1

CLASS X CHEMISTRY[2024-25]

PRACTICAL RECORD WORK

EXPT:1 ACTION OF HEAT ON COMPOUNDS

1. COPPER NITRATE:[Deep blue coloured salt]

When copper nitrate is heated

 it decomposes to give reddish brown fumes of Nitrogen dioxide gas that

turns moist KI paper brown / turns acidified ferrous sulphate solution brown.
 It also gives colourless oxygen gas that rekindles the glowing splint.
 The greenish blue crystals of copper nitrate will change to black residue of
copper oxide.
2Cu (NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2.
2. ZINC NITRATE: [WHITE POWDERY SALT]
When Zinc nitrate is heated
 It decomposes to give reddish brown fumes of Nitrogen dioxide gas that
turns moist KI paper brown / turns acidified ferrous sulphate solution
brown.
 It also gives colourless oxygen gas that rekindles the glowing splint.
 It leaves a residue of ZnO that is yellow when hot and white when cold.
2Zn (NO3)2 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2.
3. LEAD NITRATE: [WHITE CRYSTALLINE SOLID]
When Lead nitrate is heated
 It decrepitates on heating [produces crackling sound]
 it decomposes to give reddish brown fumes of Nitrogen dioxide gas that
turns moist KI paper brown / turns acidified ferrous sulphate solution
brown.
 It also gives colourless oxygen gas that rekindles the glowing splint.
 It leaves a buff yellow residue of lead oxide that stains the glass yellow.
2Pb (NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2.
4. COPPER CARBONATE: [green coloured salt]
When copper carbonate is heated
 It decomposes to give colourless, odourless CO2 gas that turns lime
water milky and has no effect on acidified potassium dichromate solution
and acidified KMnO4 solution.
 On heating it leaves a black residue of copper Oxide.
CuCO3 CuO+CO2

5. ZINC CARBONATE:: [WHITE POWDERY SALT]

When Zinc carbonate is heated

 2

 It decomposes to give colourless, odourless CO2 gas that turns lime

water milky and has no effect on acidified potassium dichromate solution
and acidified KMnO4 solution.
 On heating it leaves a residue of Zinc Oxide that is yellow when hot and
white when cold.
ZnCO3 ZnO+CO2

EXPT:2 IDENTIFICATION OF GASES

Name of the gases Observation

1. Hydrogen Colourless odourless gas
[neutral]  when a burning splinter is introduced it
burns with a pale blue flame producing a
pop a sound and the splinter gets
extinguished.
.2. Oxygen [neutral] Colourless odourless gas that
 rekindles the glowing splint and
 turns alkaline pyrogallol solution brown.
3.Carbon dioxide Colourless odourless gas that
[acidic]  turns lime water milky
 has no reaction with acidified potassium
dichromate solution and acidified
potassium permanganate solution.
4.Sulphurdioxide Colourless gas
[acidic]  with burning sulphur smell that turns lime
water milky and
 turns acidified potassium dichromate
solution[K2Cr2O7] from orange to green
 acidified potassium permanganate
[KMnO4] solution from purple or pink to
colourless.
5.Hydrogensulphide Colourless gas
[acidic]  with rotten egg smell
 turns acidified potassium dichromate
solution from orange to green and yellow
particles of sulphur will be seen.
 Also turns acidified potassium
permanganate solution from purple or pink
to colourless.
 Turns moist lead acetate paper silvery
black
6.Chlorine [acidic]  Greenish yellow gas
 With pungent odour
 Turns blue litmus paper red and finally
bleaches it
 3

 Turns moist starch iodide [KI]paper blue

black
7.Nitrogen dioxide  Reddish brown fumes can be seen
[acidic]  Turns mosit KI paper brown.
 Turns acidified FeSO4 solution brown.
8.Hydrogen chloride Colourless gas with pungent odour
[acidic]  When a glass rod dipped in ammonia
solution is brought near HCl gas dense
white fumes of ammonium chloride will be
seen.
 On reaction with silver nitrate solution
curdy white precipitate of silver chloride is
formed that is soluble in excess of
ammonium hydroxide.
9. Ammonia Colourless gas
[basic]  With pungent odour
 With a glass rod dipped in con.HCl dense
white fumes of NH4Cl will be seen.
 When ammonia gas is passed through
Nessler’s agent[colourless] it turns brown.
On passing excess of ammonia gas brown
precipitate will be formed.
10. Water vapour Colourless, odourless
[neutral]  Turns anhydrous copper sulphate from
white to blue.
CuSO4+5H2O→CuSO4.5H2O
[white] [blue]
 Turns anhydrous cobalt chloride from blue
to pink.
CoCl2+6H2O→CoCl2.6H2O
[blue] [pink]
 4

EXPT 3 IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS

USING NAOH AND NH4OH SOLUTIONS

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Metal ions Addition of Sodium hydroxide solution.

Sodium hydroxide in drops Sodium hydroxide in Exces

Cu2+ Light Blue precipitate INSOLUBLE- Light Blue precipitate

Fe2+ Dirty Green precipitate INSOLUBLE- Dirty Green

precipitate

Fe3+ Reddish Brown Precipitate INSOLUBLE-Reddish brown

precipitate

Zn2+ Gelatinous White Precipitate SOLUBLE- Colourless clear Solution.

Pb2+ Chalky White Precipitate SOLUBLE – Colourless clear solution

Ca2+ White Precipitate INSOLUBLE – White Precipitate.

 5

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Metal ions Addition of Ammonium hydroxide solution.

Ammonium hydroxide in drops Ammonium hydroxide in Excess

Cu2+ Light Blue precipitate SOLUBLE- Deep Blue Solution.

Fe2+ Dirty Green precipitate INSOLUBLE- Dirty Green

precipitate

Fe3+ Reddish Brown Precipitate INSOLUBLE-Reddish brown

precipitate

Zn2+ Gelatinous White Precipitate SOLUBLE- Colourless clear Solution.

Pb2+ Chalky White Precipitate INSOLUBLE-Chalky White Precipitate.

Ca2+ No visible Reaction No visible reaction.

TEST FOR AMMONIUM ION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION
1. To a small quantity of the salt in a Pungent smell of ammonia gas is
test tube add NaOH Or KOH evolved that turns moist red litmus
solution and warm. blue.
When a glass rod dipped in
con.HCl is brought near ammonia
gas dense white fumes of NH4Cl
is seen.
2. To the aqueous solution of the salt Colourless Nessler’s reagent turns brown
add a few drops of Nessler’s or a brown precipitate is formed .
reagent.

EXPT:4 IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS

Experiment Observation
1. Carbonate:CO32- Colourless odourless CO2 gas is evolved
a) To the salt add dil.H2SO4 & that
heat  turns lime water milky
 has no reaction with acidified
potassium dichromate solution
 6

and acidified potassium

permanganate solution.
b) To the salt solution add BaCl2 White precipitate of BaCO3 is
or Ba(NO3)2 solution formed that is soluble in dil..HCl or
dil.HNO3
Na2CO3+BaCl2→BaCO3↓+2NaCl
[white precipitate]
BaCO3+2HCl→BaCl2+H2O+CO2
2. Sulphite:SO32- Colourless SO2 gas is evolved
a) To the salt add dil.H2SO4 &  with burning sulphur smell that
heat turns lime water milky and
 turns acidified potassium
dichromate solution[K2Cr2O7] from
orange to green
 acidified potassium permanganate
[KMnO4] solution from purple or
pink to colourless.

b) To the salt solution add BaCl2 White precipitate of BaSO3 is

or Ba(NO3)2 solution formed that is soluble in dil..HCl or
dil.HNO3
Na2SO3+BaCl2→BaSO3↓+2NaCl
[white precipitate]
BaSO3+2HCl→BaCl2+H2O+SO2
3. Sulphide:S2- Colourless H2S gas is evolved
To the salt add dil.H2SO4 & heat  with rotten egg smell
 turns acidified potassium
dichromate solution from orange to
green and yellow particles of
sulphur will be seen.
 Also turns acidified potassium
permanganate solution from purple
or pink to colourless.
 Turns moist lead acetate paper
silvery black.
4. Sulphate: SO42-  White precipitate of BaSO4 is
To the salt solution add BaCl2 or formed that is insoluble in all
Ba(NO3)2 solution mineral acids.
Na2SO4+BaCl2→BaSO4↓+2NaCl
[white precipitate]

NOTE: BaCO3 and BaSO3

are soluble in dil.HCl or
HNO3 but BaSO4 is
insoluble in all the three
mineral acids
 7

5. Chloride:Cl1-  Colourless HCl gas is evolved that

a) To the salt add con.H2SO4 and gives dense white fumes of NH4Cl
heat. with a glass rod dipped in
ammonia solution.
b) To the salt solution add silver  White precipitate of silver chloride
nitrate solution is formed that is soluble in excess
of NH4OH
NaCl+AgNO3→AgCl↓+NaNO3
[white precipitate]
AgCl+NH4OH→[Ag(NH3)2]Cl+H2O
[soluble salt]
6. Nitrate: NO31-  Reddish brown fumes of NO2 gas
To the salt add con.H2SO4, Cu is evolved that turns
turnings and heat.  Moist KI paper brown or
 Acidified FeSO4 solution brown.

EXPT 5 FLAME TEST –

IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS

METHOD COLOUR IMPARTED METALLIC RADICAL

TO THE FLAME
 Thin platinum wire is Golden yellow
Sodium ion[Na+]
thoroughly cleaned
and heated in a non
luminous flame.
Lilac Potassium ion[K1+]
 When the wire imparts
no colour it s dipped in
con.HCl and then into
the substance to be Brick red Calcium ion[Ca2+]
identified.
 The wire is then
introduced to the non
luminous part of the
flame. Green Copper ion[Cu2+]
 The colour imparted to
the flame is seen
through the naked eye
and through the blue
glass
EXPT 6 DISTINCTION BETWEEN
ACIDIC AND ALKALINE SOLUTIONS

TEST ACIDIC SOLUTION ALKALINE SOLUTION

1. Indicator tests
a) Litmus paper Blue to red Red to blue
b) Methyl orange Orange to pink Orange to yellow
 8

c) Phenolphthalein Colourless remains Colourless to pink

colourless
2. CHEMICAL TESTS Colourless odourless CO2 CO2 not evolved.
a) Add Na2CO3 and gas is evolved that
heat  turns lime water
milky
 has no reaction
with acidified
potassium
dichromate solution
and acidified
potassium
permanganate
solution.
b) Add NH4Cl and heat No ammonia gas evolved. Ammonia gas is evolved
that turns moist red litmus
blue or produces dense
white fumes of NH4Cl
when a glass rod dipped in
con.HCl is brought near it.