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Godwin It Report Main Work

The document provides background information on the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) in Nigeria, including its aims, objectives and importance for civil engineering students. It also describes the organization profile, functions and achievements of the Ministry of Works in Plateau State, Nigeria.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
45 views26 pages

Godwin It Report Main Work

The document provides background information on the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) in Nigeria, including its aims, objectives and importance for civil engineering students. It also describes the organization profile, functions and achievements of the Ministry of Works in Plateau State, Nigeria.

Uploaded by

Godwin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF SIWES

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was first established

in 1973 by Industrial Training Fund (ITF) with the aim of exposing student in

tertiary institutes to professional work methods and ways of safe guarding the

work area and workers in industries.

As a federal parasternal ITF was established in1971 and charged with the

responsibility of generating a pool of indigenous trained man power sufficient

to meet the need of the economy and promotion and incorporating the

acquisition skills.

1.2 AIM OF SIWES

The effort is aimed at helping/training students in the Nigerian tertiary

institutions the practical aspect of their field of study by exposing students to

machines and equipment, professional work methods and ways of safeguarding

the work areas and workers in industries and other organizations.

1.2.1 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The Industrial Training Fund’s policy Document No. 1 of 1973 which

established SIWES outlined the objectives of the scheme. The objectives are to:

1. It provides an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire

industrial skills and experience during their course of study.

1
2. It expose Students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment

and machinery that may not be available in their institutions. 3. It makes the

transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance students’

contact for later job placements and a chance to evaluate companies for which

they might wish to work.

4. It provides students with the opportunities to apply their educational

knowledge in real work and industrial situations, there by bridging the gap

between theory and practice.

5. The program teaches the students on how to interact effectively with other

workers and supervisors under various conditions in the organization.

1.2.2 IMPORTANCE OF SIWES TO CIVIL ENGINEERING

1. It exposes students to more practical work methods and techniques in civil

engineering.

2. It provides students in civil engineering with an opportunity to apply their

theoretical knowledge to real life situations.

3. It enables students in civil engineering to gain experience in handling

equipment and machineries.

4. It provides an environment whereby students in civil engineering can

develop their creativity and interpersonal skills through software design

techniques.

5. It is one of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering

Degree (B.Eng.) in Civil Engineering.

2
1.3 ORGANIZATION PROFILE

The Ministry of Works is a Professional Service Ministry charged with the

responsibility of providing Technical Services such has Design, Construction

and Maintenance of State Roads, and provision of Mechanical and Electrical

Services. It also renders Professional advice to other arms of Government on

Technical matters.

1.3.1 VISION

A Ministry where its staff are faithful in carrying out their professional duties

in line with the physical policies of Government thereby giving value for

money in the executive of infrastructural development in the state.

1.3.2 MISSION

The Ministry of Works will remain committed in the implementation of

projects in the areas of design, construction and supervision of projects to the

state Government as it seeks to provide Engineering facilities for the economic

progress of its people.

3
1.3.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE MINISTRY

As earlier stated, the Ministry is a professional Ministry and has the following

functions:

1. Design of highways

2. Construction and Supervision of State Roads, Bridges and their

Maintenance

3. The repairs, Servicing, Maintenance of road construction plants,

vehicles and generating sets.

4. Maintenance of Electrical Installations, Equipment and appliances in

Government Buildings.

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5. The Ministry also serves as the technical adviser and supervisor of other

Ministries, and Government Departments in their areas of Civil

Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering

Projects. Even though each department is charged with specific

responsibilities and Functions, there is always a good deal of co-

operation in ensuring effective utilization of available manpower for

successful implementation of all Government Programmers.

1.3.4 STRUCTURES OF THE MINISTRY

The Commissioner is the head and Chief Executive of the Ministry and is

assisted by the Permanent Secretary who is the administrative head and, the

accounting officer. The Commissioner is a member of the State executive

council, Member of the State finance, General-purpose committee and ex-

officio member of under listed Government Boards and parastatals.

 Plateau State Road Maintenance Agency.

 Governing Council Plateau State Polytechnic B/Ladi.

 Governing Council College of Education Gindiri

The Ministry of Works has for administrative convenience been divided into

the following departments:

 Administrative Department

 Civil Engineering Department

 Electrical Engineering Department

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 Mechanical Engineering Department

 Finance and Supplies Department

 Planning, Research and Statistics Department

1.3.5 ACHIEVEMENTS

MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION OF FEDERAL ROADS IN

THE STATE

As part of its intervention efforts, the Plateau State Government in conjunction

with the controller, Federal Ministry of Works and Federal Roads Maintenance

Agency executed maintenance works on the following roads:

1. Mararaban Jama’a – British American Junction Road (22km)

2. Bauchi Road (8km)

3. Bukuru – k. Vom Road (7.5km)

4. Gg

5. Dualization of Polo Roundabout – Farin Gada and construction of

flyover at Rukuba Junction.

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 CIVIL ENGINEERING

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the

design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built

environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings.

Civil engineering is the second-oldest engineering discipline after military

engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from

military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines

including architectural engineering, environmental engineering, engineering,

control, structural engineering, earthquake engineering, transportation

engineering, construction surveying, and construction engineering, etc.

2.1.1 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING SYSTEM

Highway engineering is one of the most important branches of transportation

system. (Gupta 2009), in his opinion defines Highway Engineering as the art of

planning, design, construction and maintenance of road system. While Rogers

(2003) defines Highway Engineering as the application of scientific principle to

the planning, design, maintenance of a highway project or system of projects.

We conclude that Highway Engineering is the science and technology dealing

with road engineering. However, the term road or road ways was called

Highway, which refers to a road way constructed on small embankments a little

above the general ground level to avoid drainage and maintenance problems.

7
Its scope includes development, planning, alignment, geometric design and

location, highway material, pavement design, maintenance and construction,

traffic operation and its control, economic consideration, finance and

administration, road architecture, arboriculture and landscaping. On the other

hand, Transportation Engineering involves planning, design and supervision of

construction, maintenance and operational stages of the country’s infrastructure

which is related to the movement of goods and people from their origin to

destination (Hill, 2001).

2.1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF HIGHWAY

Highways are vitally important to a country’s economic development. The

construction of a high quality road network directly increases a nation’s

economic output by reducing journey time and cost, making a region more

attractive economically. The actual construction process will have the added

effect of stimulating the construction market. A road is a thoroughfare, route,

or way on land between two places that has been paved or otherwise improved

to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor vehicle,

cart, bicycle, or horse. Road network system in Nigeria has been classified into

four categories these are:

a) Trunk A Roads: - This form the major network around which other categories

of roads are built. They run through the length and breadth of the country. They

connect ports, capitals of various states and also provide international links

with neighboring countries.

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b) Trunk B Roads: - These are the highway within the states, as they connect

important towns and cities of the states. They also connect the cities of the

states to federal highways end serve as the main arteries of traffic to and fro

meet district roads.

c) Trunk C Roads: - These are also called local government roads. They are

constructed with nearly the same specifications as those of the state highways.

They are intended to connect areas of production and market with state

highways and railways.

d) DFRRI Roads: - These are the least in Nigerian classifying system and they are

connected to major district roads and railways. They are intended to serve the

interior rural population of the district.

2.2 COMPONENTS OF ROAD STRUCTURE

Road Structure Cross Section is composed of the following components:

1. Crown

2. Camber

3. Surface/Wearing Course

4. Kerbs

5. Shoulder

6. Drainage

7. Base Course

8. Sub-base Course

9. Formation level

10. Sub Grade


9
Cross section of road

2.3 EARTH MOVING PLANTS

Earth moving plants, also known as heavy equipment or construction

equipment, are frequently used in road construction projects. These machines

are designed to perform various tasks related to earthworks, such as excavating,

grading, hauling, and compacting.

Some common earth moving plants used in road construction include:

1. Excavators: These machines are used to dig trenches and excavate the soil.

They can also be equipped with various attachments, such as breakers or

buckets, for specific tasks

2. Bulldozers: Bulldozers are heavy-duty machines equipped with a large

blade in the front. They are used to push and move large amounts of soil,

rocks, and debris.

3. Graders: Graders are used to create a smooth, flat surface on the road by

leveling the soil or gravel. They have a long blade that can be adjusted to

achieve the desired grade or slope.

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4. Dump Trucks: They are used to transport materials like gravels, asphalt,

and concrete to and from the construction site

5. Pay Loaders: Loaders are used to transport materials, such as gravel or

aggregate, from one place to another. They are equipped with a large bucket

in the front, which can be filled and then dumped into trucks or other

containers.

6. Rollers: Rollers are used to compact the soil, gravel, or asphalt layers on the

road surface. They apply pressure to the material, reducing air voids and

improving its strength and stability.

7. Pavers: Pavers are used to lay and shape asphalt or concrete layers on the

road surface. They distribute and compact the material, creating a smooth

and even pavement.

These earth moving plants require skilled operators to handle them safely

and efficiently. They are essential in road construction projects to ensure the

proper preparation and finishing of the road surfaces.

2.4 SURVEY INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES

Survey instruments play a crucial role in road construction projects by

providing accurate measurements, data collection, and layout planning. Here

are some common survey instruments and their uses in road construction:

1. Total Station: Total stations are electronic/optical devices used for measuring

angles and distances. They are used in road construction for setting out

alignments, establishing control points, and measuring gradients and cross-

sections.

11
2. GPS/GNSS Receivers: Global Positioning System (GPS) or Global Navigation

Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are used to determine precise positions on

the Earth's surface. They are used in road construction for surveying, mapping,

and georeferencing control points.

3. Automatic Levels: Automatic levels are optical instruments used for measuring

height differentials and determining level points. They are used in road

construction for establishing accurate elevations along the road corridor.

4. Digital Levels: Digital levels are modern instruments used for precise leveling

measurements. They offer digital readouts for height differentials and are used

in road construction for setting accurate grades and slopes.

5. Theodolites: Theodolites are optical instruments used for measuring horizontal

and vertical angles. They are used in road construction for setting out curves,

determining alignment, and establishing control points.

6. Measuring Wheels/Tapes: Measuring wheels and tapes are manual tools used

for measuring distances. They are used in road construction for taking linear

measurements such as road length, width, and setback distances.

2.5 AVTIVITIES INVOVELED IN A ROAD CONSTRUCTION

Road construction activities involve a series of steps, including:

1. Surveying and Planning: this includes site assessment, surveying the area,

and designing the road layout

2. Clearing and Grubbing: Removing trees, vegetation, and debris from the

construction site.

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3. Earthwork: Excavating soil, cutting slopes, and filling low areas to create a

suitable foundation for the road.

4. Subgrade Preparation: Compacting and stabilizing the soil to support the

road structure.

5. Drainage Installation: Building drainage systems, including culverts,

ditches, and stormwater management features to prevent water

accumulation.

6. Base Preparation: Placing and compacting base materials such as gravel or

crushed stone to provide a stable surface for the road.

7. Pavement Construction: Laying down the asphalt or concrete pavement

layers, which include the sub-base, base course, and surface course.

8. Pavement Marking and Signage: Painting road markings, installing signs,

guardrails, and other safety features to guide traffic.

9. Landscaping: Planting trees, shrubs, and grass along the roadside for

erosion control and aesthetic purposes.

10. These activities require coordination among various stakeholders, including

engineers, contractors, government agencies, and utility companies, to

ensure the successful completion of the road project.

13
CHAPTER THREE

3.0 DETAILS OF ATTACHMENT

I was posted to site by Ministry of Works and transport Plateau State, under

engineer Monday Dateer, they contractors were Champion Global Limited

which they were award the contract to carry out the rehabitation and

maintenance of one for the (Road A), ATMN (Road B), and DB Zang (Road C)

at Bukuru Jos South Plateau State

3.1 NATURE OF WROK ON SITE

3.2 DRAINAGE SYSTEM

One of the most important aspects of the design of a road is the provision made

for protecting the road from surface water or ground water. If water is allowed

to enter the structure of the road, the pavement will be weakened and it will be

much more susceptible to damage by traffic. Water can enter the road as a

result of rain penetrating the surface or as a result of the infiltration of ground

water. The road surface must be constructed with a sufficient camber or cross

fall to shed rainwater quickly and the formation of the road must be raised

above the level of the local water table to prevent it being affected by ground

water. A good road drainage system, which is properly maintained, is vital to

the successful operation of a road. It has four main functions:

1. To convey rainwater from the surface of the carriageway to outfalls

2. To control the level of the water table in the subgrade beneath the carriageway

3. To intercept ground and surface water flowing towards the road

14
4. To convey water across the line of the road in a controlled fashion.

2.1.1 ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE

DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (LINE DRAIN) ON SITE

1. Planning and Design: Determine the location and dimensions of the line drain

based on factors such as the road gradient, drainage requirements, and local

regulations.

2. Clearing and Excavation: the area alongside the road where the line drain will

be constructed was cleared and they excavated the soil to a specified depth of

0.6m and width of 1.4m for the drain.

Excavated drain trench

3. Drain water flow determination: Levels were been taken at various points with

the purpose of obtaining a satisfaction drain water flow. This was conducted by

the surveyor with the use of surveying instruments such as dumpy level, pegs

and leveling staff.

15
Leveling staff on a peg Automatic level

4. Blinding: blinding was done on the surface area in other to correct any

irregularity in the level of the bed of the excavated surface and to provide a

smooth, level and regular surface for block work

Blinding of line drain

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5. Block work: 9 inches blocks was laid on the blinded surface for the

construction of the line drain walls and was filled with weak concrete of ratio

1:5:10

Block work and infilling

6. Capping : Formwork was done on the top of the line drain walls and the cap

was casted

Formwork for capping

17
7. Plastering : This is the finishing, which thin coat (mortar) was applied on the

walls of the drain

3.3 EARTH WORKS

The term Earthworks refers to the removal or placement of soils and other

excavated material during construction. This includes digging, filling, grading

and compaction to create stable surface that won’t require constant

maintenance or repairs down the line

3.4 FILLING AND GRADING

Laterite is filled into the cut portion of the road and compacted using sheep

foot roller and smooth wheel roller. Laterite is a deep brown soil of cellular

structure, easy to excavate, but gets hardened on exposure to air owing to the

formation of hydrated iron oxides, and the grader leveled the road by cutting

places that were too high and filling place that needed filling and was

compacted

Grading

18
3.5 SUB-BASE COURSE CONSTRUCTION

The sub-base material was laid on top of the compacted sub-grade by a grader.

This layer is made up of laterite

3.5.1 SPRAYING OF WATER

Water is sprayed on the laterite to give it the required moisture just enough to

allow maximum compaction. Also water is sprayed after compaction of laterite

when there will be another layer of laterite to be laid on the current layer to

create bond between the two layers. This was done by water truck

3.5.2 COMPACTION

After water was sprayed on the laterite, it was then compacter by a smooth

wheeled roller to a thickness of 0.15m

Compaction of laterite

Most of the compaction in the field is done with the aid of compaction equipment

such as rollers. The four most common types of rollers are:

19
a. Smooth-wheel rollers: they are suitable for proof rolling sub-grades and for

finishing operation of fills with sandy and clayey soils which are divided in two

single and double drum roller

b. Pneumatic rubber tire rollers: they are heavily loaded with several rows of tires.

Pneumatic rollers can be used for sandy and clayey soil compaction.

c. Sheep foot rollers: these are drums with large number of projections. These

rollers are most effective in compacting clayey soils. These projections help in

creating bond between the current layer of soil and the next layer of soil to be laid.

d. Vibratory Rollers: they are extremely efficient in compacting granular soils.

Vibrator con be attached to smooth-wheel, pneumatic robber type, or sheep foot

rollers to provide vibratory effects to the soil.

3.6 BASE CONSTRUCTION

The base course material is laid on top of the compacted sub-base by a grader

to provide addition support for the road. This layer is made up of stone base

(aggregate and stone dust)

20
Grading of stone base

3.6.1 SPRAYING OF WATER AND COMPACTION

Water is sprayed on the stone base to give it the required moisture just enough

to allow maximum compaction, and was compacted by a double drum roller

Watering and compaction of stone base

21
3.7 PRIMING

This is the spraying of MC1 (Medium curing) on the surface of the prepared

base course material (stone base). After spraying the MC1, it was allowed for

about 1-hour to allow it penetrate into the base course material. It is

recommended to spray 0.9 /m2-1.1/m2 at a temperature of 80oC - 100oC. MC1 is

a mixture of 30% of kerosene and 75% of bitumen. After applying MC1, it

should be allowed to cure for a minimum of 48 to 72 hours before asphalt is

placed, with no rain in the forecast.. The main purpose of priming is to;

a) To coat and bond loose material particles on the surface of the base,

b) To harden or toughen the base surface to provide a work platform for

construction equipment,

c) To plug capillary voids in the base course surface to prevent migration of

moisture,

d) To provide adhesion between the base course and the succeeding asphalt

course. For the prime coat to be successful, it must be able to penetrate into

the base course at least ½ inches.

Priming

22
3.8 BLINDING

After application of MC1 (prime coat) to the base and the asphalt is not readily

available, blinding is done. This is the application of sharp sand or quarry dust

after priming to;

a) Remove the air voids in the MC1,

b) To allow vehicles to use the roads immediately after priming and blinding,

c) To prevent the MC1 from sticking to the tires of vehicles thereby cleaning it

away from the applied surface

3.9 PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION

The pavement is the top course of the road that carries traffic. It is typically

made of asphalt and is designed to withstand the weight of vehicles and

provide a smooth driving surface.

3.9.1 LAYING OF ASPHALT

Asphalt laying involves spreading hot asphalt mix over a prepared surface, then

compacting it to create a smooth, durable roadway or pavement it’s a crucial

step in road construction and maintenance. Asphalt is a mixture of dark

bituminous pitch with sand and gravel used for road pavement and hot mixed

asphalt is manufactured at temperatures between 270 o F and 325o F, depending

on the environmental conditions and the distance from the hot mix plant to the

23
site. Laying of the asphalt was done by a paver, and a dump truck was used to

transport and feed the paver the asphalt. The asphalt was laid at a thickness of

0.05m and was compacted to 0.04m by a smooth wheeled roller and after that,

a pneumatic rubber tire roller was used to smooth out the asphalt, forming an

even surface

A paver worker working on laid asphalt

Compaction of laid asphalt

CHAPTER FOUR
24
4.1 SUMMARY

In view of working experience and practical knowledge I gained in the course

of my Industrial Training with the Industrial Training Fund (ITF). I am

acquainted with the working skills and techniques of the course of my study

which has automatically placed me above average.

I am now more technically sound than when I left school, the training has

blended theory with practical for me, and I observed that Civil Engineers use

their conceptual design method to build a structure for safety, stability,

economy and durability. But at the same time supervising the project closely to

make sure it is being executed exactly the way the design was and plan.

4.2 CONCLUSION

Theory with practical is the best way of studying. I had the opportunity to see

practical application of what I learned in my classes that comprises of use of

earth moving equipment’s use in excavation, grading, compaction, spreading of

MC1, asphalt laying etc. This experience made it possible for me to relate what

I was taught in class with exactly what is happening on site. I therefore

conclude that SIWES is of great benefit to students in tertiary institutions and

the program is encouraging and shouldn’t stop.

4.3 RECOMMENDATION

In view of the relevance of the SIWES program, it is important that it is

sustained by the government through the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) as

it exposes the student to work tools, facilities, and equipment that may not

25
be available in their respective institutions in relation to their course of

study. To this end, I recommend that the following under-listed points

should be implemented:

 Students’ Industrial Works Experience Scheme (SIWES) needs to be

strengthened by all concerned stakeholder in order for its objectives to

be fully realized.

 Regular monthly allowances for students on attachment should be paid

promptly.

 Organizations should always accept students for SIWES and

subsequently assign them to relevant jobs. Experience staff should

always be made to train the students on attachment

 There should be more funding of the scheme by the government in order

for it to be more effective

 More organizations should participate in the training of students by

participating in the SIWES program to further the Nigerian education.

26

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