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EXPLICIT & IMPLICIT Relations Between Sentences

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54 views

EXPLICIT & IMPLICIT Relations Between Sentences

Uploaded by

seiftarek19
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPLICIT / IMPLICIT RELATIONSHIPS

WITHIN and BETWEEN SENTENCES


• Sentence comprehension may involve
recognizing the relationship between parts of
a sentence.
• ƒ If the relationship within the sentence is
explicit (stated), transition words and phrases
will be used.
• If the relationship within the sentence in
implicit (unstated), the reader must infer the
relationship.
TYPE OF RELATIONSHIP TRANSITIONS THAT HELP IDENTIFY THEM

ADDITION
again, also, and, besides, finally, further, last, moreover, equally important, furthermore, in addition,
likewise
CLARIFICATION
as a matter of fact, clearly, evidently, in fact, too, obviously, in other words, of course
COMPARISON
also, likewise, in like manner, similarly, both/and
CONTRAST
after all, although, conversely, at the same time, however, but, for all that, still, in spite of, yet,
nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, notwithstanding
EXEMPLIFICATION or EXAMPLE
for example, for instance, that is, thus, including
LOCATION or SPATIAL ORDER
above, adjacent to, below, beyond, close by, elsewhere, inside, nearby, next to, opposite, within,
without
CAUSE / EFFECT or CONDITION / CONCLUSION
accordingly, as a result, because, then, hence, in short, consequently, thus, therefore
SUMMARY
in brief, in conclusion, in short, to sum up, on the whole, to summarize
TIME
after, after a short time, afterward, before, during, of late, at last, at that time, immediately,
formerly, while, presently, since, shortly, now, thereupon, until, temporarily
Relationships between two sentences may be described in one of
these ways:
• One sentence contradicts an earlier sentence.
• One sentence may discuss similarities between one thing and
something else mentioned in an earlier sentence.
• One sentence summarizes something said in an earlier sentence.
• One sentence gives a specific example of something mentioned in an
earlier sentence.
• One sentence may indicate that a fact, event, or idea has been added
to an earlier sentence.
• One sentence may indicate an effect of something described in an
earlier sentence.
• One sentence clarifies something said in an earlier sentence.
• One sentence indicates the place or location of something named in
an earlier sentence.
• One sentence indicates the order of something named in a previous
sentence.
• One sentence defines something mentioned in a previous sentence.
PRACTICE EXERCISE I:
Read each sentence; then choose the word or
phrase that identifies the relationship between
parts of the sentence.
• 1. Jack is a very poor basketball player;
therefore, he should be taken off the team.
• a. example
• b. clarification
• c. cause/effect
• d. addition
• 2. George Washington was very much admired
as a soldier and statesman, but in his private
life, he was described by some as proud and
demanding.
• a. time
• b. spatial order
• c. contrast
• d. comparison
• 3. The youth must have been involved with
the murder; evidently, he left the crime scene
in such a hurry that he forgot to dispose of his
gun.
• a. example
• b. clarification
• c. time order
• d. spatial order
• 4. Amnesty International is a world famous
organization which acts to help men and women
who have been unjustly incarcerated; the
organization regularly publishes the names of
political prisoners and requests that letters
pressing for their release be sent to the proper
authorities.
• a. example
• b. cause/effect
• c. addition
• d. summary
• 5. There are thousands of thoughts that might
enter your conscious mind at any given
moment; moreover, those thoughts are in
some way related to your interests, hopes,
needs, and desires.
• a. clarification
• b. addition
• c. cause/effect
• d. time order
• 6. The Three Faces of Eve was a highly successful
book upon which a film about multiple
personality was based; similarly, Sybil was a book
that became a movie depicting a young woman’s
struggle with this puzzling condition.
• a. contrast
• b. example
• c. addition
• d. comparison
PRACTICE EXERCISE II.
Read the following passages. Then choose the
best answer for each question.
1. Phobias are fears that are exaggerated and completely
out of proportion to any real danger that is inherent in a
situation. Some people will refuse to enter an elevator. Of
course, the elevator could shut down, leaving you
stranded until repairs are made, or a worn cable could
break, allowing the elevator to fall past several floors.
However, such problems are rare, and it makes no sense
to walk up several flights of stairs two or three times each
day in order to avoid such a possibility.

How is sentence 2, “Some people will…” related to sentence


1, “Phobias are fears…”?
a. It contradicts sentence 1.
b. It gives an example of what is stated in sentence 1.
c. It clarifies the information in sentence 1.
d. It tells an effect of something mentioned in sentence 1.
2. Research indicates that all college students,
including juniors and seniors, undergo stress. This
is the result of high academic expectations.

What does sentence 2 do in relation to sentence 1?


a. It names a cause for something mentioned in
sentence 1.
b. b. It gives an example of something names in
sentence 1.
c. c. It contradicts sentence 1.
d. d. It clarifies sentence 1.
3. Cheetahs are lithe (flexible) jungle cats weighing
about 100-125 pounds, with dark spots all over
their light tan fur. Leopards also weigh just over
100 pounds and have similar markings on their tan
bodies.

What does sentence 2 do in relation to sentence 1?


a. It defines something named in sentence 1.
b. It tells similarities between one thing and
something named in sentence 1.
c. It clarifies something mentioned in sentence 1.
d. It gives a specific example of something named
within sentence 1.

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