Scribd
Upload
7 views16 pages

Boundary Layer Equations Turbulence

The document discusses boundary layer equations and concepts including boundary layer thickness, the boundary layer approximation, boundary layer separation, and the effect of pressure gradients. It also covers the Blasius solution and integral parameters like displacement thickness and momentum thickness.

Uploaded by

Abdul Ahad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views16 pages

Boundary Layer Equations Turbulence

The document discusses boundary layer equations and concepts including boundary layer thickness, the boundary layer approximation, boundary layer separation, and the effect of pressure gradients. It also covers the Blasius solution and integral parameters like displacement thickness and momentum thickness.

Uploaded by

Abdul Ahad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Boundary layer Equations

□ Contents:
– Introduction
– Boundary layer thickness
– Boundary Layer Equations;
– Boundary Layer Separation;
– Effect of londitudinal pressure gradient on boundary
layer evolution
– Blasius Solution
– Integral parameters: Displacement thickness and
momentum thickness
Boundary layer

= separated
bdy layer

adverse pressure
gradient
thicker leads to separation
difficult to use theory
•Re
= Ux/; Re = Uc/; …
•laminar and turbulent boundary layers
• displaced inviscid outer flow
• adverse pressure gradient and separation
Boundary Layer Provides Missing Link Between Theory and Practice

Boundary layer, , where viscous stresses


(i.e. velocity gradient) are important we’ll define
as where u(x,y) = 0 to 0.99 U above boundary.
In August of 1904 Ludwig Prandtl, a 29-year old professor presented
a remarkable paper at the 3rd International Mathematical Congress in
Heidelberg. Although initially largely ignored, by the 1920s and
1930s the powerful ideas of that paper helped create modern fluid
dynamics out of ancient hydraulics and 19th-century hydrodynamics.

(only 8 pages long, but arguably one of the most


important fluid-dynamics papers ever
written)
• Prandtl assumed no slip condition
• Prandtl assumed thin boundary layer region where shear forces
are important because of large velocity gradient
• Prandtl assumed inviscid external flow
• Prandtl assumed boundary so thin that within it p/y  0; v << u
and /x << /y
• Prandtl outer flow drives boundary layer boundary layer can greatly
effect outer outer “inviscid” flow if separates
BOUNDARY LAYER HISTORY

- 1904 Prandtl Hydrodynamics ~ entire


Fluid Motion with Very Small Friction section on bdy layers
2-D boundary layer equations

- 1908 Blasius
The Boundary Layers in Fluids with Little
Friction
Solution for laminar, 0-pressure gradient flow

- 1921 von Karman


Integral form of boundary layer equations

- 1924 Sir Horace Lamb


Hydrodynamics ~ one paragraph on bdy layers

- 1932 Sir Horace Lamb


Theodore von Karman
δ
Note – throughout figures the boundary layer thickness*, , is greatly exaggerated!

(disturbance layer*)

Airline industry had to


develop flat face rivets.
Re = 20,000
Angle of attack = 6o
Symmetric Airfoil
16% thick
Flat Plate (no pressure gradient)
~ what is velocity profile?
~ wall shear stress/drag?
~ displacement of free stream?
~ laminar vs turbulent flow?

Immersed Bodies
~ wall shear stress/drag?
~ lift?
~ minimize wake
Laminar Flow
/x ~ 5.0/Rex1/2
THEORY

Turbulent Flow
Rextransition > 500,000
u(y)/U = (y/)1/7
/x ~ 0.382/Rex1/5
EXPERIMENTAL
No simple theory
for Re < 1000;
(can’t assume
 is thin)

“At these Rex numbers


bdy layers so thin that
displacement effect on
outer inviscid layer is
small”
FLAT PLATE – ZERO PRESSURE GRADIENT

outside (x), U is constant so P is constant

u(x,y) is not constant, (x) is thin so


assume P inside (x) is impressed from the
outside

ReL = 10,000 Visualization is by air bubbles see that boundary+ layer, ,


is thin and that outer free stream is displaced, *, very little.
+
Disturbance Thickness, (x); boundary layer thickness, (x)
FLAT PLATE – ZERO PRESSURE GRADIENT

Re
x = Ux/
Assume
Rextransition ~
500,000
x

ReL = Ux/

ReL = 10,000 Visualization is by air bubbles see that boundary+


is thin and that outer free stream is displaced, *, very lit
+
Disturbance Thickness, (x); boundary layer
thickness, (x)

You might also like