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Blasius Developed An Exact Solution

The document discusses boundary layer theory, including exact and approximate solutions for laminar boundary layers, and the momentum integral equation. It also covers boundary layer separation due to adverse pressure gradients, and the governing equations for laminar and turbulent thin boundary layers over flat plates.

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Abdul Ahad
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28 views14 pages

Blasius Developed An Exact Solution

The document discusses boundary layer theory, including exact and approximate solutions for laminar boundary layers, and the momentum integral equation. It also covers boundary layer separation due to adverse pressure gradients, and the governing equations for laminar and turbulent thin boundary layers over flat plates.

Uploaded by

Abdul Ahad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Blasius developed an exact solution (but numerical integration

was necessary) for laminar flow with no pressure variation.


Blasius could theoretically predict boundary layer thickness (x),
velocity profile u(x,y)/U vs y/, and wall shear stress w(x).

Von Karman and Poulhausen


derived momentum integral
equation (approximation) which
can be used for both laminar (with
and without pressure gradient)
and
turbulent flow
Von Karman and Polhausen method
devised a simplified method by
satisfying only the boundary
conditions of the boundary layer flow
rather than satisfying Prandtl’s
differential equations for each and
every particle within the boundary layer.
Laminar Thin Boundary Layer Equations
(<<x) over flat plate
□ Steady flow, constant  and .
□ p y  0 Streamlines slightly divergent
p x  dpe dx
□ 2D Navier-Stokes Equations along x direction:
  1  2u 
u   ν  2 2  2 
ux uy p x  ux y 
v
  ρ 2u
dpe dx Compared with 2
y
Laminar Thin Boundary Layer Equations
(<<x) over flat plate
□ Laminar thin boundary layer equations (<<x)
for flat plates
  1 2u
u    dp e 
u u ρ ν y2
v
  dx
pe external pressure, can be calculated with Bernoulli’s
Equation as there are no viscous effects outside the
Boundary Layer
Note 1. The plate is considered flat if  is lower then the local
curvature radius
Note 2. At the separation point, the BL grows a lot and is no
longer thin
Turbulent Thin Boundary Layer
Equations (<<x) over flat plate
□ 2D Thin Turbulent Boundary Layer
Equation (<<x) to flat plates:
u u 1 dp 2u  uu uv uw 
u v     
 ν
e
x y ρ dx y   x
2
y z 
0 0
Resulting from
Reynolds
Tensions (note the
w term)
1.1. Boundary Layer Separation

□ Boundary Layer Separation: reversal of the flow


by the action of an adverse pressure gradient (pressure

increases in flow’s direction) + viscous effects

BL / Separation / Flow
over edges and blunt
bodies
1.2. Boundary Layer Separation

□ Boundary layer separation: reversal of the flow by


the action of an adverse pressure gradient (pressure
increases in flow’s direction) + viscous effects
1.3. Boundary Layer Separation

□ Bidimensional (2D) Thin Boundary Layer


(<<x) Equations to flat plates:
  1 2u
u    dp e
ν y2
u u ρ
v
  dx
□ Close to the wall (y=0) u=v=0 :
 2u 1
 2  dp e
 y  μ
y
0 dx
□ Similar results to turbulent boundary layer - close to
the wall there is laminar/linear sub-layer region.
1.4. Boundary Layer Separation

□ Outside Boundary layer:


 2 u2 0
y 
□ Close to the wall (y=0) u=v=0 :
 2u 1
 2  dp e
Same sign
 y  μ
y
0 dx
□ The external pressure gradient can be:
o dpe/dx=0 <–> U0 constant (Paralell outer streamlines):
o dpe/dx>0 <–> U0 decreases (Divergent outer streamlines):
o dpe/dx<0 <–> U0 increases (Convergent outer streamlines):
1.5. Boundary Layer Separation

□ Zero pressure gradient:


dpe/dx=0 <–> U0 constant (Paralell outer streamlines):

 2u y
 2 0 Curvature of velocity
 y 
y
u profile is constant
δ
No separation of boundary
 u 2
 2 0 layer
 y  y
0

Inflection point at the wall


1.6. Boundary Layer Separation

□ Favourable pressure gradient:


dpe/dx<0 <–> U0 increases (Convergent outer streamlines):

 2u y
 2 0
 y 
y

δ No boundary layer
 2u separation
 2 0
 y  y Curvature of velocity profile
0 remains constant
1.7. Boundary Layer Separation

□ Adverse
pressure
gradient:
dpe/dx>0 <–> U0 decreases (Divergent outer
streamlines):

 2u y
 2 0 Boundary layer
 y 
y Separation can oc
δ

 2u P.I. Curvature of velocity


 2 0
 y  y profile can change
0

Separated Boundary Layer

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