States of Matter

The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas

Solid
Liquid
Regular arrangement of particles
Particles are close together
Has a fixed volume and definite shape
Random arrangement of particles
Does not flow
Particles are close together
Particles have little energy and vibrate in
Has a fixed volume and takes the
a fixed position
shape of its container
Generally flows easily
Gas Particles have more energy than a
solid, less than gas

Random arrangement of particles

Particles are spread apart Changes in state
No fixed volume, no definite shape
Flows easily
Particles have the most energy, motion Gas
is random and frequent
or liquefaction
Condensation
Evaporation or
vaporisation

Notes: NOTE:
Sublimation
Evaporation and condensation take
place over a range of
temperatures,
boiling takes place at a specific Liquid
temperature.
Freezing
Melting

Change of state is a
physical change
Solid
Kinetic Particle Theory
All matter is made up of very small particles. These
particles are constantly moving.

Higher temperature Higher average energy Faster movement

Solid
When the temperature is raised, the
particles gain energy. This causes the
particles to vibrate more strongly/move
faster and increases the intermolecular
spaces - this causes the matter to
expand.

When particles gain enough energy to

Liquid
break the forces holding them together,
melting, evaporation and boiling occur.

Intermolecular space:
Space between particles
Gas
Notes:
Heating and Cooling curves
Heating and cooling curves can be used to
represent the phase changes of matter. These
graphs also help explain the energy changes Temperature
involved when a substance is heated or cooled. does not
increase during
Heating curve melting/boiling
.
Both liquid and gas are present
during the 'boiling' phase
Temperature °C

This is because the energy which

Liquid and gas Gas would have raised the temperature is
Melting point
being taken up by the substance as
Boiling point
id

the kinetic energy of the particles

Liqu

Solid and
liquid increases.
Both solid and liquid are present
during the 'melting' phase
Solid

Time

Cooling curve
Both liquid and gas are present
during the 'condensation' phase
Notes:
Temperature °C

Ga
s

Liquid and gas Melting point

Liqu
id

Boiling point Solid and

liquid
Solid

Both solid and liquid are present

during the 'freezing' phase

Time
Mixtures and Diffusion
Mixture: Solution
Two or more substances mixed together, but not
chemically combined. Created when a
Can be separated by physical means.
substance (solute) is
Soluble vs Insoluble dissolved into another
If a substance dissolves in a solvent it is soluble.
If a substance does not dissolve in a solvent it is insoluble.
substance (solvent).

Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Diffusion of particles
What causes diffusion?
Diffusion is caused by the constant, random motion of particles. Once
spread out, the concentration will be the same throughout the solution.

Diffusion in liquids
Diffusion does not take place
Diffusion happens in both liquids and gases.
in solids, because in solids the
Notes: Diffusion happens slower in liquids than in particles cannot move from
gases, because gas particles have more energy. place to place.

Factors influencing rate of diffusion

Speed of particles
The heavier the gas The larger the
increases with
particle, the slower particle, the slower
increased temperature
itdiffuses it diffuses