21-Aug-19

TOPIC 5
LOOPING STATEMENTS
AZHANI BINTI HASHIM / BILIK PENYELIA ECOM1

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Student should be able to:
• Define Looping statements.
• List types of Looping statements.
• Define FOR, WHILE, DO-WHILE loop statements.
• Describe structure of FOR, nested FOR, WHILE, DO-WHILE
loop statements.
• Identify need for BREAK, CONTINUE and GOTO statement.
• Differentiate FOR, WHILE, DO-WHILE loop statement.
2

1
 21-Aug-19

DEFINITION OF LOOPING STATEMENTS

• The versatility of the computer lies in its ability to
perform a set of instructions repeatedly. This
involves repeating some portion of the program
either a specified number of times or until a
particular condition is being satisfied.
• This repetitive operation is done through a loop
control instruction.
3

TYPES OF LOOPING STATEMENTS

• There are three types or methods by way of which
we can repeat a part of a program. They are:
• Using a for statement
• Using a while statement
• Using a do-while statement

2
 21-Aug-19

DEFINITION OF FOR STATEMENT

• The for loop repeats the body of the loop as long as
the loop condition holds. The basic form of the for
loop as below:
for (initialization_expression; loop_condition; incrementation_expression)
{
statement A;
}

STRUCTURE OF FOR STATEMENT

for (initialization_expression; loop_condition; incrementation_expression)
{
statement A;
}

• initialization_expression is executed before

execution of the loop starts. The
initialization_expression is typically used to
initialize a counter for loop. 6

3
 21-Aug-19

STRUCTURE OF FOR STATEMENT

for (initialization_expression; loop_condition; incrementation_expression)
{
statement A;
}

• The execution of the loop continues until the

loop_condition is false. This expression is checked at
the beginning of each loop iteration.
7

STRUCTURE OF FOR STATEMENT

for (initialization_expression; loop_condition; incrementation_expression)
{
statement A;
}

• The increment_expression is usually used to

increase (or decrease) the loop counter. This part is
executed at the end of each loop iteration.
8

4
 21-Aug-19

EXAMPLE OF FOR STATEMENT

#include<stdio.h> 1. counter = 1.
main( )
2. Test if counter <= 10
{
if true  statement 1
int counter, x = 1;
for (counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++) and statement 2 is
{ executed.
x = x * x; //statement 1 if false  terminated
printf(“\nLoop %d, x = %d.”, counter, x); //statement 2
loop.
}
} 3. increment counter.

EXAMPLE OF FOR STATEMENT

#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
counter = 1
{
int counter, x = 1;
counter <= 10 No
for (counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++)
{ Yes
x = x * x; x=x*x
printf(“\nLoop %d, x = %d.”, counter, x);
Display number of
}
loop and value of x.
}
counter = counter + 1

10

5
 21-Aug-19

DEFINITION OF WHILE STATEMENT

• The while loop repeats the body of the loop as long
as the loop condition holds. The basic form of the
while statement is as below:
while (expression)
{
statement;
}

11

STRUCTURE OF WHILE STATEMENT

while (expression)
{
statement;
}

• expression is the condition that hold the loop.

• statement is the instruction that will be repeated as
long as condition holds.
12

6
 21-Aug-19

STRUCTURE OF WHILE STATEMENT

while (expression)
{
statement;
}

• In this loop, the expression is first evaluated. If it is

true (not zero), the statement which can be a block of
statements is executed; if it is false (zero), the
statement is bypassed. 13

EXAMPLE OF WHILE STATEMENT

#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
Read counter
{
int counter;
No
printf(“Enter the starting number:”); counter > 0
scanf(“%d”, &counter);
Yes
while (counter > 0)
Print counter
{
printf(“%d, ”,counter); counter = counter - 1
--counter;
}
Print FIRE! FIRE!
printf(“\nFIRE! FIRE!“);
}

14

7
 21-Aug-19

SIMILARITY
FOR WHILE
counter = 1 Read counter

No No
counter <= 10 counter > 0

Yes Yes
x=x*x Print counter

Display number of counter = counter - 1

loop and value of x.

counter = counter + 1 Print FIRE! FIRE!

15

CHANGE WHILE TO FOR

#include<stdio.h> Answer:
void main( )
{
int counter;
printf(“Enter the starting number:”);
scanf(“%d”, & counter);
while (counter > 0)
{
printf(“%d, ”, counter);
--counter;
}
printf(“\nFIRE! FIRE!“);
}

16

8
 21-Aug-19

DEFINITION OF DO-WHILE STATEMENT

• The do-while loop repeats the body of the loop as
long as the loop condition holds. The basic form of
the while statement is as below:
do
{
statement;
}
while (expression)
17

STRUCTURE OF DO-WHILE STATEMENT

do
{
statement;
}
while (expression)
• This do-while loop is quite similar to the while loop except
that the expression is evaluated after the statement is
executed. This means the statement in the do-while will be
executed at least once. In the while statement, the statement
will not be executed if the expression is false. 18

9
 21-Aug-19

EXAMPLE OF DO-WHILE STATEMENT

#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
{ Read counter
int counter;
Print counter
printf(“Enter the starting number:”);
scanf(“%d”, & counter);
counter = counter - 1
do
{
printf(“%d, ”, counter); counter > 0 Yes
--counter;
} No
while (counter > 0) Print FIRE! FIRE!

printf(“\nFIRE! FIRE!“);
}
19

DIFFERENCE
WHILE DO-WHILE
Read counter Read counter

No Print counter
counter > 0

counter = counter - 1
Yes
Print counter

counter > 0 Yes

counter = counter - 1

No
Print FIRE! FIRE! Print FIRE! FIRE!

20

10
 21-Aug-19

EXERCISE
#include<stdio.h> 1. Draw the flowchart.
void main( )
2. What is the output of
{
the program if user key-
int number; in:
printf(“Enter any number :”); i. 5
scanf(“%d”,&number); ii. 22
if (number %2 == 0)
printf(“\nYou are entered even number!”);
}

21

EXERCISE
#include<stdio.h> 1. Draw the
void main( ) flowchart.
{ 2. What is the
int age; output of the
printf(“Welcome to Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya Malaysia!”); program if user
printf(“\nEnter your age: ”; key-in:
i. 18
scanf(“%d”,&age);
ii. 21
if (age < 21)
iii. 20
printf(“\nSorry, you are under age to vote!”);
else
printf(“\nVote With Your Brain!”);
}
22

11
 21-Aug-19

EXERCISE
#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
{
int age;
char destination; 1. Draw the flowchart.
printf(“\nWELCOME TO AIR ASIA HOLIDAY PACKAGE\n”);
printf(“\nEnter your age:”;
scanf(“%d”,&age);
2. What is the output of the
printf(“\nEnter your destination ‘B’ for Bandung, ‘J’ for Jakarta):"; program if user key-in:
scanf(“%d”,&destination);
if (destination == ‘B’) i. 2 , B
{
if (age < 2) ii. 1 , J
printf(“\nYou deserve to have 20% discount from usual rate!”; iii. 3 , B
else
printf(“\nYou should pay RM855!”;
}
else
{
if (destination == 'J')
{
if (age < 2)
printf(“\nYou deserve to have 20% discount from usual rate!”);
else
printf(“\nYou should pay RM925!”);
}
}
}
23

EXERCISE
#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
{
int n;
for ( n = 10 ; n > 0 ; n-- )
{
printf(“%d,”, n);
}
printf(“SURPRISE!\n”);
}

Question : Get the output.

24

12
 21-Aug-19

EXERCISE
#include<stdio.h> 1.Complete the flowchart.
void main( )
{
int n;
do
{
printf(“Enter any number, key-in 0 to exit : ”;
Yes
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“You entered: %d.\n”,n);
No
}
while (n != 0); 2. Modify the program
} using while statement.
25

BREAK STATEMENT
• The keyword break allows jumping out of a loop
instantly, without waiting to get back to the
conditional test.
• When break is encountered inside any loop, control
automatically passes to the first statement after the
loop.
26

13
 21-Aug-19

FLOW CHART FOR BREAK

27

EXAMPLE OF BREAK IN FOR LOOP

#include<stdio.h> Trace the output.
void main( )
{
int i;
for( i = 10 ; i > 0 ; i-- )
{
if( i == 6 )
{
printf("\n Coming out from for loop Where i = %d\n", i);
break;
}
printf("%d", i);
}
}
28

14
 21-Aug-19

EXAMPLE OF BREAK IN WHILE LOOP

#include<stdio.h> Trace the output.
void main( )
{
int i =0;
while(i<=10)
{
printf("\n The Value of the Variable = %d \n", i);
i++;
if (i==4)
{
break;
}
}
printf("\n This statement is from Outside the while Loop ");
}
29

EXAMPLE OF BREAK WHILE LOOP

#include<stdio.h>
void main( ) //This program for determine the number that user key in is prime number or not.
{
int num, i = 2;
Trace the output when user key in 2,3,4,5.
printf ( "Enter a number " ) ;
scanf ( "%d", &num ) ;
while ( i <= num - 1 )
{
if ( num % i == 0 )
{
printf ( "Not a prime number" ) ;
break ;
}
i++ ;
}
if ( i == num )
printf ( "Prime number" ) ;
}
30

15
 21-Aug-19

CONTINUE STATEMENT
• In some programming situations we want to take the
control to the beginning of the loop, bypassing the
statements inside the loop, which have not yet been
executed.
• When continue is encountered inside any loop,
control automatically passes to the beginning of the
loop.
31

FLOW CHART FOR CONTINUE

32

16
 21-Aug-19

EXAMPLE OF CONTINUE IN FOR LOOP

#include<stdio.h> Trace the output.
void main( )
{
for (int j = 0; j <= 8; j++)
{
if (j == 4)
{
continue;
}
printf("%d ", j);
}
}

33

EXAMPLE OF CONTINUE IN WHILE LOOP

#include<stdio.h> When using while or do-while loop you need to place an
void main( ) increment or decrement statement just above the
{ continue so that the counter value is changed for the next
int counter = 10; iteration.
while (counter >= 0) For example, if we do not place counter-- statement in the
{ body of “if” then the value of counter would remain 7
if (counter == 7) forever.
{ Trace the output.
counter--;
continue;
}
printf("%d ", counter);
counter--;
}
}
34

17
 21-Aug-19

EXAMPLE OF CONTINUE IN DO-WHILE LOOP

#include<stdio.h> When using while or do-while loop you need to place an
void main( ) increment or decrement statement just above the
{ continue so that the counter value is changed for the next
int j = 0; iteration.
do For example, if we do not place j++ statement in the body
{ of “if” then the value of counter would remain 7 forever.
if (j == 7) Trace the output.
{
j++;
continue;
}
printf("%d ", j);
j++;
}while(j < 10);
}
35

GOTO STATEMENT
• The goto statement is rarely used because it makes
program confusing, less readable and complex.
• When this is used, the control of the program won’t
be easy to trace, hence it makes testing and
debugging difficult.
• When a goto statement is encountered in a C
program, the control jumps directly to the label
mentioned in the goto statement. 36

18
 21-Aug-19

FLOW CHART FOR GOTO

37

EXAMPLE OF GOTO IN FOR LOOP

#include<stdio.h> When the value of i (inside loop) is equal to
void main( ) 5, the control will jump to addition label
{ using goto.
int sum=0; Trace the output.
for(int i = 0; i<=10; i++)
{
sum = sum+i;
if(i==5)
{
goto addition;
}
}
addition:
printf("%d", sum);
}
38

19