CPD CE001 –

Professional Certificate in AC
HKCE
Note 4
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Noise control in practice

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Noise control in practice

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Noise control in practice

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Noise control in practice

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Noise control in practice

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Noise control in practice

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Roof-Top Noise Barrier Wall

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Silencer on Air Cooled Chiller Discharge Silencer

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Silencer for Cooling Tower
Discharge Silencer

Suction Silencer

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Round Duct and Oval Duct

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Thermal Insulations

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Major Components of MVAC system
• Propeller Fan
• Axial Flow Fan
• Centrifugal Fan
• In-Line Centrifugal Fan
• Plug Fan

Unit:
1) CMH – Cubic Meter per Hour
2) CFM – Cubic Feet per Minutes
3) L/S – Liter per Second
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Fan Laws
• V2 = (RPM2/RPM1) x V1
• SP2 = (RPM2/RPM1)2 x SP1
• HP2 = (RPM2/RPM1)3 x HP1

RPM = Revolution per Minute

V = Air Flow Rate
SP = Pressure
HP = Fan Power
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Propeller fan

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 Propeller Fan

• Used in situations where there is minimal resistance to air flow.

• Typical outputs are; up to 4 m3/s and up to 250 Pa pressure.
• Fan efficiency is low at about 40%.
• Suitable for wall, window and roof fans where the intake and
discharge are free from obstacles.
• Can move large volumes of air.
• Low installation cost.

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Axial Fan 軸流式

• Increase of air static pressure is created by the conversion of velocity

pressure to static pressure

• Direction of airflow is parallel to the axle of the fan.

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Axial Flow Fan

• High volume flow rate is possible with this type of fan with high
efficiency, about 60% to 65%.
• Typical outputs are; up to 20 m3/s and up to 700 Pa pressure.
• The fan is cased in a simple enclosure with the motor housed
internally or externally.
• Aerofoil blades can be used to increase efficiency.
• Adjustable pitch blades can be used for greater flexibility.

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Centrifugal fan 離心式
• Increase of air static pressure is created by the conversion of velocity
pressure to static pressure.
• Air is radially discharged from the impeller and turns 90°from its inlet
to its outlet.

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 Centrifugal Fan

• High pressure air flow is possible with this type of fan.

• Used in air handling units and other situations to overcome high
resistance to air flow.
• The impeller is made of thin blades which are either forward or
backward curved.
• The air changes direction by 90 degrees in a centrifugal fan so more
space is required.

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 Centrifugal Fan
Backward curved blades offer even better efficiency, 70% to 75%.
• This improves airflow through the blade and reduces shock and eddy
losses.
• High pressures can be developed with backward curved blades.
• Even further improvements may be made by using an aerofoil section
blade in which case the efficiency may be 80% to 85%.
• Another feature of backward curved blades is their non-overloading
characteristic.

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In-Line Centrifugal fan
• Less air flow
• Connect ductwork

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Plug Fan

AC Plug Fan EC Plug Fan

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 Plug Fan
• Direct driven – Not require belt and pulley
• No bearings on fan shaft
• No fan shaft
• Less maintenance cost

EC Plug Fan
• Compact design
• Energy Saving
• VSD speed control
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Fan Curve

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Fan
Choosing a Fan
• To choose a suitable fan one must look at the performance curves.
• Performance curves are found in fan catalogues.
• These curves show the pressure developed by a fan at a given flow
rate.
• The operating point of the system is marked as a point on the curve.

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Example
• The example below shows a system operating point of 250 Pascals
(Pa) pressure and 0.48 (m3/s) flow rate.

• Go to the curve above the operating point, this is the fan curve for
the appropriate fan.
• The fan size is chosen as a 300mm-diameter fan (1350 r.p.m. speed).

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Air Diffusion
Objectives of Space Air Diffusion:
• To provide suitable thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
• To maintain even and appropriate space air temperature, relative
humidity and air movement.
• To ensure acceptable air cleanliness
• To maintain an acceptable noise level

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Air Diffusion
Characteristic Length: It is the horizontal distance from the surface of
the outlet to the opposite wall or to the midplane between two outlets
where the two air jets intersect.

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 Air flow pattern
• Various types of air flow pattern like mixing flow, displacement flow and
projecting flow.
• Mixing flow (also known as induced recirculating flow) pattern involves
the induction of space air into the air jet due to high velocity with a
transfer of momentum which results in a reduction in velocity and
temperature difference between air jet and the space air.
• An induced reversed air stream covers the occupied zone with an even
space air temperature movement.

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Air Diffusion

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Air Diffusion

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Ceiling Diffusers 風咀
• A ceiling diffuser consists of a series of concentric rings or inner cones
made up of vanes arranged in fixed directions and an outer shell or
frame
• Ceiling diffusers can be round, square, or rectangular.
• Square diffusers are most widely used.
• Supply air is discharged through the concentric air passages or
directional passages in one, two, three, or in all directions by using
different types of inner cone and vanes.

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Ceiling Diffusers風咀

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Opposed-Blade Dampers
• It is a type of multi-blades damper that is often rectangular.
• The damper blades may be made of galvanized steel, aluminum alloy,
or stainless-steel sheets.
• Rubber or spring seals can be provided at the fully closed position to
control the air leakage rating
• The bearing used for supporting the blade axle should be made of a
corrosion-resistant material such as copper alloy.
• Lever linkages are used to open and close the damper blades.

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Opposed-Blade Dampers

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Specification for Sheet Metal Ductwork
• DW/144 standard
• Issued from Heating and Ventilating Contractors’ Association (HVCA)

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On -off control

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 PID control
• A process in the plant to be controlled; G(s)
• A sensor to detect the Process Value (PV) such as a thermocouple or
pressure sensing device.
• A controller to provide control of that process, referred to in the
overhead as the term PID.
• An output to an actuator or device to control the input stimulus to that
process, such as heat.

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PID control

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Regulations and Code of Practices-Ventilation System

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Chapter 123- Building (Ventilation System)

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Chapter 123 – Building (Ventilation Systems) Regulations
Requirements of air duct system:

• Wholly constructed of non-combustible material having a strength and durability

not less than that of galvanized steel sheet;
• Accessible for the purposes of cleaning throughout its entire length;
• Fitted with openings to allow a person to enter and constructed to bear a
person’s weight if duct size is sufficient to allow any person to enter;
• Fitted with fire damper at the point where it passes through fire compartment
such as floor, wall or ceiling;
• Not duct shall serve more than on building;
• Every filter shall be wholly constructed of non-combustible material unless
approved by FDS;
• Every electrostatic filter or precipitator shall be of a type approved by FSD
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Chapter 123 – Building (Ventilation Systems) Regulations
Duty of owners:
• Keep ventilating system in safe and efficient working order at all times;
• Every damper(s), filter(s) and precipitator(s) to be inspected by RSC(V) at
intervals exceeding 12 months

Duty of RSC(V)
• Issue a certificate within 14 days of such inspection and send a copy to the
Director of Fire Services;
• Annual inspection for checking the compliance of the damper(s), filter(s)
and precipitators as per FSD’s requirements including updated revision /
new issue of FS circular letters for mechanical ventilating systems and
appendix.
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Regulations and Code of Practices – Ventilation Systems
Public Health and Municipal Services Ordinance:

Ventilation of Schedule Premises Regulation:

Sub-legislation of Chapter 132

• Ventilation for Schedule Premises

- 1. Restaurant, 2. Cinema, 3. Theatre, 4. Dancing Establishment,
5. Funeral Parlour and 6. Canteen

All works shall be carried out by MVAC contractor in the trade practice and submit to
Food and Environmental Hygiene Department for approval for obtaining temporary
license, MVAC works shall be endorsed by Registered Specialist Contractor in the
Ventilation Category (RSC (V)).
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Chapter 132- Ventilation of Schedule Premises Regulations

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Chapter 132 – Ventilation of Schedule Premises Regulations

Additional requirements:
• Every blower fan shall be fitted with a fused running hour meter and
located in an easily accessible and conspicuous place to facilitate
inspection;
• Each set of filters shall be indicated by a filter gauge, filter flog indicator or
differential pressure switch;
• If pressure drop across the filter exceeds 50 Pa over the designed pressure
drop; filters shall be cleaned or replaced (warming at filter flag indicator);
• Every filter shall be cleaned not exceeding 14 days;
• Ventilation system for kitchens or latrines shall be independent of any
ventilating system for other parts of the scheduled premises.
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Regulations and Code of Practices
FSD Code of Practice for Minimum Fire Services Installation and Equipment

• Ventilation as a means of Fire Services Installation

i.e. Smoke Extraction System (SES), Staircase Pressurization System (SPS),
VAC control, etc

• Works shall be endorsed by Registered Fire Services Installation

Contractor but usually carried out by MVAC contractor in the trade
practice.

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Smoke Extraction System
The Purposes of Smoke Extraction System:
• To maintain a place of safe passage clear of smoke for the evacuation of
peoples by smoke extraction system by means of providing safety
escapable environment;
• To control and decrease smoke stretch to other area;
• To control the fire compartment in case of fire and help to recue action;
• To protect life and decrease losses;
• To extract smoke after fire fighting;
• To control smoke clear height (e.g. 2000mm height);
• To dilute smoke and reduce temperature by means of replenishing fresh air
(e.g. fresh air = 80% of exhaust air)

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Smoke Extraction System
Exemption (details refer to Code of Practice for Minimum Fire Services
Installations and Equipment):
• Fire compartment does not less than 7,000 m3
• Total opening window are do not less than fire compartment area of 6.25%
per story
• Atrium: Fire compartment area does not over 28,000m3 and part of
basement or story area does not over 7,000m3
• Basement: Fire compartment does not over 7,000m3 or design fire load
does not over 1,135MJ per m2
• Hotel: Refer to Code of Practice of Minimum Fire Services Installation and
Equipment

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Smoke Extraction Rate:
According to air change rate (8 air change per hours as usual);
Hotel – 10 air change per hour;
Fire compartment less than 7,000 m3 calculated by 7,000 m3
Special consideration of Atrium area

Make-up air – 80% minimum

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Make up air for smoke extraction:
• Cross flow direction
• Make up air at low level position
• Hot smoke does not pass the distance more than 30m to the near smoke vent
• The distance between make up and smoke extracted air do not over 10m for
hotel escape route

Design for make up and extracted air velocities:

• Static extraction system – 3 m/s
• Dynamic extraction system – 6 m/s
• Extract grilles or outlets – 6m/s
• Discharge outlets for smoke shall be separated by not less than 5 m in any
direction from all air or other openings into any building
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Air duct construction:
• Static extraction system – 3 m/s
• Continuous operation at 250oC for 1 hour
• Incombustible
• G.I. sheet metal and constructed in accordance with DW 144
• Fire resisting ductwork shall be capable of resisting accidental mechanical
damage and shall require to pass the hard body impact test section of BS 5669
with weight being dropped through not less than 1 m

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The END

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