BOOC, MARY GRACE T.

MAED-SCIENCE

Comprehensive Examination
ED SCI 113- Applied Genetics
RETAKE
August 28,2021

Direction: Explain you answer in a scholarly manner.

1. Trace the processes of gene action and explain DNA as a molecular basis of
inheritance.

Our body composed of genes, each gene is made up of DNA with genetic
information that has two alleles, which will be the basis of inheritance. Our genes
express roles and these are the dominant and recessive alleles, and it is also the
possible reason that we have some abnormalities in our body. When we say dominant,
the trait to which it is linked is less likely to be expressed when it is recessive. Only when
both alleles in an individual are recessive can recessive features appear. An example
below will explain the molecular inheritance.

Mother ( dark skin, dominant alleles) BB

B B
Father ( fair skin,
recessive alleles) bb b
Bb Bb
Bb Bb
b

Therefore, with the use of Punnett square it is evidently explain that all offspring
will have a dominant dark skin because it was indicated that the mother has a dominant
allele while father genes is recessive. That’s why if it replicates, each feature produces
another that gives another evidence of inheritance.

2. What are mutations its causes and structural changes? How does this differ with the
abnormalities commonly occurring? Also, give the implications involve in the mutations.
Is there a means to get away from mutations and abnormalities?

When we say mutation, it is the copying of all features of DNA in a major source.
There are reasons for mutations, these can be inaccurate DNA replication, and may get
from chemical influence or by a radiation problem. Mutation has high consequence of
errors in replicating DNA which can lead to abnormalities and defects.
For me, mutation may lead to a disease because of the unbalanced DNA
information. To get away from mutation, we must restrict our exposure to hazardous
 chemicals and radiations that we have nowadays in our environment. So, make
ourselves safe from these possible incidents, we need to protect ourselves by using the
protective gears if we deal chemicals, used masks and gloves. And also we must need
to know the proper ways of wearing the personal protective equipment’s ( PPE’s) to
avoid harmful accident.

3. Discuss the following application of genetic engineering as applied in research, medical

and its allied field, industry, agriculture and environment.

Genetic Engineering is the applications of new modifications or advance discovery to

make some work faster and easier. In research, medical and its allied field, it makes a lot
faster making vaccines and medications especially today that we encounter a serious virus
attack, all we need is advance technology or advance ways that will solve the problem
immediately. And in our environment (industry and agriculture), we have new improved
fertilizers that helps produce more healthy soils that will develop our crops very healthy for
the yields, and also generating recombinant strains for biofuel production. So, these
developments may be a great impact of improvement in our ecosystem.

4. Discuss the following developments in applied genetics/ genetic engineering and its
impact among the plants and animals as well as human being. Its benefits and ethical/
moral implication on the side of human aspects.

a. Cloning
Cloning can be done in all living organisms, but this could endanger the
freedom, identity and autonomy of each organisms. It may be good to clone more
plants especially if it is our basic needs for everyday living. In animals and
humans, will be difficult to have because there are some instances that it could
result to a defect in a certain organism. Cloning has also a potential treat to
human especially those couples who wanted to have a family or wants to avoid
having a hereditary disease. But it is unethical by means that they destroy the
development of one’s nature of growing.
b. Hybridization
Hybridization is the act or process of mating organisms of various types
or species in order to produce a hybrid however, when referring to plant progeny,
hybrid rather than crossbreed is preferred. Plant hybridization is essential,
particularly in agriculture, where it is used to create a hybrid crop that is both
hardy and disease-resistant. And the benefits of hybridization may reduce with
increasing population divergence even when the populations share comparable
environmental conditions. The numerous genetic routes that explain the findings,
as well as the implications for population conservation, are examined.
c. Gene Therapy
Gene therapy is a process in which genetic material is inserted into cells
on order to correct defective genes to good ones. It is very important because
this involves genetic materials into cells in order to compensate the genes to
produce a good one. This also help our body fight diseases but some cases may
lead to sickness. That is why doctors may be able to employ gene therapy to
boost our immune system but there are consequences.

d. Mendelian Inheritance
When we say mendelian inheritance, it is the segregation of traits from
the parent’s alleles. This is useful to plants and animals to have a best trait to
 have. There is a strong sense that genetic research will influence everyone in the
not-too-distant future, and that medicine in general is transitioning to "molecular
medicine," in which knowledge of individual genomes will aid in illness treatment
and prevention.

e. Reverse Genetics
Reverse genetics, on the other hand, is a new approach enabled
by recombinant DNA technology that works in the opposite direction.
Reverse genetics begins with a protein or DNA for which no genetic
information exists, then works backwards to create a mutant gene and a
mutant phenotype.
On the other hand, it has a wide range of therapeutic applications,
including the development of virus vaccines and/or the restoration of a
viral genome. And the production of genetically altered cells and
organisms, reverse genetics is critical because it allows scientists to
understand gene function by monitoring changes in their phenotypes.

5. What role thus the Y and X chromosome plays in the determination of human
phenotype? How does XXT zygote form and why?

All individuals’ traits allow them to be identified as males and females, arise as a
result of sex determination. The presence of a Y chromosome determines sex in
placental beings. Normally, female cells have two X chromosomes, while male cells
have an X and a Y chromosome. Individuals with sex chromosomal aneuploidies are
occasionally born, and their sex is always determined by the presence or lack of a Y
chromosome.
Klinefelter syndrome, often known as XXY syndrome, is a very common genetic
disease. When a guy is born with an extra sex chromosome in most or all of his cells,
this condition occurs. It is being noticed during puberty, breast enlargement, reduced
body hair, weak motor muscles and poor coordination of movements are the common
symptoms. This syndrome happens when the additional X chromosome is not equally
distributed from the parents, or it is the less or more x chromosomes.