Pic 14. Illustration of application of Transistor Digital ...........................................17
Pic 15. IC555 pins ....................................................................................................17
Pic 16. IC 555 circuit in reality ...............................................................................18

....................................................................................................................19
Pic 17. IC 555 using variable resistant ....................................................................19
Pic 18. Photoresistor circuit in Proteus ....................................................................20
Pic 19. Photoresistor circuit in reality ......................................................................20
Pic 20. Convetional starter .......................................................................................21
Pic 21. Components in Starter .................................................................................22
Pic 22. Diagram of car starting system on manual transmission .............................27
Pic 23. Diagram of the starting system on an automatic transmission ....................28
Pic 24. Diagram of starting system ..........................................................................29
Pic 25. Model of starting system 1...........................................................................29
..................................................................................................................................30
Pic 26. Model of starting system 2...........................................................................30
..................................................................................................................................30
Pic 27. Model of starting with smart key .................................................................30
Pic 28. Model of starting system with smart key .....................................................31
CHAPTER I. RELAYS

1. Introduction
An electrically powered switch is called a relay. It is made up of a set
of working contact terminals and a set of input terminals for one or more
control signals. Any number of contacts in any combination of make, break,
and other contact forms may be present on the switch.
When multiple circuits need to be controlled by a single low-power
signal or when a single signal needs to control multiple circuits, relays are
utilized. Relays were first employed as signal repeaters in long-distance
telegraph networks. They work by broadcasting a new signal on a different
circuit, which refreshes the original signal. Relays were widely utilized for
logical operations in early computers and telephone exchanges.
2. Application

Relays are remote control electrical switches that are controlled by another
switch, such as a horn switch or a computer as in a power train control module.
Relays allow a small current flow circuit to control a higher current circuit.
Several designs of relays are in use today, 3- pin, 4-pin, 5-pin, and 6-pin, single
switch or dual switches.

1
 Pic 1. Some common relay

3. Some common relay

3.1. Relay 4 pin

Pic 2. Relay 4 pin

2
 First, we use the VOM switch to continuity test mode. The pins 1, 3
will continuity and have resistant (50 – 150 Ω) because that pins have coil.
Thus pins 2, 4 is the contact pins.
To define relay 4-pin is normal open (NO) or normal close (NC) we use
VOM in continuity test mode. If the 2, 4 pins not continuity, that is normal
open and vice versa.

3.2. Relay 5 pin

Pic 3. Relay 5 pin

3
 First, we use the VOM switch to continuity test mode. The pins 1, 2
will continuity and have resistant (50 – 150 Ω) because that pins have coil.
Thus pins 3, 4, 5 is the contact pins.
Second, we check to define 2 pins normal close by continuity test mode
and pin 3 is normal open. Supplied power to pin 1, 2 use VOM sequence check
pin 4, 5 if pins 3, 5 continuity, pin 5 is common pin and vice versa. (In this
case, the pin 5 is common pin).

3.3. Relay 6 pin

4
 Pic 4. Relay 6 pin

First, we use the VOM switch to continuity test mode. The pins 1, 3
will continuity and have resistant (50 – 150 Ω) because that pins have coil.
Thus pins 2, 4, 5, 6 is the contact pins.
Supplied power to pin 1, 3 use VOM to check the remaining pin pairs
of the relay. If pin pair continuity, that are normal open pins. (In this case, the
contact pin in relay is all normal open)

3.4. Design the window regulator circuit

Pic 5. Window regulator circuit in Proteus

5
 Pic 6. Window regulator circuit

3.5. Design the door lock circuit

6
Pic 7. Door lock circuit in Proteus

7
Pic 8. Door lock circuit

8
CHAPTER II. ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
1. Resistor:
Concept: A resistor is a passive electronic component with two connecting
contacts. Its function is to regulate the signal level, limit the current intensity in the
circuit, and is used for voltage division, activating active electronic components
such as transistors, Terminal contacts in power lines, as well as many other
applications.
Effects:
• Properly control the load current, for example, if there is a 9V bulb but we only
have a 12V power supply, we can connect the bulb in series with a resistor to
reduce the 3V voltage on the resistor.
• Connect a resistor to become a voltage divider to get a desired voltage from a
given voltage.
• Polarization for transistor operation
• Participate in RC oscillator circuits
• Adjust the intensity of current passing through electrical devices.
• Generates heat in required applications.
• Creates a voltage drop across the circuit when connected in series.
How to check whether it is alive or dead:
1. Adjust the universal copper on the voltage scale and supply power to the
transformer.
2. Insert the power supply into the bipolar connector, insert the anode of the
multimeter into the slider pin, and insert the cathode of the multimeter into the
negative wire of the power supply.
3. Rotate the variable counterclockwise, and if you see an exponential
decrease, the variable is working well.
4. The opposite situation is a malfunction.

9
 Pic 9. Read the resistor through their color codes
2. Capacitor

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 Concept: A capacitor is one of many electronic components that operate
based on the principles of energy storage (charging) and discharge. Capacitors
are essential components in electronic circuits.
Function: The capacitor itself is an electronic component that can
effectively store electrical energy and charges. Capacitors can also filter AC
voltage into flat unidirectional voltage by eliminating the cathode. This is the
convergence principle of source filtering. In addition, capacitors help to
facilitate the passage of AC voltage and prevent unidirectional voltage.
Capacitors are used to help transmit signals between amplifier layers with
significant unidirectional voltage differences.
How to check capacitors:
1. Ensure that the capacitor is fully discharged
2. Adjust the clock within the ohm range (set the scale to 1000Ohm=1k).
3. Touch the measuring rod with the capacitor pole.
4. The number meter will display the number within one second, and then
immediately display OL. This means that the capacitor is in good condition.
If there is no change, the capacitor is damaged.

11
 Pic 10. Some type of capacitor
3. Diode
Diode (also known as a semiconductor diode) is a type of
semiconductor component that only allows current to pass in one direction
and not in the opposite direction.
Effect: Due to its unidirectional conductivity, diodes are commonly
used to integrate AC power rectifiers into one-dimensional, wave separation
circuits, and polarization voltage pin circuits for transistor operation.

Pic 11. Symbol of diode

How to check diodes:
1. Switch to diode scale
2. The bidirectional measurement diode circuit is unobstructed and the
diode is in good condition
3. Measure the diode in reverse, and the indicator light shows OL. If
the circuit remains unobstructed, the diode is faulty.

12
4. Transitor
Concept: Transistor, also called Granitito, is an active semiconductor
element. They are usually used as amplifiers or as part of electronic keys.
Transistors appear in the circuit structures of most electronic computers and
all other electronic devices.
Utility:
Unidirectional amplifier: Tranzito is used for unidirectional DC amplifier
circuit, AC signal amplifier, or error amplifier circuit, special amplifier
circuit and compression circuit.
Used as a switch: Transistors usually use digital circuits as electronic locks,
which can be turned on or off. For high power applications, such as power
switch mode, or for low power applications, such as digital logic ports.
Power amplifier: This is the application of transistor in audio field.
Transistors appear in the circuits of most important audio devices, such as
amply, power amplifier, speaker, microphone, mixer and so on.

13
 Switching circuit amplifier: The most common application of
transistors is to control switching circuits. If you know a little about audio
equipment, you will find it is very suitable for karaoke.
NPN and PNP are the same. They only differ in how to arrange the
three semiconductor elements N-P-N or p-n-p. Among them, the middle pole
corresponds to the semiconductor N, and the collector pole and the emitter
pole are on both sides (using PNP transistors). As for NPN, the opposite is
true.

Picture 11. Two types of transistors

Check the transistor:

NPN (usually starting with letters c and d):
1. determine pins B,E,C e and c of NPN transistor.
2. ladder ohm
3. The positive electrode of the multimeter touches pin B, while the
negative electrode touches pins E and C in turn.
With the exponential increase, the transistor is also very good.

14
 4. If the index still increases after measuring the extreme value, the
transistor is broken.
5. Measure pins E and C in two directions. If the index increases, the
transistor is broken.
If the exponent does not increase, the transistor will be fine.

Pic 12. Supply Vcc power to the NPN transistor

PNP (usually starting with A,B):
1. determine the pins B,E,C e and c of PNP transistor.
2. ladder ohm
3. The negative electrode of the multimeter touches foot B, while the
positive electrode touches feet E and C in turn.
With the exponential increase, the transistor is also very good.
4. If the index still increases after measuring the extreme value, the
transistor is broken.
5. Measure pins E and C in two directions. If the index increases, the
transistor is broken.
If the exponent does not increase, the transistor will be fine.

15
 Pic 13. Supply Vcc power to the PNP transistors
• We see that: If the Transistor is NPN reverse then Vcc must be a positive source
(+), if the Transistor is PNP forward then Vcc must be a negative source (-)
• • Some special transistors.
* Digital Transistor: Digital Transistor has the same structure as a regular
Transistor, but pin B is connected to a resistor of several tens of KΩ.
Digital transistors are often used in switch circuits, logic circuits, control circuits,
when active one can directly apply the 5V command to pin B to control the light is
off.

16
 Pic 14. Illustration of application of Transistor Digital
* Symbols: Digital Transistors often have the symbols DTA…(forward light),
DTC…(reverse light), KRC…(reverse light) KRA…(forward light), RN12…(reverse
light), RN22…(reverse light). agreement ), UN…., KSR…
* For example: DTA132 , DTC 124 vv…
Current output transistor (horizontal output):
Large capacity transistors are often called oysters. Current coils, power coils, etc., are
designed to control high-voltage transformers or pulse power transformers. They often
have high operating voltages and large current tolerances. Current output converters
(color TVs) often have additional buffer diodes inside in parallel with the CE pole.

5. Practise
5.1. IC 555

Pic 15. IC555 pins

17
Pic 16. IC 555 circuit in reality

18
 Pic 17. IC 555 using variable resistant
Beside using capacitor to change the blinking speed of the light ( If the
capacitor has a higher capacitance, the LED will blink slowly, and if the
capacitor has a lower capacitance, the light will blink faster ), we can also
use variable resistant to change the blinking speed of the light

19
5.2. Photoresistor

Pic 18. Photoresistor circuit in Proteus

Pic 19. Photoresistor circuit in reality

20
CHAPTER III. STARTER SYSTEM
1. Starter System
1.1. Concept:
The car starting system, also known as the starting device, is a system that
enables the internal combustion engine of the car to start working. Due to the
inability of the internal combustion engine to start on its own, external force is
required to start it. The device that generates external force is an electric motor or
a DC motor, commonly referred to as an electric motor.

Pic 20. Convetional starter

1.2. Function:
- Drive to rotate the engine crankshaft through a cylindrical gear attached to the
gear ring on the flywheel.
- Disconnect as soon as the engine starts
1.3. Structure:
- Magnetic switch: The magnetic switch acts as a master switch for the current
flowing to the motor and controls the bendix gear by pushing it into gear with the
ring at start-up and pulling it out after start-up. The suction coil is wound with a
wire with a larger diameter than the holding coil to create a larger electromagnetic
force than the holding coil.

21
 Pic 21. Components in Starter
1.4. Starting engine:
22
 Armature (core of the starter motor) The armature creates the force that
rotates the motor and the ball bearings support the armature to rotate at high
speed.

The starter housing creates the magnetic field necessary for the motor to
operate. It also functions as a protective cover for the inductors and closes the
magnetic field lines.

The carbon brush is attached to the armature's commutator by springs so

that current flows from the coil to the armature in a certain direction. The carbon
brush is made from a copper-carbon mixture so it has good electrical conductivity
and great abrasion resistance. The carbon brush springs compress the armature
23
 commutator and cause the armature to stop immediately after the starter is
disconnected.

The reduction gear transmits the rotational force of the motor to the bendix
gear and increases the torque by slowing down the speed of the motor.

The bendix gear guides the driving force in the starting system from the starter
to the engine through secure engagement. Bendix gears are chamfered for easy
engagement. The torque wrench converts the rotational force of the motor into the
force that pushes the starter drive gear, and also assists in the engagement and
disconnection of the starter drive gear with the gear ring.

24
 - One way clutch:
+ The starter clutch transmits the motor's rotation to the engine through the bendix
gear.
+ To protect the starter from being damaged by the high number of revolutions
generated when the engine has been started

25
 2. Design a circuit with starter system
There are two different starting systems used in vehicles. Both of these
systems have their own circuits…a control circuit and a motor circuit. A system
has its own starter motor. This system is used on most older cars. The other type
has a deceleration starter motor. This system is used on most car models today.
A high-power magnetic switch or Solenoid will open and close the motor. It is a
component of both the control circuit and the motor circuit.
Both systems are controlled by the engine switch and are protected via
fuses. On some vehicles, a starter relay is used to start the control circuit. On
automatic transmission vehicles, there is an intermediate start switch that
prevents starting the vehicle while in gear. On transmission vehicles, there is
usually a clutch switch that prevents starting the vehicle without depressing the
clutch. On special vehicles, there is a safety switch that allows the vehicle to
start on steep hills without having to step on the clutch.
 Before understanding how the starter can rotate the flywheel when we turn the
engine switch to the STA position, let's take a look at the electrical circuits of
the starter system:

26
 Diagram of car starting system on manual transmission:

Pic 22. Diagram of car starting system on manual transmission

Principle of car starting system on manual trasmission:

-There is permanent current from the battery to the starter at pin 30.
-When turning START switch, if the driver forgets to step on the Ambraya,
there will be no current to the STARTER .
-When the START switch is turned on, current flows from the battery → fuse
→ IGSW → starter replay→pin 50 of the starter → Ground.
- Depending on different vehicle models, the fuse can be 80A, 90A or 100A.

27
 Pic 23. Diagram of the starting system on an automatic transmission
There is a permanent line to the starter at pin 30
•When turning the switch to the START position, if the driver forgets to return the gear to
N or P, there will be no current flowing to the starter. If the anti-theft system is turned on,
there will also be no current flowing to the starter.
•When the anti-theft system is not working, and the digital position is in N or P, when the
switch is in the START position, there will be current going from the tank → fuse →
IGSW → digital switch N/P → pin 50 → Ground.

Realistic circuit design

28
 Pic 24. Diagram of starting system
Model of starting system

Pic 25. Model of starting system 1

29
 Pic 26. Model of starting system 2

Pic 27. Model of starting with smart key

30
 Pic 28. Model of starting system with smart key

Measure voltage on Ford Focus

Voltage of the battery when the car is in idle mode

31
Voltage of the battery when the car start

32