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Class 12 Psycho Notes

The document discusses different theories and definitions of intelligence including Alfred Binet defining it as the ability to judge, understand and reason well. It also covers the psychometric approach considering intelligence as an aggregate of abilities and theories like the two-factor theory consisting of a general factor and specific factors.

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Sharad Kumar Garg
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12 views

Class 12 Psycho Notes

The document discusses different theories and definitions of intelligence including Alfred Binet defining it as the ability to judge, understand and reason well. It also covers the psychometric approach considering intelligence as an aggregate of abilities and theories like the two-factor theory consisting of a general factor and specific factors.

Uploaded by

Sharad Kumar Garg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTELLIGENCE

According to Oxford Dictionary:


“Intelligence is the power of perceiving, learning, understanding and knowing.”

Alfred Binet defined intelligence as:


“The ability to judge well, understand well and reason well.”

Wechsler, understood intelligence in the terms of its functionality, i.e. its value for
adaptation to the environment. He defined intelligence as:
“The global and aggregate capacity of an individual to think rationally, act purposefully
and to deal effectively with her/his environment.”

According to Gardner and Sternberg, an intelligent individual not only adapts to the
environment, but also actively modifies or shapes it.

‘PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH’ Theories of Intelligence


Psychometric Approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities. It expresses the
individual’s performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities.
Uni or one factor theory (Alfred Binet)
 First psychologist who tried to formalise the concept of intelligence in terms of
mental operations.
 It arose from his interest in differentiating more intelligent from less intelligent
individuals.
 Conceptualised intelligence as consisting of one similar set of abilities which can be
used for solving any or every problem in an individual’s environment.

Two-factor theory of Intelligence (Charles Spearman, 1927)


Intelligence consists of a general factor (g-factor) which includes mental operations which
are primary and common to all performances. Some specific factors (s-factor) containing
many specific abilities.
Ex. Excellent singers, architects, scientists, and athletes may be high on g-factor, but in
addition to this, they have specific abilities which allow them to excel in their respective
domains.

Theory of primary mental abilities (Thurstone)


Intelligence consists of seven primary abilities, each of which is relatively independent of
the others. These primary abilities are:
i. Verbal Comprehension (grasping meaning of words, concepts, and ideas)
ii. Numerical Abilities (speed and accuracy in numerical and computational skills)
iii. Spatial Relations (visualising patterns and forms)
iv. Perceptual Speed (speed in perceiving details)
v. Word Fluency (using words fluently flexibly)
vi. Memory (accuracy in recalling information)
vii. Inductive Reasoning (deriving general rules from presented facts)

Hierarchial Model of Intelligence (Arthur Jensen) consists of abilities operating at two


levels:
Level I is associative learning in which output is more or less similar to input. (e.g. rote
learning and memory).
Level II is called cognitive competence which involves higher-order skills as they transform
the input to produce an effective output.

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