CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY
This study used a qualitative approach to its research design. The goal of this study

was to examine senior high school students from low socioeconomic backgrounds.

According to Pritha Bhandari (2020), qualitative research involves collecting and

analyzing non-numerical data to understand concept, opinion or experiences. It can be

used to gather in-depth into a problem or generate new ideals for research. Besides this

study assesses and present the findings of research on low socioeconomic level

individuals self-esteem.

Research Design

Qualitative research can be defined as the study of the nature of phenomena and is

especially appropriate for answering questions of why something is (not) observed,

assessing complex multi-component interventions and focusing on intervention

improvement, Wolf Gang W. et. al. (2020). In order to study about self-esteem among

people from low socioeconomic background, the researchers used a phenomenological

research. Its goal is to enable research to investigate, evaluate, and categorize data

regarding a specific occurrence, as well as to determine the implications for interpretation

with or without expert.

Research Instrument

The tool utilized was a semi-structured interview, which was recorded and further

processed to obtain the needed information. The questionnaire was considered to be the

ideal precise tool for research in terms of data collection for this study. Statements were
created by adhering to the framework of effective collection tools. In addition, the

questions were designed to match the participant’s knowledge and readiness level and to

encourage self-reflection. This style of interview was chosen to guarantee the

interviewee’s prompt response without pressure, prevent personal prejudice, and give the

participants obscurity. Before beginning the actual interview, the questionnaire was given

to the research adviser for validation.

Research Locale

This study was conducted at Kidapawan City National High School. The results of

this study could imply enlightenment to an individual who will be a student boarder in

the future.

Data Gathering

First and foremost, the researchers of this study made a standardized questionnaire

for the self-esteem. After the survey questionnaire were drafted and validated.

Afterwards, the researchers personally give them the survey questionnaire. The students

were considered in this study to secure the conclusiveness, validity and reliability of the

data gathered. Afterwards the survey questionnaires were collected. Same process was

applied and circulated on both section until the goal student has reached. The researchers

give thanks after they answer the survey questionnaire for the truthfully answers.

Subjects of the Study

The participants were 15 students from Kidapawan City National High School.

These students were the beneficiaries of the 4Ps program of the Department of Social

Welfare and Development (DSWD). These students are in Grade 11 and are enrolled in
the K-12 Curriculum’s senior high school program. Where they are studying the HUMSS

strand, cluster B. There are those between the ages of 15 and 18. All survey responses

were kept anonymous and confidential; pseudonyms were used in place of participant’s

names to maintain anonymity.

According to Mica Crouch and Heather Mckenzie, in the logic of small samples in

interview-based, they note that using fewer than 20 participants during a qualitative

research study will result in better data.

Sampling Design and Procedure

Students in Grade 11 who will participate in this study were selected through the

use of a purposeful sampling technique. These participants were chosen using a method

known as “purposely selection”, in which, as cited by LA PALINKAS (2015) purposeful

sampling is widely used in qualitative research for the identification and selection of

information-rich cases related to the phenomenon of interest.

Demographic

Name: ________________________________________

Age:_______________

Household Wealth index × (HWI) Gender: Female Male

Lower

Middle

Upper

Current work Status Income:________

 Working

Not working

4Ps Beneficiary

Yes No

Data Analysis and Procedure

The researchers used the following technique for data analysis to extract the

significant amount of rich textual material that was produced form the semi-structured

interviews with the participants and to better understand their perspectives on self-esteem

among people form low socioeconomic backgrounds.

Purposive sampling refers to a group of non-probability sampling techniques in

which units are selected because they have characteristics that the researchers need in

their sample. It relies on the researcher judgement when identifying and selecting the

individuals, cases, or events that can provide the best information to achieve the studies

objectives (Nikolopoulou, K. 2022). To ensure that the researchers understand the

participants’ comments and view-points, the transcription of the interviews was read and

reread. When pertinent material was discovered, brief notes were created for each

participant’s response to each interview question. They were carefully analyzed and

contrasted with the 15 transcripts using axial coding to discover similarities and

differences. The researchers then went back to the initial transcriptions to make sure that

all the data had been collected and appropriately categorized. The participants’ overall

self-esteem, perhaps, was a fundamental factor that was systematically related to other
categories by selective coding. To ensure they had completed a thorough examination to

the data, the researchers reviewed the information several times.

 Research Paradigm

Purposive Sampling

Participants

Prior experiences on self- How low Prior knowledge on self-

esteem among people from socioeconomic status esteem among people from low
low socioeconomic affect one’s self- socioeconomic background
background esteem

Semi-structured

Transcription

Thematic content analysis

Self-esteem among People from Low Socioeconomic Background

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Self-esteem among People from Low

Socioeconomic Background

Figure 1 shows the conceptual paradigm of the self-esteem among people from low

socioeconomic background. Following the determination of the research precise goals,

relevant literature and theories are obtained to supplement the researchers prior

understanding of the subject and the act as additional study foundations. The researchers

used the procedure of purposive sampling, where the selection criteria were developed, to

ensure that a participant profile is appropriate for the study. This was done with the help

of sufficient data from reliable sources. The participants’ knowledge and experiences

regarding low socioeconomic status, as well as other pertinent information, will be

gathered through semi-structured interviews, and the data will be transcribed and given to

analysis. The research will relate for the research questions can be constructed at the end

of the study. The self-esteem among people form low socioeconomic status will be

determined.
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