Valentina Mei-Yin Chen ENGLISH GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICEValentina Mei-Yin Chen GRAMMAR PLUS ENGLISH GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICEGrammar Plus B2 Editorial coordination: Simona Franzoni Editorial department: Michela Bruzz0 Art Director: Marco Mercatali Page design: Enea Ciccarelli Page layout: Federico Borsella Picture Editor: Michela Bruzzo, Giorgia D'Angelo Production Manager: Francesco Capitano Cover design: Paola Lorenzetti © 2015 ELI Sir PO. Box 6 62019 Recanati ltaly Tel. +39 071 750701 Fax. +39 O71 977851 [email protected] wwwelilaspigaedizioni.it Acknowledgements Photos: Shutterstock No unauthorised photocopying. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ELL This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover than that in itis published and without a similar condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. While every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders, if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity Printed by Tecnostampa - Pigini Group Printing Division Loreto - Trevi (Italy) 15.83.060.0 ISBN 978-88-536-15312Present simple or Present continuous .. Past simple or Past continuous ......... Used to / Would Present perfect simple Duration form: Present perfect continuous or Present perfect simple Past perfect simple Past perfect continuous Future tenses .. Future continuous; Future perfect Adjectives: position, order, formation with nouns Adverbs: formation and position in a clause .... Articles: the, a/ an, zero article Quantifiers ...... a Comparatives and superlatives (1) Comparatives and superlatives (2) ....nnenenvee So and such; How and What a...; quite a... for emphasis .. Modals (1): obligation ...neene ‘Modals (2): permission, possibility and ability Modals (3): deduction; compound forms .. Zero and first conditionals; time clauses Second, third and mixed conditionals . I wish ..; if only The passive () The passive (2)... . settee . eo sence 62 Causatives Verb patterns ...... Reported speech (1) Reported speech (2): other reporting verbs ....... Relative clauses . Linking words () .. Linking words (2) . Word order: direct / indirect object; position of other clauses Subject and object questions .. Question tags; So / Neither / Nor do I; use of auxiliaries Prepositions ....... a 5 saa Prepositions with nouns, adjectives and verbs Collocations Sith aiealaeaeibi = Phrasal verbs (1) Phrasal verbs (2) ee Word formation: adjective suffixes Word formation: noun suffixes ...... Present perfect simple or Past simple Word formation: verb prefixes and suffixes Word formation: privative prefixes and suffixe General Revision ... Audio Scripts .....UNIT 7 Present simple or Present continuous 1/You / We / They work. He / She / It works. 11 You / We / They don’t work. He / She / It doesn't work. Dol / you / we / they work? Does he / she / it work? Yes, | do. / No, he doesn't. USAGE AND EXAMPLES * regular or repeated actions / events: Itrains heavily in March and April ‘+ permanent situations and general facts Water freezes at 0°C. + scheduled events (trains, shops, TV programmes, etc): What time does the bank open today? ‘+ state verbs (opinion, preference, feelings, memory, knowledge, state or appearance): He enjoys travelling. + narrating fictional stories: Oliver Twist runs away and goes to London. * everyday routine: What do you usually do at the weekend? I'm / You're / We're / They're working. He's / She's / It's working. I'm not / You / We / They aren't working. He / She / It isn't working. Am 1/ are you / we / they working? Is he / she / it working? Yes, lam. / No, she isn't. USAGE AND EXAMPLES * things happening now: Utisn’t raining at the moment. + actions taking place around the present: I’'m not going to school today. + temporary action What are you doing these days? + changing situations: The world population is inereasing. + future arrangements: Ellen's having lunch with us tomorrow. + asking about one’s plans: Where are you going next summer? always, usually, habitually, often, sometimes, now, at the moment, these days, today, tonight, rarely, seldom, hardly ever, never, every day, twice a week Note! ‘Verbs expressing physical perception (see, hear, smell, taste) are often used with can: I can’t see John anywhere, it's too crowded. Can you hear me? Ican’t smell anything: I have a cold. tomorrow, this afternoon, next weekend Note! The Present continuous is used with always when it expresses irritation about something happening 100 often: You're always losing the car keys, Dave! Why is Ellie always taking my things without asking? I hate it when she does that. * Some state verbs may have different meanings so sometimes you can use them in the continuous form. Compare the examples: Jack is very talkative. (a personality trait) z have see Do you see what I mean? (understand) think [don’t think this is my book. (opinion) look taste This roastbeef tastes delicious. (state) Jack is being very talkative today. (he usually isn’t) She has a brother: (relative or possession) She's having a walk with her brother: (have = action) Are you seeing Lucy tonight? (see= meet) What are you thinking about? (mental activity) You look sad, What's wrong? (appearance) What are you looking at? (voluntary action) I'm tasting the wine to see if it's sour. (action)What are the 8 speakers doing? Match the sentences (1-8) to the correct functions (a-h) 1 (J Are you seeing Jane tomorrow? a__ asking about preference 2 a You don't like French cuisine, do you? b talking about temporary situation 3 Ly Its getting dark, isn’t it? Let's go home. 4 C) What time does the train to Bristol leave? © talking about a scheduled event 5 [J Tom isn't very reliable. He's always making excuses. 4 describing a changing situation 6 [1 Inthe film the protagonist survives an air-crash narrating a fictional story and spends four years on a desert island. describing what's happening 7 [1 This week she isn’t going to the office because she’s ill g complaining about a bad habit 8 [1] The plane is taking off. Turn off your mobile. h asking about someone's plans Underline the correct present tense. 1 Why does the dog smell / is the dog 5 Adam looks / is looking like his brother a smelling you? lot. 2. This pullover feels / is feeling so soft. 6 They hate / are hating going to the theatre. 3. | think /‘m thinking of moving away. 7 What do they look / are they looking for? 4 Sorry, we have / ‘re having lunch: can you 8 Be quiet please, | try / 'm trying to study. call back later? Write the correct present tense of the verbs in brackets. 1 They (usually / not / walk) 6 What (Tom / do)? to school. + He's an engineer. 2. Just a second. | (finish) my 7 Why (they / drive) on the homework. left in Britain? 3. How (your sister / go) to 8 (you / have) a second? work every day? No, sorry, | (work). 4 In my country it (not / 9 Why (you / always / snow) very often. leave) the door open’ 5 My pen (not / work). Can 10 Who (Anne / wait) for? borrow yours, Robert? 1 (not/know). 4% Listen to the interview and write the boy’s answers. Tell me about your city. How do you usually go to school? What do you think of horror movies? What are your hobbies? What do your parents do? What are your plans for the summer? What are your subjects this year? What's the weather like in your country? euaMneaunn TLUNN snonupuos yuaserg 10 ajduns juasargsnonunuoa juasaig 10 ajduiis Wwasad ELINA 5 Build sentences using the correct present tense verb. What colour! you I like? What colour do you like? 1 she/ usually / work J the law firm / but / this week / she J work / home. 2. Terry / not / eat / much / these days. / she / have / any problems? 3. Peter / not / remember / names well. 4 We / take / the bus to work this week / but / normally / we / walk. 5 you / often / go / to the theatre / in the evening? 6 How often / she / play / basketball? 7 this year / we / go / holiday / June / but / we / go / usually / August. 8 the sun / shine / but / 1 / not / have / time / to go to the beach. 6 Fill in the blanks with the correct tense of the verbs from the box in the affirmative, negative or interrogative form. be do have leave leave hope need = think = work =— write Dear David, 10 to you because I (2) to ask a favour of you. 16) for France tomorrow afternoon but everybody at home @ so nobody can take me to the airport. My plane (5) ata quarter past three but passengers (6) to be there an hour before departure. ” you you can drive me to the airpor? 18) you (9) anything tomorrow bur don’t worry if you (10) busy: Ill ask someone else. Speak to you soon. Alice 7 4b You overhear two friends looking at a family photo album and commenting on the people they see in it. Say which photo they are talking about. ||UNIT Past simple or Past continuous ba Lived / He chatted. 17 He / She / It was living / writing. You / We / They were chatting / going. | went / He wrote. | didn’t go / We didn’t chat. 17 He / She / It wasn't living / writing. He didn't live / They didn’t write. You / We / They weren't chatting / going. Did you write...? / Did he jump...? Was |/he / she / it living / writing..2 Were you / we / they chatting / going.. Yes, | did / No, he didn’t. Yes, I was / No, they weren't. USAGE AND EXAMPLES USAGE AND EXAMPLES + an action / event that happened at a known + an action / event that was in progress at a or specific moment in the past or for a past specific time in the past: period of time: Jiwas raining when 1 arrived in Brussels. Trained a lot in Brussels last week I met Lucy while Iwas studying at Oxford. + achronological sequence of actions that What were you doing yesterday at 10? happened in the past: As I was walking in the park, I noticed three He got in, started the car and drove away. squirrels on the grass. when, yesterday, last night, in the past, 3 days ago, while, as, when in 1967 PAST SIMPLE or PAST CONTINUOUS ‘The Past continuous and the Past simple are often found in the same sentence to express the relationship between two past activities. Study these example: Jane was sleeping when the thieves broke in. (the thieves interrupted Jane’s sleep) The phone rang while we were having dinner. (the phone rang during dinner) Note! + Be and modal verbs do not take auxiliary ‘did / didn’t’ in negative and interrogative forms of the Past simple. * The Past continuous is not used with state verbs. (see Unit 1) =snonunuop yseq 10 ajdunis sed JIN Underline the correct past tense in each sentence. 1. She ran / was running out as soon as she 4. Did it rain / Was it raining at 6 this morning? heard / was hearing the fire alarm. 5 Mr Redford stood / was standing next to 2. Where did you go / were you going when his son in the large room. Everybody was / saw you? were being quiet. 3. The plane landed / was landing on time 6 What time did Mary leave / was Mary and all the passengers got / were getting off. leaving the house? Write the correct past tense of the verbs in brackets. 1 (not / listen) to the 71 (not /1ook) so | (not / see) the teacher so | (not / hear) the car crash, instructions to the exercise. 8 Wack / be) at home at 4? 2 He (walk) into the room No, he (drive) to Dallas at and (start) shouting. that time 3. Sorry, the line is bad. | 9 you (not / can) hear what you sai (see) Ellie at university? Yes, but 1 4 it (snow) (not / disturb) her because when the car (break) down? she (study) in the library. 5. Yesterday | (not /have) lunch 10. (hear) two people because | (have) stomachache. speaking in the other room, but | don't 6 What (Terry / do) last know what they (talk) summer? about. Fill in the blanks with the correct past tense of the verbs in brackets to complete the following text. {im finaly back home after a 2-day nightmare. Things (1) (start) to go wrong on the morning 12) (leave), when | (3) (realise) | couldn't find my passport anywhere. It was 10 when finally () (find) it it (6) (le) under the bed and Im stil wondering how it (6) {end) up there! Anyway, | (7) (grab) a taxi and of course | (8) (get) stuck in one ofthe biggest trafic jams I've ever seen. As | (9) (get) out the of cab | (10) (stumble) and aq) (fall into a puddle while everybody (12) (stare) at me. It was obviously too late: the plane (13) (move) on the runway and ready to takeoff. | (14) (go) back to the check-in counter and the agent (15) (tell) me that the next plane was the next day. ©} Listen to the recording and fill in the blanks with the Past simple or Past continuous of the verbs from the box. babysit keep look (x2) open ring rush see sleep stand tell wear Last night | had a dream that | (1) iy lite sister at my place when someone (2) the doorbell 18) ‘the door and I (4) ‘two strange-looking men who (5) ‘on their hands: one of them (6) a clown outfit while the other (7) like an ape and (8) teling sil jokes trying to make me laugh. They (2) me they (10) for their black and white kitten and when | said | hadn't seen it they (11) upstairs where my sister (12) = Then | woke up.UNIT Used to / Would Em used to go. I didn’t use to go. Did | use to go? You used to go. You didn't use to go. Did you use to go? He / She / It used to go. He / She / It didn't use to go. Did he / she / it use to go? We used to go. We didn’t use to go. Did we use to go? You used to go. You didn't use to go. Did you use to go? They used to go. They didn't use to go. Did they use to go? Yes, | /you / he / she / it / we / you / they did. No, | you / he / she / it / we / you / they USAGE AND EXAMPLES + Used to is found in sentences describing a past habit, or situation that is no longer true: it can be used for both actions and situations or states. Study these examples: Tused to be very shy but then I met my best friends Lisa and Carol. My brother goes to the theatre every two weeks but he didn’t use to like it as a teenager. What did you use to do when you were in elementary school? + Would can also be used to describe regular habits or activities of the past and it can often substitute used fo. It is normally only used in the affirmative. When I was younger I loved walking in the park near home. Every morning, before going to work, I would go (used to go) for a stroll with my dog and enjoy the quiet. USED TO or WOULD + Remember that would cannot be used to describe states or situations. See the examples below: My brother used to be very touchy as a child. Every time he got a lower mark than me he would stop (or: used to stop) talking to me for a few days. My grandma was a great woman. She didn’t use to be very talkative but she would always give you a hand if you needed help. Do these sentences refer to past habits / situations that aren't true now (A) or not (B)? | used to get up late on Sundays when I was younger. | got up at 7 last Sunday. Where were you working in the 1980s? My sister didn’t use to wear jeans but now she loves them. My sister wasn’t wearing jeans when she came over. Did you use to be a bright student at school? When it rained we would take out a board game and play all afternoon. |used a lot of flour to make this cake. What would you like to do? 10 often invited them over but they would always say no. wows Heuns Oo0o0o0000000> OoO0o0o0000000e2 ©Pinoy /o pas =€ LINN 2 Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences using used to. 1 2 Underline the correct tense in the following sentences. loved heavy metal when | was in high school. We were friends but | don't know where he lives now. What subjects did you like when you were in high school? | didn't go out very often in the past. There were fewer cars 10 years ago. It wasnt so warm in October when | was a child. | saw / used to see my brother a lot but then we fell / used to fall out over an inheritance. Emma wouldn't / didn’t use to write poerns but then she met / used to meet Greg and would start / started being romantic. | would hate / used to hate dark chocolate Lucy would have / used to have long hair asa teenager. | lived / would live in Rome from 1990 to 2005. | went / used to go to St Peter's Cathedral every month. Did you use to be / Would you be shy when you were little? asa child, but | can't live without it now. 4 4 Listen to the an extract from ‘Eveline’, Dubliners by James Joyce and complete it with the verbs from the box. used to play built played seemed used to be bought used to play heard passed used tokeep saw used often to hunt Few people (1) ‘The man out of the last house passed on his way home; she (2) his footsteps clacking along the concrete pavement and afterwards crunching on the cinder path before the new red houses. One time there 8 afield there in which they (8) every evening with other people's children. Then a man from Belfast 6. the field and (6) ‘houses init — not lke their litle brown houses but bright brick houses with shining roofs. The children of the avenue (7) together in that field ~ the Devines, the Waters, the Dunns, litle Keogh the ripple, she and her brothers and sisters. Ernest, however, never (8) she was too grown up. Her father (9) them in out ofthe field with his blackthorn stick; but usually tle Keogh (10) nic and cll out when he (I) her father coming. Stil they (12) ‘to have been rather hapny then. Her father was not so bad then; and besides, her mother was alive. That was a long time ago; she and her brothers and sisters were all grown up her mother was dead. Tizzie Dunn was dead, too, and the Waters had gone back to England. Everything changes. 5 Fill in the blanks with the correct verb from the box using the Past simple or used to would. Write both used to and would if both of them can be used. -be(x3) beableto call enjoy fast forget. «get. give. «gota. 0 I was already so fond of movies! I used (0/ 4 She scuba diving but one day some would go to the cinema every weekend. sharks attacked her so she __ it up. 1 Dad __ bald when he was 25, of course! 5 George __very sporty: every morning he 2 We to speak German but we soon ___up early and run 10 km. ___ it because we never used it. 6 My grandfather every Sunday: he 3° When | was at university |___my believed it good for his health. grandma after every exam! 10UNIT Present perfect simple; 4 Present perfect simple or Past simple Ihave worked / You have lived / She has attended / They have played. | have been / You have spoken / He has written / We have run / They have had. 1/ You / We / They haven't lived He / She / It hasn't done. Have | / you / we / they studied..? Has he / she / it given Yes, |/ you / we / they have. No, I/ you / we / they haven't. Yes, he / she / it has. No, he / she / it hasn't. USAGE AND EXAMPLES ‘The Present perfect is used for actions or events happening from the past until now. In particular: ‘+ when focusing on the experience so far (time of the past action is unimportant or not mentioned): I've done my homework, Mum! + when the past action has a result in the present situation: Have you seen my glasses? (I'm looking for them now) ‘+ when we talk about a recent event or action: The road is closed. There's (=has) just been an accident. - Have you met him lately? + often with the adverbs: never, ever, already, yet: Have you ever eaten frogs? (asking if that has or hasnt happened) The film’s already begun. - Has the train left yet? No, it hasn’t left yet + when the time period isn’t over yet (this year / today / so far) and a number indicates progression: I’ve read five books this year. (but I may read more books before the year ends) How many novels has Stephen King written? (he is still working as a novelist) expressions like: It’s the firsSecond time...; with superlatives as in: it’s the best book ... the third time I’ve met her today. - It’s the worst film I’ve watched cut my finger. (wher The train has just arrived. (very recently) The train arrived a few minutes ago. (time expression) Spielberg has made a lot of films. (he’s alive) Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays. (he’s dead) relevant) 1 cut my finger while cooking, (time expression) Oh no, I've lost my passport. (I'm still |oking for it) _I lost my passport but I found it. (completed) (it's 11am) I've done three exercise this morning (it's 3 pm) | did three exercises this morning. Have you been to Brazil? (experience so far) When did you go to Brazil? (time expression) Note! ‘When talking about a past experience the opening sentence is usually Present perfect simple. However, if you keep talking about it, you switch to Past simple. Study the example: A: Have you ever been to that restaurant? B: Yes, I have. (opening sentence = focus on experience) A: Did you like the food there? B: Yes, it was delicious. (focus on specific time) When using the Present perfect of go you use gone when someone is still where he/she went and been when the person is back. Compare the situations Where's Anna? She's gone to the doctor's. / Anna’s been to the doctor. He said she's fine. —_ajduns yseq 10 ajdunis joaysad quasaug ‘ajduns yapied asad y LINN 12 Underline the elements that suggest the use of Present perfect or Past simple in each sentence. 0 1 2 3 4 Tony has been to Japan twice this year. Thad a sandwich half an hour ago. | still haven't decided what to do. Milly's made 25 phone calls today. My son broke his ankle while running. Underline the correct tense in each sentence. 1 2 a 4 5 Their train has left / left a few minutes ago. When have you sold / did you sell your car? We've spent / spent all the money. We're broke. What time has the film started / did the film start? ‘Asa child | haven't liked / didn't like reading. 5 Angela's gone to the centre. She'll be back soon. 6 Reagan made a few films before becoming the US President. 6 This month they've been / went to the cinema twice. 7 How many times have you fed / did you feed the cat yesterday? 8 I have seen / saw Jennifer at school. She looked happy. Build the sentences with the correct tense using the expression in brackets. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 Tom / meet your parents? (ever) My mother / ski, (never) Jack / win the match. (last Sunday) Amanda and her parents /move here. (in 2005) When / you / buy the new scooter? Anybody / call / the police? (yet) 1/ do this exercise / twice. (already) Danny / leave the house. (a few hours ago) How many cars / you / have? (so far) Has Tom ever met your parents? 4°} Listen to the recording and CIRCLE what George has bought. Then UNDERLINE what Tina has finished preparing. shrimp mayonnaise eggs _ lasagna meatballs cheese white wine Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets. You must use between 2 and 5 words, anauna | still have to finish my homework. (finished) It started raining a minute ago. (just) Do you still have to have breakfast? (yet) We've never seen a real whale before. (first) His other books are all better than this. (written) Lucy went to Bristol but she's back now. (has) For each sentence choose A, B or C. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 yet. It raining Have you 2 This is the a whale. This is the Lucy to Bristol. __ Bill anywhere? Roger's looking for him. A have you seen B did you see _C were you seeing Tracy __ to the dentist. Can you call later? A went Bhasbeen Chas gone How many jobs __ so far? Abhave you got Bdid you have C have you had I've __ been to Canada twice this year. A never B just C already Grandpa __here 25 years before retiring. Aas worked — B worked C did work 1_all my homework this afternoon. Ahavedone —-B did C made GE = suitobie for Cambridge English: First exam preparationUNIT Present perfect continuous ba or Present perfect simple I've been working / They've been travelling / He's been reading / It’s been snowing. You haven't been waiting / He hasn't been eating. Have you been sleeping? / Has she been writing? Yes, |/ you / we / they have. No, 1/ you / we / they haven't. Yes, he J she / it has. No, he/ she /it hasn't. USAGE AND EXAMPLES: + The Present perfect continuous is used for actions or events that started in the past and are still continuing in the present. + In sentences containing a duration form you typically find the following key words: how long (in questions), since (+ starting point) and for (+ duration of the action). For longer duration there are expressions like long, all day, all night, etc. How long has it been raining? ‘My hushand has been working all day. We've been doing Maths exercises for hours. Susie’s been teaching French since 2005. ‘The Present perfect continuous tense is also used when we focus on an action or event that has just stopped but its signs are visible now after lasting for some time; it also indicates that the action has been intensive. Study the examples: Your eyes are red. Have you been crying? (action going on for a while) Where were you?! I've been looking for you everywhere! (intensive action) + This tense is NOT used in negative sentences, with state verbs (have, be, know, etc) or for very long periods. In these cases you use Present perfect simple with the same function: Thaven’t smoked since I had pneumonia. (because the action has NOT happened) How long have you known Farrah? (know is a state verb) Lucy's lived here all her life. (she spent all her life here, it’s not a temporary situation, she still lives here) + However, when the action is only negative in part you can use the continuous form: study the examples: Don’t worry, I haven’t been waiting long. (I HAVE been waiting, but not for long) Tom hasn't been eating much since you left. (he HAS been eating but not much) I've been reading this book all day. I've read 20 pages of this book today. (focus on intensity and duration: how long) (focus on result: how much or how often) He's been saving money for a scooter. He's saved some money for the scooter. (focus on action in progress) (focus on completed action) Why are you so wet? I've been washing the dog. I've washed the dog. It's clean now. (focus on the side effects of the action) (focus on result) 3sajduiis yoajrad yuasaig 10 snonujuoo wapad Wwasald § LIND How long has it been snowing? How long have you known Peter? We've had this car for 10 years. How long is it since it started snowing? How long is it since you (first) met Peter? It's (been) 10 years since we bought / got this car. You must use how long is it..? when you ask about duration with negative verb forms. Study the examples: How long is it since you stopped smoking? (not: How long haven't you smoked?) How long is it since you (last) went to Paris? (not: How long haven't you been to... 2) 14 Build sentences using the Present perfect continuous and since, for or how long. Ann / sleep / 3 o'clock Brad / learn Japanese / he went to Tokyo. I [collect / beer cans / 5 years. Dad / drive / this morning. Yuja Wang / play the piano /she was 6. They / work / for this company? 11 think about you / all day ouaunio Underline the correct alternative. 1 How long have you lived / did you live in Paris before moving to Italy? 2 She hasn't been working / worked since she had her baby. 3. I have known / have been knowing Greta for many years. 4 Has Bill been cooking for / since 8 am? Tom hasn't had / hasn't got a job for 2 years. 6 How many films have you been seeing / have you seen this year? ‘Ann has been sleeping since 3 o'clock. _ 7 Why are you crying / have you been ‘crying? I'm not. I've been cutting / I've cut onions. 8 Max has repaired / has been repairing the antenna: the TV has been working / is working now. 9 Yumi has loved / has been loving Coldplay since she has been / was a child. 10 | haven't watched / haven't been watching TV for / since a week. ‘Write the correct tense of the verbs from the box below to complete the following sentences: choose between Present perfect simple and continuous. do hate hide run 1 We to each other since we fell out 10 years ago. 2 We our neighbours twice this morning. 3 the cat under the sofa all night? 4 How many films Allen x 5. They arent friends: in fact they each other since they first met. Woody make (x2) meet repair talk wash 6 Why are you so dirty? | the car. 7 I'm out of breath because | 8 What Jack \ce I last saw him? 9 You 2 lot of mistakes in tests lately. 10 Dad your bike. It's in the garage.4 Puta tick (/) next to the right sentences and a cross (X) next to the wrong ones. Correct the mistakes. I haven't been listening to this CD for ages. Has it rained? There are a lot of puddles. The kids have been playing computer games all day. I've been having lots of problems recently. How long has it been cold? Harry's been fond of jazz music since years. I've been liking that girl since | met her. e@snneune Oo0000000 Trevor has been reading half of his book. 5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets. You must use between 2 and 5 words. 1. I started studying Mandarin ten years ago. (have) | ten years. 2. When did you stop working there? (since) How long stopped working there? 3 The last time | saw him was in 2001. (not) Thave 2001. 4 She got married a year ago . (has) She a year. 5 I haven't had a cold for 2 years. (had) It's 2 years acold. 6 Emma's been working from home for a month. (started) It's a month working from home. 7 When did you buy this car? (bought) How long is this car? & When did Karla first meet Aidan? (long) How Aidan? 9 I haven't played the guitar for ages. (stopped) It’s been ages the guitar. 10 | bought this computer in 2012. (have) 1 2012. 6 4°} Listen to the dialogue and complete the notes with the missing parts using the verbs in the box below in the correct Present Perfect tense and FOR or SINCE, when necessary. be grow change know live (x2) meet work 1 Dave and Rebecca each 6 Rebecca she had her second other primary school. child. 2 They 25 years. 7 Dave in London 3 Rebecca much. a year. 4 Dave a beard. 8 Dave divorced 5 Rebecca in Brighton all her life. 2012. 7 Read the following biography and underline the correct alternative in brackets to complete it. Clinton “Ciint’ Eastwood, Jr is an American actor, filmmaker, and politician. He (1) (has risen ~ rose ~ has been rising) to international fame with his roles in Sergio Leone's ‘spaghetti westerns’ and inthe five films where he (2) (olayed ~ has played ~ has been playing) Harry Callaghan. Besides working as an actor, Eastwood (3) (directed - has directed ~ has been directing) over 30 films, including westerns, action films, and dramas since 971. ‘At the beginning of his career, Eastwood (4) (was ~ has been - was being) frustrated by many directors’ habit to re-shoot the saime scenes over and over again. When he began directing, he tried to avoid any aspects of directing he (5) (was considering - had considered has been considering) useless as an acto. Asa result, Eastwood (6) (is~ was ~ has been) now renowned for his efficient film directing and ability to reduce filming time and to keep budgets under contro Despite being associated with firearms in his movies, Eastwood (7) (is supporting ~ supported - has been supporting) gun control since the 1970s, when he (8) (daimed — has claimed ~ as been claiming) all guns should be registered. 15 ayduys yaad yuasaig 10 snonunuos }apied weseid § JINNUNIT =) Past perfect simple 'had worked / You had lived / She had attended / They had played. had been / You had spoken / He had written / We had run / They had had. Thadn't studied / It hadn't rained / We hadn't stopped / You hadn't met / They hadn't put. Had | enjoyed / Had you known / Had she left / Had you read / Had they learnt Yes, | you / he / she / it / we / you / they had. No, 1 you / he / she / it / we / you / they hadn't. USAGE AND EXAMPLES + The Past Perfect Simple is normally used in sentences where the main tense is Past simple but we take a flashback to something that happened before that event. In this case, the order of the tenses in the sentence does not usually reflect the real order of the events. 1) Past perfect simple 2) Past simple —— When we got to the station our train had left, so we had to wait for another one. (the train left BEFORE their arrival, but the information comes in the second part of the sentence) + Ttalso expresses duration of a past situation from a certain moment or a certain period of time up toa more recent past moment. + Itcan also express how many times something occurred before another past event. + In general it is the past form of Present perfect simple (have done — had done). Study the examples: Past perfect simple > +» Past simple a \ We had been there for three hours when they arrived. She hadn’t seen Rob since his wedding when she heard from him again. Now + The Present perfect simple is often used with the expression by the time, which has a similar meaning to when. By the time we arrived, the party had started. 1 Put the verbs in brackets in the Past simple or Past perfect simple. ie 1 We (not / be) able to get in because we (lose) the key. we (not / study) enough. That was the first time Sally 2 Fortunately when | (get) to the (ee) him but she (all) in love ‘cinema the film (not start) yet. with him immediately 3° How long (you / have) the car When they (find) our luggage when you (have) the accident? we (be) in Paris for a week. 4 We (not / pass) the test because2 Write the Past simple or Past perfect simple of the verbs from the box to complete the following sentences. be (x2) come eat expect finish fail feel forget go have _ hear leave make meet marry order receive see spend try want 1 She (already) 3 husbands when she jack. © 5 Mum really upset when | dropped the 2 When! their postcard! ___(not) cake she: she __hours decorating it from them for 20 years. 6 Thefilm (not) yet when we ___the 3° When we to make a call the battery cinema. ___ flat because we ___ to recharge it. 7 1___(not) her for along time sol 4 We both really hungry because we to recognise her when we __in the street. ____ (not) anything since breakfast, so we 8 |___tobea singer but when my dream ____ some pizza. true |_ (not) as excited as1__. 3 47 b Listen to the an extract from Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and complete it with the correct past tense of the verbs from the box. behold breathe continue cover__—fill create desire -—_finish select work patter. rush see. = seem = be._-— deprive Itwas on a dreary night of November that | (1) __ the accomplishment of my toils. It was already one in the morning; the rain (2) __ dismay against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out, when, by the glimmer of the half-extinguished ight, | (3) the dull yellow eye ofthe creature open; it (4) hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs. [.] How can | describe my emotions at this catastrophe? [..]|(6)___ his features as beautiful. Beautiful! - Great God! His yellow skin scarcely (6) __ the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair (7) __of a lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth ofa pearly whiteness; but these luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that (8) __almost ofthe same colour as the dun white sockets in which they were set, his shrivelled complexion and straight black lps. 11) __ hard for nearly two years for the sole purpose of infusing life nto an inanimate body. Fr this (10) __ myself of rest and health. 1 (11) _ it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation; but now that (12) __ [J breathless horror and disgust (13) __my heart. Unable to endure the aspect ofthe being |(14)__,1(15)_out of the room, (16) along time traversing my bed chamber, unable to compose my mind to sleep. 4 GHEY choose A, B, C or D to complete the sentences. 11__a very lucky person but the other day, while!2__ back from school, 13__the earring! 4__ two months before. On the way back home it suddenly 5 raining hard so 16 __under a tree to find shelter because 17_ my umbrella at school. While | 8 for the rain to stop, | looked up and 9__ the earring dangling from a branch: Ill never know how it 10 _ there! 1 A wasnever BB wasneverbeing C haveneverbeen didn't have been 2 A came B_ was coming C have come D had come 3 A found B_ was finding have found D had found 4 A lost B was losing C have lost D had lost 5 A started B was starting C has started D had started 6 A rushed B_ was rushing C have rushed D had rushed 7 A left B was leaving C have left D had left 8 A waited B_ was waiting C have waited D had waited 9 A saw B_ was seeing C have seen D had seen 10 A ended B was ending C have ended D had ended 7 aqduys apadised g JINNUNIT a] Past perfect continuous 1/You / He/She /it/We/You/ 1/You/He/She/it/We/You! Had !/you/he/ she / it / we / they had been working. they hadn't been working. you J they been working? Yes, 1 / you / he / she / it / we / you / they had. No, I/ you / he / she / it / we / you / they hadn't. * For fully negative sentences we normally use Past perfect simple (compare with the rules of present perfect simple - Duration form, Unit 5) USAGE AND EXAMPLES + The Past perfect continuous is the past of have been +ING form (see Unit 5) and it expresses the duration of an action in the past. + It may also indicate that a past action was carried out intensively or vigorously. + As with the other progressive tenses, the Past perfect continuous is not used with state verbs (opinion, preference, possession, etc) ‘She has been working here for three months. She had been working for three months when (focus on action in progress now) ‘she won the lottery. (action in progress at a I'm exhausted. I've been working hard. given moment in the past) (the visible sign of exhaustion is in the present) J was exhausted. I'd been working hard. (the impact of the intense action was on a particular past situation) Compare the Past perfect continuous with the other past tenses: Past perfect I had been studying in Rome for three years when | met him. (focus on duration) continuous | was tired because | had been studying. (focus on intensive past action) Past simple | studied in Rome for 3 years. (focus on past event as a finished action) Past continuous —_! was studying in Rome when | met Edward. (focus on the past action in progress) Past perfect | could speak Italian because ! had studied in Rome.(focus on an action that simple happened before another past action) 1 Match the two parts of the sentence and build the second part using the Past perfect continuous + since or for when necessary. 0 [@) Iwas exhausted because ! had been walking all day a he / feel sleepy / the morning. 1 [1 Susie won the lottery after b she / work on radioactivity / years. 2 CJ Allthe roofs where white: ¢ Idrive / three hours. 3 Myeyes were red and swollen because | Lwalk / all day. 4 (1) When Marie Curie discovered radium @ it/ snow / all night. 5 © When! stopped f she / buy tickets / 25 years. 6 [1] He went straight to bed because g Ifary Mis2. Fillin the blanks with the verbs from the box in the correct tense choosing between Past perfect simple, Past perfect continuous, Past simple and Past continuous. be (x2) break bring finish go have (x2) run begin wait work 1 Jane a headache because she 5 I was out of breath because | ‘on her computer all day. 6 By the time we arrived, the film 21 that car for 15 years before it already down. 7 Although | a lot of clothes 3 How long you | had to buy a coat because it when the bus arrived? freezing cold. 4 When | met George | divorced 8 We out after we for 3 years. our homework 3) GHEY choose A, B, C or D to complete the sentences. Dear Emma, Last night the Muse concert in Milan 0 A great, but I'm really furious with Jack. I (1) to meet him at the station carly yesterday morning because we (2) __ to travel four hours to get to Milan. 1) __ vo get tickets for that gig for months, and I didn't want to miss it. By the time T finally 4) __ to leave without him I (5) __ him over fifteen messages and I (6) __ for almost two hours. um where the concert was held. Besides, I (7) __ to meet my cousin from Milan in front of the sta ‘When I (8) to the theatre, my cousin (9) __ already __ up the tickers and he (10) ___for us near the entrance. He was cross because he (1) __ for more than an hour. You know I love Jack and he’ like a brother to me, bur this time I’m really angry. He (12)__me all, day but T don't want to speak to him for the time being. 0K was B had been has been D was being 1 A arranged B had arranged was arranging D had been arranging 2A needed B had needed € had been needing —_—D were needing 3. A tried B was trying C had been trying D have tried 4 A decided B had been deciding Chad decided D was deciding 5 A texted B had texted C had been texting D was texting 6 A was waiting B waited C have waited D had been waiting 7 A was having B had € had had D have had 8 A had got B had been getting C was getting D got 9 A had been picking B had picked € has picked D was picking 10 A was waiting B had waited C has waited D waited Tl A waited B has waited C has been waiting D had been waiting 12 A called B was calling € has been calling Dis calling 4. 4b Listen to the account of Robert Falcon Scott's two expeditions to Antarctica and say if these statements are True (1) or False (F). Correct the false ones. 1 Robert Scott was the first Antarctic explorer to reach the South Pole. On the first expedition Scott and his crew had been travelling on a dog sled, when they had to give up because they were ill (On his second expedition Scott travelled by ship and by dog sled When Scott arrived at the South Pole on January 18, he found Amundsen was there, too. By February 17 several men had already died. When Scott and the remaining crew set their last camp before dying, they had been travelling for 2 months. ouaw O 0000 OA sO OOOO oO snonuyuos yapad ised Z LINNa + e =I oO > oO S a oO a I. go / She'll work. You won't do/ It won't rain. Will they write / Will he have? Yes, |/ you / he/ she / it / we / they No, | you / he / she / it / we / they won't. USAGE AND EXAMPLES + predictions about future events and future facts: I will be 18 in 2017. 1 will be able to drive then. There won’t be any petrol left in 2150. + promises or offers to do something Don't worry, ’Ucalll you soon. ‘+ when you ask someone to do something (requests) Will you close the window please? I'm cold. * when you decide to do something now is T-shirt is really nice. PU take it. ‘+ when you think that something will happen, but you aren’t 100% sure. (with expressions like I (don’t) think / I hope / I’m (not) sure / maybe / perhaps / probably) Maybe there will be a sirike next week. T think I'll go for a walk this evening Note! In TIME CLAUSES and IF CLAUSES referring to the future we normally use Present simple: these clauses are typically introduced by when /as soon as /until /after /if /as long as /unless. Study the examples: L'il be able to go out if I finish my homework. Will you call me as soon as you arrive? I'm going to jump / You're going _I'm not going to give / She Are you going to have..? /Is it to do// He's going to meet. isn't going to read. ‘going to snow..? Yes, | am / Yes, he is / Yes, they are. No, I'm not / No, we aren't / Yes, itis. ‘+ When you talk about things that will happen very soon, as a consequence of a present situation: It's already Spm and the meeting is at 5.15. We're going to be late. This lesson is very boring. I'm going to fall asleep. ‘+ When you talk about your intentions for the future: I'm going to have a long trip around the world one day. Note! ‘This tense isn’t normally used with go or come. You use the Present continuous instead. PRESENT SIMPLE + The Present simple is used for the future when talking about scheduled events (trains, planes, shops, TV programmes, events, etc): What time does the bank open tomorrow? The film starts at 7 this evening. MS 20PRESENT CONTINUOUS * The Present continuous is used when you talk about future arrangements and plans: What are you doing tonight? I’m leaving for Liverpool next Sunday. Next summer we're going to London. I’m not going out this weekend because I have to work. 1 What are the 10 speakers doing? Match the sentences (1-10) to the correct functions (a). waraneaune 10 (1 in 50 years’ time there won't be any oil left. 1 Does the show finish at 11:30 tonight? TF How old will you be in 2050? i tryou don't understand, I'l explain it again 1 will you stop talking? (1 We're out of eggs. I'll go and get some. ( Are you seeing Emma tonight? (C There will probably be fewer cars in the future. ( What are you going to do after university? 1 Mum’s going to be angry. We're late again 2 Underline the correct alternative. 1 2 It's 0°C. It will /'s going to snow. I'm so thirsty. Will you make / Are you ‘making me some tea, please? I'm going to go / going to the beach tomorrow. When will you be / are you being able to deliver it? I'm sure it will rain / is raining this afternoon. | have / ‘m going to have a party for my 18* birthday. 10 n 2 a asking about a future fact guessing probable future situations asking someone to do something talking about future intentions offering to do something for someone talking about a scheduled event predicting something will happen soon deciding to do something now talking about arrangements making future predictions We won't pass the test unless we will study / study harder. ‘Are you having / Do you have lunch with Dad next Saturday? | don't like these shoes. I'l throw / ‘m throwing them away. Maybe we will have / are having to take the test again. Our train is leaving / leaves at 5,45 pm. We 're taking / take the 5,45 train to Brighton. 3 Write the correct future tense of the verbs in brackets (Present simple - Present continuous - will - be going to). They (not / be) able to leave until their passport (be) ready. My sister (be) 16 next summer: she (give) a big party and she (probably / invite) you, too Prices are going up so fast these days: it (be) hard to live in the coming years. I've got a temperature so | 0) to school tomorrow. 1 (not / let) you go to tomorrow's concert if you (do) that again. (not / 10 The weather forecast says it (snow) next weekend. Oh no! We've broken Mum's favourite vase. What (we / do) now? Thaven't cleaned the windows yet, but 1 (do) that this afternoon When Yack and Sally / get) married? Next Saturday. (Carol / be) in town this Saturday? - Yes, | (see) her in the afternoon. | think we (G0) for a drink at the pub near her office. 2 BLINN sasua} amygliNn sasua} ammny 4. 4°} Listen to the phone conversation between Farrah and Brenda and say if these statements are true (1) or false (). Farrah and Brenda are making arrangements to go to Brad and Lisa's barbecue party. Perhaps Farrah won't be able to go the barbecue party Farrah agrees to meet Brenda in the afternoon. Brenda has already planned to go shopping with somebody else. Farrah and Brenda will have a pizza together after going shopping. Farrah is going to Germany with Rob. anuauwna ooo0o0o00- ooOooooO7 5 Fill in the gaps with A, B or C. 1 They __to Tokyo tomorrow morning. A are flying B fly ¢ will ly 2. Loffered him this job. I think he _ it. A takes B will take C is taking 3. I promise |_ your secret to anyone. A don't tell B ‘mnot telling C won't tell 4° Take your umbrella with you. It_. A will rain B rains C's going to rain 5 Maybe they _ cards this evening. A are playing B will play C play 6 She _ till Thursday. A will probably stay B probably stays C is probably staying 6 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets, You must use between 2 and 5 words. 1 What are your plans after dinner? (you) What are after dinner? 2 L expect the weather to change soon. (going) The weather soon. 3. Please, put them on the scales. (will) ___them on the scales, please? 4 What is the weather forecast for tomorrow? (be) What is ike tomorrow? 5 My intention is to become a doctor. (be) Vm a doctor. 6 IF he doesn't take some rest he won't get better. (unless) He won't get better 7 Read Tracy’s email to her friend and complete it with the suitable verbs from the box in the correct future tense (Present simple - Present continuous - will - be going to). arrive be beable drive call get (x2) have have to last leave pick send sleep _take off \e0e o Dear Paola, How are you doing? 'm so excited that (1) to visit Italy at last! I've always wanted to see your country and Ican hardly believe | (2) tomorrow. My plane (3) at7.30s01(4) set out realy early As Dad (5) me to JFK Aitport, 1(6) plenty of time before departure. The trip (7) around 7 hours. t(8) bit boring but 1(9) probably ‘or listen to music during the flight. U have one more thing to ask you before | leave: (10) you me up from the airport in Rome? Don't worry ifyou can't: ifyou (11) ‘me your address I(12) 2 cab to your home. Ok, | hope you (13) back to me before tomorrow. Anyway, | (14) you as soon as (15) in Rome. See you tomorrow! Best wishes, Tracy 22UNIT Future continuous; Future perfect hm “Affirmative ll be waiting. We'll have arrived. “Negative He won't be sleeping. She won't have finished. “Interrogative Will it be snowing? Will they have graduated? Yes, 1/ you / he / she / it / we / you / they will No, I you / he / she / it / we / you / they won't. * Do not use this tense with state verbs —* / will be in Paris by this time tomorrow. (not: | will be being...) USAGE AND EXAMPLES + Both the Future continuous (will be doing) and the Future perfect (will have done) are used when We project ourselves forward into the future. Now © Future perfect Future continuous By this time tomorrow I will have passed my exam and 1 will be flying to New York. (Lam imagining my situation by this time tomorrow: the exam will be over and the action in progress will be flying to New York) + These two tenses are often used with future time expressions with by (like by the time, by then, by this/next time) FUTURE CONTINUOUS + The Future continuous refers to an action or event in progress at a certain moment in the future. This time next Friday we'll be lying in the sun on a sandy beach in the Caribbean. + tis often used when talking about events that will happen if everything goes as planned or talking about trains and planes arriving or leaving from stations and airports: I'll be going to the swimming pool three times a week this semester, so I won't have much time for rughy. The 6,45 train for York will be leaving from Plaiform 6. + It can be used when you guess that something is happening now. Don't call Ellen now: she'll be having a shower. + It can also be used to ask about future plans, in a polite, tactful way. Will you be having dinner with us tomorrow Mr Jamesor FUTURE PERFECT + The Future perfect refers to an action that will already be over at a certain moment in the future. The book must be taken back by Thursday. - Don’t worry: by then we'll have already returned it. + The Future perfect simple is used when we talk about one’s achievements at a certain moment in the future, Thope Pll have finished university by 2017. + We can also use this tense to guess what must already have happened now. Let's call a taxi. Our bus will have left by now. 3snonunuos amy = JINN yoaprad amnyng FUTURE IN THE PAST When we want to express the idea that in the past you thought something would happen in the future we usually use the modal verb would + Base form. The Future in the past follows the same basic rules as the Future Simple, but would is used instead of will. Compare the examples: Future simple: /'I! be late for lunch. Future in the past: knew I would be late for lunch. (in the past I predicted something that would happen at a later moment), Future simple: According to the weather forecast it'll rain tomorrow. Future in the past: According to the weather forecast it would rain the day after. (describing, wat was a prediction in the past) It is also possible to use other Future in the past forms like was/were going to or was/were about to. Study these examples Itwas going to rain when we decided to come back home. (describing an imminent event at a given moment in the past) Iwas about to leave but the phone rang. (1 was on the point of doing something soon afterwards) ‘The Future in the past is ofien found in reported speech (see Unit 27 for more information) He said he would try to get in touch as soon as possible. 24 Match the two parts of the sentences. (2) When he begins his new job, 1 By the time you get to the restaurant 1 Don't worry. This time next week Don't disturb him now: O t's 2pm. (1 Next Sunday my parents LD The kids will be sleeping Oi tts still dark outside: he'll be studying for his exam. Terry'll have finished having lunch by now. will have been married for 50 years. by the time you get back home. everybody will still be sleeping. he'll be earning enough to buy a Ferrari we'll have found a solution to the problem. they'll be having dinner. eyanaune Look: at the train timetable and complete the sentences with the Future continuous or the Future perfect. Sa ate) PV Vena Destration Time Pair ca ce NEWCASTLE Ta aa SPT aaa Ce WRK. MS CO on PRESTON ‘012 9 0 The 9.00 train to Newcastle will be leaving 4 The train to Manchester when from Platform 17. the Glasgow train is arriving. 1 The train to Newcastle at 9.02. 5 The 10:05 train from Glasgow 2 At9:12 the train from Leeds at Platform 7 Platform 12. 6 The train from Preston at 3. The train to Sheffield at 9:45. Platform 9 at 10:15. at3. 4°} Listen to the conversation between Cindy and Tracy and say if the following statements are true (1) or false (F). t Cindy will be doing her homework on Friday. Oo Tracy will be watching a movie on Friday after dinner. oO Cindy will have finished working on her History test by Saturday afternoon o Tracy and Mick will be having dinner close to the cinema. o Cindy will be leaving later than Tracy because she lives near the cinema. o Tracy and Mick will already be there when Cindy arrives. o auauna Oo000007 (GHE3 complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets. You must use between 2 and 5 words. 1 I think I'l be on my way home by that time. (going) I think | by that time. 2. I'm sure the kids are doing something wrong The kids will : they're too They're too quiet. (be) quiet 3. ‘I know I'll regret this one day’ thought Tom. (knew) Tom that one day. After the course we how to breathe properly. Dave arrived in Sydney now. ‘Mum brought a few sandwiches because be hungry later. 4 During the course we'll be learning how to breathe properly. (learnt) 5 | suppose Dave has already arrived in Sydney. (will) 6 Mum brought a few sandwiches because she expected us to be hungry later. (would) she Julia is going on a 3-day school trip. Look at the itinerary and complete the sentences with the correct future tense of the verbs from the box. be go have land leave listen travel visit san Tie to Berlin 7.00am departure from Madrid Airport 1 At7.15 on Tuesday Julia just from Madrid. 10.00am arrival in Berlin afternoon: Pergamon Museum evening: dinner at hotel Wednesday morning: Jewish Museum lunch: Potsdamer Platz afternoon: New National Gallery evening: concert Berliner Philarmoniker Thursday moming: Bern Wall and Checkpoint Charlie lunch and early afternoon: Brandenburg Gate ‘At 9.55 on Tuesday she in Berlin. On Wednesday evening she 2 museums and an art gallery. On Wednesday she in Berlin for two days. On Wednesday evening she __ to classical music. On Thursday she lunch near the Brandenburg Gate. At 9pm on Thursday she for two hours. ‘At 10.15 pm on Thursday she ___ home from the 7.00pm: flight back airport. 10:00pm: arrival in Madrid Underline the correct Future in the past form. 1 Why are you back already? | thought you were about to / would go to the swimming pool before dinner. 2. | was going to / would leave when he finally turned up. 3° It was really tring | didn't realise the fitness lesson was about to / would go on for an hour and a half. 4 Meg was determined: she was going to / was about to be a doctor and she would / was about to save hundreds of lives. | was about to / would give my speech when a man at the back of the audience stood up. 6 We were going to / would start the lesson when the fire alarm went off. 2 snonupuos aminy & LINN yapad amngUNIT 10) Adjectives: position, order and formation with nouns POSITION OF ADJECTIVES * Most adjectives can be used both in attributive position (before a noun) and in predicative position (after a verb). T've got blue eyes (attributive) * My eyes are blue (predicative) + However, there are a few adjectives that can only ~ or mostly — be found either in attributive position (before nouns) or in predicative position (after verbs). Here is a list of the most frequent ones. Attributive position (before nouns) Predicative position (after verbs) elder / eldest brother, sister My brother’s older than me. live animals feel alive. mere idea, mere child They were asleep. asick boy The boy was ill. + compound adjectives like: red-haired, + other adjectives like: awake, alone, afloat. middle-aged, two-legged, man-eating, breath-taking, smoke-free ORDER OF ADJECTIVES + When several adjectives come before a noun, the ones referring to opinion come first, then we use the adjectives for its physical description. After these come the adjectives that specify origin, material and purpose of the noun. + There should be no more than 3-4 adjectives before a noun. + Study the following scheme and examples. 1 2 3 4 5 6 z 8 9 10 Seas lett eee ar = Jackie's tong striped ‘curtain = -_ = A pair of cheap plastic reading glasses EXAMPLES I’ve just seen your wonderful little wooden house by the lake. She was wearing a long black leather coat and a hat. In the locker there was a pair of old grey football boots. Where’s my light blue silk blouse, Mum? The cat broke my ancient blue and white Chinese vase. NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES + You can often find nouns used as adjectives in attributive positions, which indicate the purpose of the noun they refer to. Some common examples are words like tennis racket, table cloth, car keys, garage door. When used as an adjective, the noun is mostly singular even though it has a plural meaning (example: shoe shop = a shop selling shoes). + When you form hyphenated adjectives containing nouns and numbers, the noun in the compound word is always singular, as in a ten-dollar note, a 4-year-old boy, a 15-hour flight. 1 26Underline the correct alternative. 1 My son is older / elder than my daughter. 4. Cindy is such a(n) alive / lively gil. 2. Tom isa very alone / lonely man: he 5 Are those the sick / ill puppies that need a vet? doesn't have any friends. 6 I really love your new spotted / short cotton 3. Jeff has bought an American / amazing dress. black sports car. Choose A, B or C to fill in the blanks with the correct order of adjectives. 1 He was wearing a(n) __ sweater. 4 The keys are ina ___box A dirty old flannel A brown little cardboard B flannel old dirty B cardboard brown little old dirty flannel € little brown cardboard 2 Maria is going to marty a_man. 5 The men were sitting around a__table. ‘A. young French handsome A glass square long B_ handsome young French B square long glass C French handsome young long square glass 3 Isawa film last night. 6 Ineed to buy anew pan. Anew Korean moving A frying large steel B_ moving new Korean B large steel frying C Korean moving new C steel large frying Complete the definitions below with the correct hyphenated or noun adjective. 1 Aman that is 25 years old is a man. 4 Adrink with no sugar is a drink. 2 Aboy with dark hair isa boy. 5 A book with 400 pages is a book. 3. An alligator that eats men is a 6 A memory that lasts long is a alligator. memory. GED complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets. You must use between 2 and 5 words. 1 Her blonde hair is curly and long. (got) She's hair. 2 The handsome man | spoke to had blue eyes. (a) _| spoke to man. 3 My best friends are both 18. (two) I've got best friends. 4 My trip lasted three days. (on) | went trip. 5 All my friends were asleep at two. (of) None at two. 6 My dining table is two feet long. (have) 1 table. 4°} Listen to the definitions of 10 common compound adjectives and match them to their synonyms on the left. 1 [L narrow-minded a polite 2 [J high-spirited b careless 3 [] well-educated © old 4 C well-behaved d smart 5 CL) absent-minded e crowded 6 CO quick-witted intolerant 7 CD brightly-tit g illuminated 8 [) strong-willed h cultured 9 [J densely-populated i enthusiastic 10 [) outdated j_ stubborn 27 sunou yim woReWLo; pue sapr0 ‘uoRsod ‘seanDafpy OF LINNUNIT 11 Adverbs: formation and position FORMATION OF ADVERBS + Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives and clauses, providing further information such as frequency, manner, degree, etc. + Adverbs are often formed by adding the suffix -LY to an adjective or less frequently to a noun, with a few spelling alterations in some cases: usual / surprising / unexpected / hour no alteration _—_usually / surprisingly / unexpectedly / hourly probable / simple / gentle / true -eisdropped probably / simply / gently / truly happy / noisy / easy / shy y>-ily happily / noisily / easily / but: shyly (monosyliable) automatic / heroic / public sic ically automatically / heroically / but: publicly (exception) ‘+ When an adjective ends with -ly you must use the adverbial phrase ir a (adjective) way / manner: friendly -* in a friendly way / silly + in a silly way + Some adverbs have the same structure as adjectives. The main ones are late, early, daily, hard, live, long, high, low, right, wrong, fast, close, wide. * In some cases these adverbs/adjectives may have other same-rooted adverbs with different meanings. Here are the most frequent pairs: late + Am I late? (not on time) lately — J haven't seen him lately. (recently) hard — J studied hard yesterday (a lot) hardly ~ / hardly studied yesterday (almost not) close The school is quite elose (neat) closely —» Study this example closely (in detail) + There are 3 main positions for adverbs: initial position (at the beginning of a clause), mid-position (before or around the verb) and end-position (at the end of a clause). + Several adverbs can be placed in more than one position, but never put an adverb between the main verb and a direct object. POSITION OF ADVERBS place there, around, outside, nearby, somewhere, upwards, abroad » My brother often travels abroad. mostly at the end of the clause time yesterday*, tomorrow*, now*, today*, later, yet, early, soon ~+ haven't met Jack yet, but 1 saw Alice yesterday. mostly at the end of the clause (* = beginning, too) already, just, still, ever —? Have you ever seen him? No, I've never seen him. between auxiliary and the Past participle frequency hardly ever, never, always, sometimes*, usually*, often* + Ithardly ever snows in winter here. + Tusually go by bus, but sometimes I walk. before the main verb, after be or auxiliary and modal (* occasionally, frequently, normally (end or before verb) +I go to the opera aceasionally (or: I aceasionally go...) end of the clause or before the main verb eginning, 100) 1 28degree certainty viewpoint and comment manner Note! Adverbial phrases with so/very /really / quite /rather + adverb are usually placed atthe end of the clause. + [don’t go to the theatre very often. extremely, quite, very, really, so, slightly, almost, nearly, too* + It’s too late, and I’m quite tired. (‘too means ‘excessively’) + I'm 18 years old, too (“too’ means ‘also") right before the adjective or adverb they modify. * When too means “also’, itis placed at the end. enough (after adjective or adverb, before noun) * You aren't tall enough to play basketball. + Have we got enough flour to make pizza? after adjective or adverb but before nouns, surely, of course, probably*, maybe, perhaps + Perhaps there will be a strike on Monday. + T'll probably leave tomorrow. (or: Probably I'll leave...) ~» Surely you can speak English. mostly at the beginning (* = before main verb, too) obviously, unfortunately, luckily, personally, clearly ~+ Obviously, my brother was late. ~+ He was elearly embarrassed. * Dogs are definitely my favourite pets. Viewpoint adverbs are usually at the beginning with a comma, or before the main verb (or after be). well, fast, hard, badly, quickly, heavily, sofly, loudly, fluently ~ She can run fast. (after intransitive verb) ~+ Walter speaks English fluently. (after object) ~+ I did well in the test. (after verb, before preposition) ‘These adverbs are mostly placed at the end of a clause, after the object or after intransive verbs. happily, gently, quickly, angrily, quietly, selfishly, generously * He closed the door gently. + He gently closed the door. (more formal) ‘These can either go at the end of the clause but also before the main verb.** *“*When the clause with the adverb is followed by another short clause the position of the adverb may slightly change the meaning of the sentence. Compare these sentences: — I quietly asked him to leave. (quietly refers to asking, more formal) * Lasked him quietly to leave. (quietly refers to asking) — Lasked him to leave quietly. (quietly refers to leaving) 1 Write the adverb or adverbial phrase from the adjectives and nouns below. 1 full practical early lonely dry onaun particular 7 subtle 8 sudden 9 busy 10 hour 1 month 12 organic 29 ‘SqIOAPY EE LINN uopisod pue uoneuuoy‘sqeapy EE LINN uopysod pue worrewo} 2 Underline the adjective / adverb / adverbial phrase to complete the following sentences. 30 1 2 onaw Anine has a very soft / softly voice Your daughter dances lovely / in a lovely ‘manner. They didn’t answer very polite / politely They came back home quite late / lately. I'm slight / slightly taller than you. You're driving too fast / fastly: slow down. 7 8 9 10 can hard / hardly see anything. The girl ran towards her father happy / happily. Sam is near / nearly there. He's a particular / particularly clever boy. Look at the sentences and put a tick (Y) where the adverbs in brackets must be placed. 1.) do [] my homework in the afternoon CO (rarely) You [_] speak ["] English (“] (very well) The teacher took [_] all the children [_] (outside), 3 4 5 He [1] has [] been to Korea [] (already) ve [1 finished [_] the book [}. (almost) There aren't [_] eggs [_|: we must buy a few [_]. (enough) Say if the adverbs in italics refer to time (T), frequency (F), viewpoint (V) or manner (M). This train is hardly ever on time. Actually, | can’t swim. Don’t worry. We'll be back soon. The kittens ate all the fish greedily. | go to the theatre occasionally. He surely tried to get a discount. My German aunt seldom comes to the USA. Today it’s a bit windy. Stupidly, eft my umbrella at home. V'll think about it tomorrow. He quickly put the money in his pocket. The kid waited for his mother patiently. (FED choose A, B, C or D to complete these sentences. My children go out with their school friends A quite rarely B hardly ever I think this film is. A boring enough B quite boring We can walk there. It's very _. A closely B close You didn’t work __ to pass the test. Aso hard B hardly enough You __ won't need this spare battery. Amaybe B of course Don't get me _. I quite like it. Abadly Bbad Don't be afraid. You can speak A freely B free |___met her parents. Astill haven't B haven't still T F VM goood oood oood oooo oood OoOood oood goood oooda ooO0odag goood oood C seldom D never C almost boring —_D boring too C nearby D nearly C so hardly D hard enough C probably D already C wrong D wrongly C surely D clear Cyet haven't —_D haven't yet4] Listen to the 4 conversations and choose A, B or C to answer the questions below. 1. Jenny hasn't seen much of Rob because A (| he's been working hard for his exams. B [_] he's going to do other things for a while C [1 he's hardly studied anything for his exams. 2. The lady explains that A she has had a baby girl lately. B CL she had a baby girl late in her life. C [1 she was always late when her daughter was a baby. 3. The man says that ‘A [1] he watched the whole tea making process carefully. B [| he was close to Mrs Watanabe as she demonstrated how to make tea. C [1 the Japanese lady closed the ceremony by pouring some tea into the cups. 4 The two friends AC will have to leave home soon. B [] will have to leave home early. CL] will have to leave home fast. Study these sentences, which are both grammatically possible, and choose the one that has the most suitable position for the adverb. 1 a LJ He told me to get ready quickly 3 a C1 She gently asked me to wake the because we were already late. baby up so as not to make her cry. b CJ He quickly told me to get ready b (] She asked me to wake the baby up because we were already late. gently so as not to make her cry. 2 a [J Itold him frankly that | was fed up 4 a [1 Personally, I'd rather you spoke to with the job. him. It's a confidential thing. b C Frankly, | told him that | was fed up b C1 Fd rather you spoke to him with the job. personally. It's a confidential thing. 8 Look at the picture and complete its description with the correct adverbs from the box. cheerfully clearly just loudly maybe perhaps probably slightly These boys and girls are (1) students. (2) they're going to school or 8) theyve (4) finished their lessons and they're going home. They're all smiling (5) so they're (6) having fun | think thatthe gil on the left, who is (7) taller than the boy next to he, is laughing (8) 31 wonsod pue uonewuo; ‘sqieapy EE LINNUNIT Br Articles: the - a/an - Zero Article A/AN This article is used to indicate an unspecified thing or person. It is only used before singular, countable nouns. You use A before + consonants and words starting with Y: a dog —a hotel — a window ~a yacht ~ a young man + words starting with U or B, when the sound is /iu:/: @ unit — a European country ‘You use AN before * vowels: an arm — an umbrella — an elephant - an illness + unsounded H* : an hour—an honourable man ~ an heir—an honest citizen A/AN is also used in some phrases when you talk about + jobs: I’m an architect— Are you an engineer? — He isn’t a teacher. + some health problems: / have a headache ~a cold —a cough ~ a temperature * expressing wonder: What a lovely dress! — what an incredibile holiday! + frequency: once a week twice a year — three times a month ZERO ARTICLE, * You use no article before uncountables and plural nouns when you are talking about a category in general. + You also use no article with abstract nouns (subjects, types of art, sport and activi THE s) in general. * This article is used for definite things, when you are talking about a specific situation or something you have already mentioned. + You pronounce it [0i:] before vowels. + You can use it with both countable and uncountable nouns. I really like dogs. (that kind of animal) Water is 70% of a human body, (the substance in general) When you talk about a specific type of thing in general but this is indicated by an adjective. 20th-century art is very interesting. lakes: Lake Michingan single mountains: Mount Everest islands: Sardinia countries (general): Great Britain - Holland - South Korea languages: French bridges, castles and churches: Tower Bridge planets: Mars - Venus - Neptune play sports: play football - play tennis titles + names: Queen Elizabeth places where you do specific activities: at / to ‘school church - work - in / to hospital - bed adjectives * nouns in general: young people numbered things: Room 12 - Chapter 4 Other nouns: Parliament and Congress, Man (in general, human being) - television - space - World War I The dogs are in the garden. (| know which dogs) Can you pass the water, please? (the bottle of water on the table) When a noun is followed by of or a relative clause making it a specific thing or person. The art of the 20th century is very interesting. rivers, seas, oceans: The Seine - The Mediterranean ‘mountain ranges: the Alps ‘groups of islands: the Hebrides plural countries or with words like Union, Republic, Kingdom: the UK - the Netherlands peoples: the French ‘museums, cinemas, theatres, hotels: The Odeon the Sun - the Moon - the Earth play instruments: play the piano - play the violin titles in general: the queen - the president places in town: at / to the station - airport - butcher's the cinema adjectives meaning categories of people: the young with ordinal numbers: the first chapter other nouns: The English Parliament - the environment - the sky - the sea - the air the cinema - the radio ~ the theatre - the Addams - the Second World War 1 321 Underline the correct words in each sentence. 1 My daughters go to a/ the gym once a / the week. 2 The washing machine is a / an / the useful appliance. 3. This is the story of an /a/ the young man who marries a / an / the witch. 4 Have you seen a / the new neighbour yet? Yes, she's a / the very nice lady. f 1 ‘The Phantom of the Opera’ 2 ‘Gone with the Wind" 3 ‘The Heiress’ 4 "The Young Victoria’ Write THE or X (= nothing) in the spaces. 1 ___cars in that garage belong to__ girls who live next door. 2 Doyou like French movies? 3 Move books off __ chair and sit down. 4 __whale is the biggest sea mammal living on earth. 5. For tonight's party we need __beer, coke, and __water. 6 Where's wine I bought yesterday? 7. My favourite food is Parmesan cheese. 8 Men and women have similar abilities and needs. 9 Do you play rugby? 10 He has a large bowl of milk and cornflakes for __ breakfast. brackets, You must use between 2 and 5 words. 5 6 7 8 1 2 15 16 7 8 Have you met Mr and Mrs Simpson? (the Simpsons) Jack's really fond of English History. (England) The French are really proud of their language. (people) 1 2 3 4 [like the kitten in picture 3. (the) 5 Tigers are in danger of extinction. (is) 6 The young are often accused of exaggerating their troubles (people) 7 My grandfather was killed during World War I. (the) & She gave me some useful advice. (suggestion) My sister is a / the doctor: she works in a / the hospital where she was born. When you have a/ the headache and a / the temperature, you usually have a / the flu Can you clean a / the living room? You left a / the terrible mess in there. What a / the great coincidence: we were born on a/ the same day! *} Read the following titles of plays and films and underline the articles that are pronounced Then listen to the recording to check your answers. ‘The Usual Suspects’ “The Elephant Man! “The Addams Family’ “The Taming of the Shrew’ I've got to go to __university tomorrow. Iprefer___cinema to __ theatre, but | usually watch films on __TV. Are you reading __ newspaper? I ike to stay at cheap hotels but | stayed at___ Sheraton when | travelled to __ China. ___plane crashed above _ Rocky Mountains. Man's greatest discovery is__ chocolate. I really hate__ horror films. ___ literature of __ 20" century is more interesting than Victorian literature. 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in Have you met 2 Jack really loves of their language. [ike the kitten in endangered species. often accused of exaggerating their troubles. My grandfather was killed She gave me 33 apmay o1az - upyo - ayy ‘sapnsy ZE LINNUNIT BEE} ouantifiers Scarcity or a small quantity An unknown quantity Alarge quantity Quantifiers are words that we use to determine the amount of something or a number of things, expressed by a noun. Some quantifiers can only go with countable nouns (books, children, apples), whereas other (quantifiers are only used with uncountable nouns (milk, strength, money). There is also a third ‘group which can be used with both types of noun. + no / not any + plural countable and uncountable + none of + plural countable and uncountable ( = not any) * hardly any + plural countable and uncountable (= almost no / none) * very few / just a few + plural countable (= hardly any) + few + plural countable (= not many) * too few + plural countable + very little /just alittle + uncountable (hardly any) * little + uncountable (= not much) + just a bit (of) + uncountable (more colloquial) * too little + countable | have no free time this week. OR: | don’t have any free time this week. None of my friends is coming to Brussels with me. (= no friends) There are very few things | care about. OR: there are just a few things I care about. Few people can speak Gaelic. (OR: not many people can speak Gaelic) There's just alittle time left. (OR: There is hardly any time left) 've got too little patience. (OR: | haven't got enough patience) We need just a bit of luck. + some (in affirmative sentences and with offers and requests) / any (in questions) + plural countable and uncountable + a few + plural countable + a number of / several + plural countable * alittle + uncountable + enough + plural countable and uncountable (a sufficient quantity) We need some eggs and some flour. OR: We need a few eggs and a little flour) There are a number of reasons for this. OR: There are several reasons for this. Put a little salt in the soup. OR: Put some salt in the soup. You don't eat enough vegetables. / | don't want to buy more coffee: | have enough. + alot of / lots of / plenty of / loads of (colloquial) + plural countable and uncountable + many + plural countable (mostly in negative and interrogative sentences) * too many + plural countable (= more than many) + most + plural countable and uncountable (= the majority of) + most of is used when it is followed by a pronoun, possessive, demonstrative, etc + a great deal of + uncountable (= lot of) + much + uncountable (only in negative and interrogative sentences) *+ too much + uncountable (= more than much) Now that I'm retired | have plenty of free time. ‘Most people like chocolate. / Most of my relatives live in Taiwan. You need a great deal of patience to be a teacher. I don't drink much water, because I'm never thirsty. (OR: I drink little water...) 1 34OTHER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY + When we talk about two things we use both (of), either (of), neither (of). The preposition of is, used only when the noun is preceded by THE, demonstratives and possessives: both (of) (= the two of them) —* The purple ane is lovely but I quite like bath colours. neither (of) (not any of two) + Neither of my twin sisters is blonde. either (of) (=one or the other) —* Would you like pizza or lasagna? Either. + Either can also be used in negative sentences to mean neither: I saw both these films but I didn’t like either (= | liked neither) ‘When we want to express the totality of something we use all, every + compounds with every, each and whole, but there are differences in the usage of these quantifiers. + All (of) (+ plural countable or uncountable) is used as an adjective or as a pronoun as follows: the totality of or as» AU (of) my friends love wind-surfing. All of them hate football. everything / the only thing that —» AU! J want is food. I'm starving! (in this case it must be followed by a sentence specifying it, not alone: you say: ‘Is everything all right?’ Iy all all right?) Every (+ singular countable) can be used to mean the same as all + plural. Compare these ‘examples: I've downloaded every track on this website OR: I've downloaded all the tracks on this website. + Everything is a pronoun referring to things, everybody and everyone refer to people: Everybody helped to make the costumes for the show, so everything was ready by 7 pm. + Each (+ singular countable) can mostly be substituted by every. but it stresses every single thing or person in a group rather than the total amount as a whole. ‘However when we talk about a small quantity, ‘every’ isn’t normally used; you can only say ‘each of”, not ‘every of (but you can say ‘every one of” if the number is bigger) Each time I see this film I cry. OR: Every time I see this film I cry. (‘All the times’ is possible, but more colloquial) Tknow each person in this room personally. (a limited number of people) Each of my siblings has their own room. * Whole (+ singular countable) is normally preceded by an article or a possessive and it often means the same as ‘all + singular countable’ We spent the whole day at the shopping centre. OR: We spent all day at the shopping centre. Underline the correct quantifier in each sentence. 1 Would you like some / any apple juice? 6 There isn’t some / enough time to visit the 2 We don't have much / many homework to do. Tate Gallery today. 3. There are usually lots of / a few books ina There is hardly any / a little room in the library fridge, so put the fruit on the table. 4 Ihave no / none relatives living in my town. There are plenty / several mistakes in this 5 Nobody with a bit of / little common sense test. would swim in a lake when there's a thunderstorm. Are these sentences right (/) or wrong (X)? Correct the wrong ones. 2 3 4 We do much sport to keep fit. [] Hardly any of my friends have a full time job. "] Can | have little water, please? [] There are many countries I'd like to visit. [] 5 Do you want any milk in your tea? [_] 6 He doesn't have much patience to doa sudoku. [] 35 sraynuend €f LINNsuaynuend §f LINN SJ Listen to a student comparing and contrasting two pictures and complete the following description with the quantifiers you hear. ‘Ace these homes like the ones in your country? Which of these two houses would you rather ive in? Well (1) these houses ae really beautiful. Actually, I can't see (2) differences between them: (3) _have pointed roofs, a wonderful garden with (4) space and (5) __ plants and tres around. | suppose (6) __ them i in an Italian city, because (7)__ people lv in flats in my country and (8) _can afford to live in large houses, because we don’t hhave 9) __ space in towns. Inthe country it’s a bit different, though... anyway, think | would love to live in (10) _of ‘these homes, but maybe | slightly prefer the one on the right, cause the lawn in front of the house is larger. 4 Complete these sentences with each, every, all or whole. 1 She had a large diamond on of her 5 I spent the weekend doing the earlobes. laundry. 2 Not verbs are regular. 6 of the paintings in this room has 3 citizen over 18 has the right to vote. something unusual in it. 4 do the exercises because 7 time we decide to play tennis trains. Thad no time 8 She spent her life studying lions. 5 Look at the picture and the recipe for a cake. Complete the sentences with the missing parts. Ingredients: 200 gr butter 300 gr flour 300 gr sugar 50 strawberries S eggs Lisp. baking powder Lisp. vanilla extract J It milk all both enough few little lot much _— neither none plenty some (x2) There’s (1) of butter, but there aren’t (2) eggs so we have to buy a (3) We've got (4), flour and (5) ‘Sugar, but we need a (5) more of M. - We also need to buy a (8) of strawberries because we have (9) We have milk, but not too (10) .,50 we have to buy that as well. We also need vanilla extract and baking powder because we have (II) ‘Well, I'll go and get (12) the necessary ingredients. 366 [GEY complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets. You must use between 2 and § words. eran eunae We spent all day at home last Sunday. (the) There is very little sugar in this pie. (any) All my relatives hate peanuts. (likes ) I didn't have many CDs in 1987. (used) Both my brothers work abroad. (of) looked for both, but | found neither one. (not) You can choose this seat or this one. (of) Emily Dickinson lived there all her life. (whole) We spent There's at home last Sunday. in this pie. peanuts I CDs in 1987. in my country. Hooked for both, but | You can choose Emily Dickinson spent of them. seats. there. 7 GE choose A, B, C or D to complete the sentences below. Don’t worry, we have __ petrol in the tank. ‘There were __ boys in the room: most were in the garden. ___ money was stolen from the bank __ my friends live in Australia now. You need effort to do this exercise: it's so easy __of my parents likes fruit. Tcouldn’t find __ information on the website. Puta drop in eye before sleeping They sent two passwords but works. ___ cloud has a silver lining. ____ people find this exercise impossible, but | don't __of these museums has security staff. We go to the same resort __ year. __ time | go out with them I have fun Amuch B plenty of Canumberof D many Aafew Bveryfew Cany Dao Aloads Bseveral C much Dageat deal of AMostof BNone — CNeither of D Few Aafew Balittle Clittle Da few ANoneof BEither CNeither —_D Both Amuch Bmany Cno D some Aevery Beach Call D both Aeither Bnone — Chardly any D neither Avery BEach Cll D most AMuch BMost — C Every D Any ‘AEvery B The whole C Each Dail Aall — Bmostof Call of Deach Abvery Ball C The whole D All of 8 Complete the following English proverbs with the quantifiers from the box and match them to the correct explanation of their meaning. all both every few little. | much (i ithe blind lead the blind, shall fall into the ditch. 7 Politeness costs . but yields C Hyou run after two hares, you will catch DA friend to isa friend to o cooks spoil the broth. 1 When children stand quiet, they have done harm D Give man thy ear, but thy voice. [1] One scabby sheep will mar a flock. neither none too many —_ whole a. Silent children are are usually up to something. b When a lot of people work on something they end up doing it badly. Being friends with everybody is impossible. When you can’t decide between two things you'll lose both. @ Ifyou can't do something do not teach someone else or neither will benefit from it. f You'd better listen a lot and speak very little. g Being polite is free, but it can help you gain alot. One negative element may spoil all the good ones. 377 sraynuend €f LINNUNIT BT Comparatives and superlatives (1) + Comparatives demonstrate superiority, equality or inferiority of element over another. They can affect adjectives, adverbs, quantities or actions expressed by verbs. If the second element is. mentioned it is introduced by THAN (majority or minority) or AS (equality). + one-syllable adjectives: + adjectives of 2 or more syllables: tall taller slim—» slimmer nice -* nicer boring -* more boring tired -» more tired + adjectives ending with -y take “ier (y —* i): + two-syllable adjectives. with final -ow, -er, pretty» prettier lovely -» lovelier +tle, -ple may take both -er or more: + one-syllable adjectives with final -y: shallow ~» shallower / more shallow dry + dryer - shy -» shyer (no change) clever -> cleverer / more clever + Adverbs only take the form more + adverb (than), regardless of the ending or length: | did the exercise more quickly than usual. + With fast, hard, early, late, long, close however, the comparative is formed with the suffix (E)R: I did the exercise faster than usual. + With nouns and verbs the comparative is simply more + noun (than) or verb + more (than): My dog eats more meat than fish. / 1 work more than | sleep. + With adjectives and adverbs we use the * We use less (than) for all classes of words; structure is as + adjectiveladverb + as: when comparing plural nouns we use fewer I'm studying as hard as | can. (than). + In the negative form the first element can also Our train is less crowded than usual. be intruduced by SO: He spoke less convincingly than the previous time. Tom isn't so talkative as his sister. | drink less coffee than | used to. + With nouns and verbs you use the structure as ‘There were fewer cars than now. (50) much + as; when comparing plural nouns * Minority comparatives are not used frequently. you must use as/so many + as: We usually make this type of comparison using I don't sleep as (50) much as | should. not as/so + as: We have as many CDs as DVDs. I'm not as slim as you. (= I'm less slim than you) + Superlatives compare one element to all the other ones in a category. They take either the suffix -est (jest) or the word most and they are typically preceded by the. Study these examples: adjectives —» Tom is the youngest in his family, Carol is the shyest, I'm the most outgoing. adverbs —> Rebecca studied the hardest in high school. + When we compare a superlative to the rest we use the prepositions in (a class or place) or of (a group): > He's the cleverest boy in the class. OR: He's the cleverest of the students. + Superlatives with the /east are not used very frequently: —* it's the least interesting film of all. good/well better the best, Who is the best singer of the year? bad/badly worse the worst That's the worst book I've ever read. far farther /further the farthest/ J don't want to go any further than this. the furthest Is Sydney the farthest city you've been to? 1 381 Complete the sentences with the correct comparative of the adjectives or adverbs from the box. Use than when necessary. busy bad early far fluently heavy hard interesting popular softly well wide 1 Lead is silver. 9 I liked ‘It’ but | found ‘Dolores Claiborne’ 2 Rivers are creeks. 3 He used to be lazy, but he works now. 10 Jeans have been any other type of 4 Lusually get up at 7, but tomorrow I'll get clothes for over 50 years. up_. Tl Can you speak __? The children are 5 Which one is ‘Australia or Japan? sleeping. 6 We speak English Spanish. 12 I'm sure my grandmother can cook 7 Unfortunately, 'm at Science __ her. any chef that cooks weird dishes on TV. 8 Sheila's she used to be as a student. Build the sentences with the comparative or the superlative form. Tokyo / crowded city / world? In May /the climate / dry / in November. Who / young: you / your brother? Mona Lisa / popular painting / by Leonardo da Vinci. It exciting trip /1/ ever / have. Cindy / pretty J the other girls in the class. Monday / bad day week. Which / hard subject / school? eyaneaune 4°} Listen to Grace and her mother Meg talking about what life used to be like in the past. Are these sentences right (V) or wrong (X)? Correct the wrong ones. 1 When Meg was 16 it wasn't as easy to get 6 Meg's generation of teens felt miserable in touch with people as it is now. [_] Teenagers used to be freer than now and they could see their friends more often. [7] Today's teens don't do as much sport as they did in the past. 7] Grace thinks that being a teenager now is better than in the past. [) ‘When Meg was 16 she didn’t realise that those years were the best period in her life.) because they had less pocket money so they didn't feel independent. ["] Meg wasn’t always so interested in what she studied at school. [] Unlike her classmates, Grace already knows what she's going to do when she leaves school. [—] Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets. You must use between 2 and § words. 1 There didn’t use to be as many cars as now. (than) There used now. 2 Gwen didn't do the exercise as fast as me. (quickly) I did Gwen. 3 My room is noisier than yours. (not) Your room is mine. 4 My dog eats more than my cat. (as) My cat doesn't eat___ my dog. 5 He's one of the friendliest people I've met. (few) There are as him. 6 Randy's the shyest of my friends. (shy) None of my friends Randy. 39 () seanepadns pue soanexedwoy pr JINNUNIT Br Comparatives and superlatives (2) MODIFIERS OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES + We use intensifiers or mitigators to emphasise or reduce the difference expressed by comparatives and superlatives. + alot, a great deal, much, far are used to intensify the comparative. I'm much taller than my sister. We had a great deal more money after we sold our car. Ihave far less free time now that I work. + faris preferable when followed by ‘less, fewer’ ora plural noun. Much is not used with plural nouns: Thave much more luggage than when I left. (not: | have much more suitcases...) There are far fewer people at the stadium today. + even is also used to underline the different degree expressed by the comparative. The secondo Hunger Games film is even better than the first + by aris used to emphasise the difference expressed by a superlative: That was by far the best holiday I'd ever had. + slightly, a little, a bit are used to reduce the difference expressed by the comparative: We'll start a bit later than usual, ok? Ihave a little more patience than | used to. He's feeling slightly better than yesterday. + not nearly as is used to intensify a difference expressed by the comparative of equality: I'm not nearly as clever as you. (= You are much more clever than me) + just is used to emphasise similarity before as or like and means ‘exactly like’: 1 think men talk just as much as women. (exactly like) I'd like to buy a bigger bag, just like the one I saw in the magazine. + nearly or almost are used to show that the qualities are similar but not the same: 'm almost as tall as my dad now. (or: I'm nearly as tall as my dad now) MORE AND MORE... | LESS AND LESS... + When the comparative is repeated twice it means that the difference expressed by the ‘comparative is increasing: I'm more and more interested in oriental art. (= I'm increasingly interested in it) Ir was late June and days were getting longer and longer. Today's overprotective parents are making their kids less and less capable of facing problems. As winter approached there were fewer and fewer flowers in the garden. THE + COMPARATIVE... THE + COMPARATIVE * This structure is used when two changes are closely connected by a cause-effect relationship. ‘The change may be parallel or inversely related: The more you learn, the wiser you get. (parallel improvement) The less I work, the less satisfied 1 feel. (parallel decrease) The less I sleep, the more irritable I feel. (inverse relationship) + The verbs in this structure are often omitted if they can be understood by the context : The more slowly you drive, the fewer the chances of an accident. I'm going to invite as many friends as possible. The more, the better. M401 Underline the correct alternative in these sentences. Mt. Everest is far / slightly higher than Mont Blanc. German is not just / nearly as popular as English. I think we'd better leave a bit earlier / more early. He's got a lot of sweets and I want just / not nearly as many! The less / fewer homework, the more time we have for playing computer games. 10 Gold is a great deal / slightly more expensive than iron. There are much less / far fewer people than there were last Saturday. I haven't got nearly as many / far much problems as you. Can we meet a bit /a lot later? | may hit the traffic on the way there. The size of smartphones is getting larger and larger / more and more large. 2 Are these sentences right (/) or wrong (X)? Correct the wrong ones. muaneuwna The less you eat the more you'll get weak. (J He's a great deal far better than me at Science. (© There are nearly as many people as in Chicago. [The sooner we leave the earliest we'll get there. 1 He was by far the best genius of the world. 2 You must run more farther if you want to slim down. i He's just as much shy as his brother. [The less you train the worst you feel 3 4} Listen and complete the sentences you hear with the missing parts. I've been my operation. You you used to. This is place in the world. The we'll get fit. | really love tigers, but in future, 6 7 8 9 10 It's think it is. ! where he is. her daughter left for California. your skin will look. | tried putting some ___, so had to throw it away. 4 (FE complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets. You must use between 2 and 5 words. 1 eyvHaHnaun Josh and | are exactly the same height. (just) You become wiser with age. (are) He isn’t nearly as good as his sister. (much) The price of petrol is increasing. (and) They were a lot younger than me. (oldest) Tracy is almost as talkative as Lisa (more) Health is a lot more important than money. (nearly) The number of blue whales is decreasing. (fewer) Josh is me. The wiser you get. He's his sister. Petrol is getting . Iwas all, Lisa's a Tracy. Money i health. There are whales. 4 (@) seapepadns pue saaperedwoy $f JINN@ seanepadns pue saanexedwop $f JIN 5 Look at the information on these box office hits and complete the sentences with a suitable modifier choosing between almost, by far, far, much, nearly, slightly. The modifiers can be used more than once. Film title Director Budget Running time 2001: A Space Odyssey Stanley Kubrick About $ 10,500,000 160" The Shawshank Redemption Frank Darabont $25,000,000 142! The Big Lebowski Ethan & Joel Coen $15,000,000 uw Spiderman 3 Sam Raimi $ 258,000,000 139" Interstellar Christopher Nolan $165,000,000 169" ‘2001’ by Stanley Kubrick is (1) __ the oldest of these films, and it was also (2)___ cheaper to make than the others. Spiderman 3 is (3)____as long as The Shawshank Redemption, but neither of them is (4)__as long as Interstellar. The budget needed to make The Big Lebowski was (5) __ bigger than to the money spent on 2001, we compare these two films to Spiderman, which is (6) ___ the most expensive of all. The Big Lebowski runs (7) fewer minutes than all the other films. Kubrick's 2001 is (8) shorter than Interstellar. 6 Read the following extract from an article on herbal treatments of a common skin condition. For questions 116, type the word which best fits in each space. Use only one word in each space. Psoriasis is one of (0) the most widespread autoimmune conditions, in (1) skin cells build up much (2) quickly than usual on elbows, knees and other parts of the body. In western medicine, treatment is generally based (3) the severity of the disease: the worse (4) psoriasis, (5) stronger the drug. In herbal medicine, however, the severity is one factor, but broader details about each individual are © more important. Herbalists look (7) the whole health picture, focusing on details such (8) the areas of the body that are affected, the age and lifestyle of the patient, This analysis helps determine (9) Chinese medicine calls ‘patterns of imbalance’: treatment specifically targets each of (10 ) patterns and usually has fewer side effects (11) western medicine. There may be digestive discomfort or headaches, but even these mild symptoms don't usually last too long. That said, ‘herbal’ and ‘natural’ don’t always (12) 2 treatment safe. Anything strong enough to heal you can also harm you (13) taken incorrectly. Make sure your herbalist has experience treating psoriasis, and that they're committed to using Chinese herbs from a reputable pharmacy. ‘Ask about whether the herbs have (14) tested not only for quality, but also for pesticide residues. Herb quality is (15) far the most important factor and it’s worth paying close attention tot Remember that many herbalists - as well (16) naturopaths, homeopaths, and even western doctors - are not experienced in treating the skin. 42Listen to a candidate describing the two pictures below and choose A, B or C to answer the questions. 1 The picture on the right AC] may have been taken in a Chinese city B [| shows a museum in Hong Kong. CC] depicts a building in Beijing. 2. Asian countries A have always been financially relevant in the world. B [] have been attracting tourists since they started playing a major role in International business. C C1 are regarded as fascinating places even in school textbooks. 3. The boy thinks that European travellers AL usually choose the countries according to their budget. B [| might appreciate both destinations C [1 are often attracted to the unknown. 4 The boy concludes by saying that A (1 European travellers usually prefer travelling around western countries. B [1] he would be far less interested in a western destination. C C1 if you choose an Asian country, you have probably travelled a lot more than the average tourist. 8 GE Read the article on the ice-albedo feedback. 4 sentences have been removed from the text: choose from sentences A-E which one fits each gap. There is one extra sentence which is not needed. The term ‘albedo’ comes from the Latin word for ‘whiteness’ and it refers to the reflecting power of a surface, which increases according to its brightness. (1) [1] For this reason ice caps, glaciers and sea ice have stronger albedo. Tece-alhedo feedback is a climate process where a change in an ice-covered area alters the reflecting power of a surface, reinforcing the initial alteration as follows. On the one hand, cooling tends to increase ice~ covered surfaces and hence the albedo, reducing the amount of solar energy absorbed. (2) [_]; on the other hand, warming decreases ice cover and, consequently, its reflecting power. This process increases the amount of solar energy absorbed. (3) [| Finally, the effect also applies on the small scale to snow-covered surfaces. A small amount of snow that melts down exposes darker ground which absorbs more radiation, iieceera een ty all The less solar energy is absorbed, the colder and brighter the surface will get. The colder the temperature, the darker the ground. Therefore, the whiter the surface, the stronger its reflecting power. The more solar energy is absorbed the less snow there is because of heat. This means that the less the ice cover, the stronger the warming of the area. monw> 43 (@) seapepadns pue saaperedwoy $f JINNUNIT BG So and such; How...; What a...; quite a... for emphasis + So and such are both used to mean ‘very’ or ‘really’ and to emphasise a quality or a thing in general: He's so lazy! Or He’s such a lazy boy! + They are also used to mean ‘like that? or ‘like thi I’ve never heard such a great pianist play Rachmaninoff’s Second Concerto. + How... and What...! are used for exclamatory sentences to show surprise: Mary didn’t invite us to her party. How rude! What lovely weather! Let’s go for a walk. + Sois an adverb and it is used followed by an + Such is a determiner and it is followed by a adjective or an adverb: noun or an (adverb) adjective + noun: J was so tired that | fell asleep during the film. They are such liars: nothing they say is true. Why are you driving so fast, Claire? It was such an incredibly unusual day! + Itis used before much, many, little, few to + Itis used before a lot emphasise the quantity: There were such a lot of people that we There were so many people that we couldn't couldn't see the chairs. see the chairs. + Itis used before a long time and a long way + Itis used before long and far to emphasise to emphasise length of time or distance: length of time or distance: Why do we have to wait such a long time? Why do we have to wait so long? It's such a long way that we can only get there It’s so far that we can only get there by plane. _by plane. + How is usually followed by an adjective or an + Whats followed by a noun or an adjective + adverb, or by subject + verb noun: How you've grown, Emma! How tall you are! What a boring film! Let's watch another one. + When an adverb like rather (alan*) or quite (a/an*) is followed by adjective + noun, to emphasise the degree of the quality expressed by the adjective, the article a/an usually comes after them: Thad quite an unusual holiday last year. (but: My holiday was quite unusual) * Quite and rather can also be followed by a noun: Popping bubble wrap is great fun but it’s rather a waste of time. We made quite an effort, but it wasn't enough + Alan is only used before a singular countable, not with a plural noun or an uncountable What beautiful eyes you have! (with plural noun) We had such bad weather that our tomatoes are all still green. (with uncountable noun) 1. Match the sentences (1-6) to the suitable idioms (a+). 1 LJ We've been travelling for 13 hours now. a What a drag! 2 [1] I can't help yawning when | read this book. b What a pity! 3 LJ Oh, no! The dishwasher’s broken down. —_c It's such a bore! 4 [1] Hove salad, and if its organic salad, dso much so | wonder what teens did in the past. 5 (J Computer games opened a new world, so much the better. 6 [1] We lost the match by one goal. f So far, so good.