TBNT 3083

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

ASSIGNMENT 1

PREPARED FOR:
DR NURKALIZA BINTI KHALID

PREPARED BY:
IQBAL FARHAN BIN SAIFUL AZMAN (21BT02006)
MOHD NOR FITRI BIN ALI HANAPIA (21BT02010)
HAZYM ZAFRAN (20BT02016)

SESI II 2023/2024
FAKULTI SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI MAKLUMAT
KOLEJ UNIVERSITI ISLAM ANTARABANGSA SELANGOR (KUIS)
 COMPLEMENTARY EVENTS

Question 1

The probability of getting a white ball from a bag of ball is 1

4
What is the probability of not getting a white ball?

Answer:

P (BALL IS NOT WHITE) = 1 - 1 =3

4 4

Question 2 :

A BAG CONTAINS RED AND BLUE CARDS. THE PROBABILITY OF DRAWING RED
CARD IS 2
5
WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY OF DRAWING A BLUE CARD?

Answer :

A = event of drawing a red card

B = event of drawing a blue card
Question 3:

A NUMBER IS CHOSEN AT RANDOM FROM A SET OF WHOLE NUMBERS FROM 1 TO 50. CALCULATE THE
PROBABILITY THAT THE CHOSEN NUMBER IS NOT A PERFECT SQUARE.

Answer :

A = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49}

Number of elements in A, n(A) = 7

Total number of elements, n(S) = 50

The probability that the number chosen is not a perfect square is 43

50

Question 4:

IN A DECK OF 52 CARDS, 4 CARDS ARE SELECTED RANDOMLY. WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT AT LEAST
ONE CARD IS A SPADE?

Answer :

So, the probability of not selecting a spade in four draws is (39)4

52
P (At least one spade) = 1 − (No spades)
P (At least one spade) = 1 − (39)
52
P(At least one spade) = 1 − (39) = 0.7747
52
P (At least one spade) = 0.7747
Question 5:

IN A CITY, 60% OF DAYS HAVE RAINFALL. IF A WEEK CONSISTS OF 7 CONSECUTIVE DAYS, WHAT IS THE
PROBABILITY THAT IT WILL RAIN ON AT LEAST 5 OF THOSE DAYS?

Answer :

P (X = k) = ( n ) × p k × (1−p) n - k
K

n=7
P = 0.60

1 - p = 1 - 0.60
= 0.40

P (X = 5) + P (X = 6) + P (X = 7)

For k = 5
p (x = 5) = (7) × (0.60) 5 × (0.40) 1
5
For k = 6
p (x = 6) = (7) × (0.60) 6 × (0.40) 2
6
For k=7
p (x = 7) = (7) × (0.60) 7 × (0.40) 0
7
P(At least 5 rainy days) = P (X = 5) + P (X = 6) + P (X = 7)
 INDEPENDENT & DEPENDENT EVENTS

Question 1:
A CEREAL COMPANY CLAIMS THAT 3 IN EVERY 25 PEOPLE WIN A PRIZE. WHAT IS THE
PROBABILITY THAT YOU COULD NOT WIN TWICE IN A ROW?

Answer:
LET EVENT A BE NOT WINNING THE PRIZE ON YOUR FIRST TRY, AND EVENT B BE NOT WINNING
THE PRIZE ON YOUR SECOND TRY. THE TWO EVENTS ARE INDEPENDENT. SO, THE PROBABILITY
IS
P(A AND B) = P(A) P P(B)
22 22 = 484 = 0.7744
25 25 652

Question 2:

A MANUFACTURER HAS FOUND THAT 3 OUT OF EVERY 1100 LIGHT BULBS ARE DEFECTIVE. HOW MANY
LIGHT BULBS CAN YOU ORDER BEFORE THE PROBABILITY THAT AT LEAST ONE BULB IS DEFECTIVE
REACHES 75%?

Answer :

LET N BE THE NUMBER OF LIGHT BULBS YOU ORDER. FROM THE GIVEN INFORMATION YOU KNOW THAT

P(bulb is not defective) = 1097 = 0.997

1100

USE THE PROBABILITY AND THE FACT THAT EACH BULB ORDERED REPRESENTS AN INDEPENDENT EVENT
TO FIND THE VALUE OF N
P(at least one bulb is defective) = 0.75
1 P(no bulbs are defective) = 0.75
1 (0.997)n = 0.75
-(0.997)n = -0.25
0.997n = 0.25
n = log 0.25
log 0.997
n = 461

Question 3:

THE TABLE SHOWS THE NUMBER OF MALES AND FEMALES WITH CERTAIN HAIR COLORS. FIND (A) THE
PROBABILITY THAT A LISTED PERSON HAS RED HAIR AND (B) THE PROBABILITY THAT A FEMALE HAS RED
HAIR.

brown hair blonde hair red hair black hair other hair

Male 42 11 3 17 27

Female 47 16 13 9 15

Answer :

a. P(red hair) = number of people with red hair

total number of people
= 16 = 0.08
200

b. P (red hair female) = number of red hair females

total number of females
= 13 = 0.13
100
Question 4:

YOU RANDOMLY SELECT TWO MARBLES FROM A BAG THAT CONTAINS 14 GREEN, 7 BLUE, AND 9 RED
MARBLES. WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT THE FIRST MARBLE IS BLUE AND THE SECOND MARBLE IS
NOT BLUE IF (A) YOU REPLACE THE FIRST MARBLE BEFORE SELECTING THE SECOND AND (B) YOU DO
NOT REPLACE THE FIRST MARBLE?

Answer :

a. If you replace the first marble before selecting the second marble, then A and B are independent
events. So, the probability is:

P(A and B) = P( A) * P( B) = 7 * 23 = 161

30 30 900
= 0.179

b. If you do not replace the first marble before selecting the second marble, then A and B are dependent
events. So, the probability is:

P(A and B) = P( A) * P( B|A) = 7 * 23 = 161

30 29 870
= 0.185

Question 5 :

YOUR TEACHER PASSES AROUND A BASKET WITH 6 RED ERASERS, 9 blue erasers, and 7 green erasers. If
you and your two neighbors are the first to randomly select an eraser, what is the probability that all
three of you select green erasers?

b. If you do not replace the first marble before selecting the second marble, then A and B are dependent
events. So, the probability is:

P(A and B and C) = P( A) * P( B|A) * P(C|A and B)

= 7 * 6 * 5 = 210 = 0.023
22 21 20 9240
 MULTIPLICATION RULE AND ADDITION RULE

Question 1:

A STUDY CONDUCTED AT A CERTAIN COLLEGE SHOWS THAT 51% OF THE SCHOOL'S GRADUATES FIND A
JOB IN THEIR CHOSEN FIELD WITHIN A YEAR AFTER GRADUATION. FIND THE PROBABILITY THAT 5
RANDOMLY SELECTED GRADUATES ALL FIND JOBS IN THEIR CHOSEN FIELD WITHIN A YEAR OF
GRADUATING. ROUND TO THE NEAREST THOUSANDTH IF NECESSARY.

Answer :

THE PROBABILITY OF A FAVORABLE OUTCOME IS P(FINDING JOB A ) = 51.0 . LET EVENT A BE THE FIRST
RANDOM STUDENT FINDS A JOB, EVENT B IS THE SECOND RANDOM STUDENT FINDS A JOB, ETC. THEN
USING THE MULTIPLICATION RULE WE HAVE.

Question 2 :

A SAMPLE OF 4 DIFFERENT CALCULATORS IS RANDOMLY SELECTED FROM A GROUP CONTAINING 46

THAT ARE DEFECTIVE AND 26 THAT HAVE NO DEFECTS. WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT ALL FOUR OF
THE CALCULATORS SELECTED ARE DEFECTIVE? ROUND TO FOUR DECIMAL PLACES.

Answer :

THESE ARE DEPENDENT EVENTS. THE PROBABILITY OF EACH SUCCESSIVE EVENT IS DEPENDENT ON
WHAT OCCURRED IN THE PREVIOUS EVENT.
Question 3:

A SINGLE 6-SIDED DIE IS ROLLED. WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY OF ROLLING A 2 OR A 5?

Answer :

Question 4 :

A SPINNER HAS 4 EQUAL SECTORS COLORED YELLOW, BLUE, GREEN, AND RED. WHAT IS THE
PROBABILITY OF LANDING ON RED OR BLUE AFTER SPINNING THIS SPINNER?

Answer :
ADDITIONAL RULE 2: WHEN TWO EVENTS, A AND B, ARE NON-MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE, THE PROBABILITY
THAT A OR B WILL OCCUR IS:

P(A OR B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A AND B)

IN THE RULE ABOVE, P(A AND B) REFERS TO THE OVERLAP OF THE TWO EVENTS.

Question 5:

IN A MATH CLASS OF 30 STUDENTS, 17 ARE BOYS AND 13 ARE GIRLS. ON A UNIT TEST, 4 BOYS AND 5
GIRLS MADE AN A GRADE. IF A STUDENT IS CHOSEN AT RANDOM FROM THE CLASS, WHAT IS THE
PROBABILITY OF CHOOSING A GIRL OR AN A STUDENT?

Answer :
REFFERENCE

FREE Step-by-Step Addition Rule of Probability Lesson with Interactive Exercises | Math Goodies. (n.d.).

Www.mathgoodies.com. https://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol6/addition_rules

4.4-Multiplication Rule: Basics. (n.d.). Retrieved March 27, 2024, from

https://mathflight.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/4-4-multiplication-rule-basics.pdf

Complementary Events (solutions, examples, videos). (n.d.). Www.onlinemathlearning.com.

https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/complementary-events.html