CALCULATING DATA STORAGE

While a bit is the smallest representation of data, the most basic unit of digital storage is the byte. A
byte is 8 bits and is the smallest unit of measure (UOM) used to represent data storage capacity.

When referring to storage space, we use the terms bytes (B), kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB),
gigabytes (GB), and terabytes (TB). One kilobyte is a little more than one thousand bytes, specifically
1,024. A megabyte represents more than a million bytes or 1,048,576. A gigabyte is 1,073,741,824
bytes. A terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776. The exact number is gained by taking 2^n power.

Kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes are typically used to measure the size or storage
capacity of a device. Examples of components and devices that use byte storage include: random
access memory (RAM), hard disk drive space, CDs, DVDs, and MP3 players.

CDs have a data storage capacity of approximately 700 MB. DVDs have a data storage capacity of
approximately 4.3 GB on a single-layer disc, and approximately 8.5 GB on a dual-layer disc. BDs have
a storage capacity of 25 GB on a single-layer disc, and 50 GB on a dual-layer disc.

Once we know the size of a file or folder, it is possible to determine the number of bytes being used.
For example:

A file is 20 KB in size

1 KB = 1,024 Bytes

20 * 1,024 = 20,480 bytes in a 20 KB file

If a 20 KB file is stored in a 1 MB folder (1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes of space); then approximately a total

of 51 files can be stored in that folder (1,048,576 / 20,480 = 51.2).

Answer the following:

Direction: Convert the decimal numbers shown below to binary. Perform checking to verify answers.

1) 19

2) 28

3) 37

Direction: Solve the problems indicated below. Show your solution.

1. How many 60 KB jpg files can be stored on a 2 MB folder in your hard drive?
2. How many 5 MB mp3 files can be stored on a 1 GB flash drive?
3. How many 750 MB avi files can be stored on a 4.3 GB DVD-R?
What Do You Already Know?
Pretest LO 1
A. Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer on
a separate sheet of paper.
Column A Column B
1. It is represented by a rectangle.It refers to an action in a business process. a. Decision
2. It is represented by a diamond. A process that can answer a decision of "yes" b. Process
or "no" requires a decision box. c. Arrow line
3. It is represented by a small circle or a connector box and is labeled using d. Connector
letters. e. Sub-process
4. Drawn in one direction, preferably from top to bottom to keep a flowchart
clear.
5. A process is represented by a rectangle with double lines on each side.

Flowchart
A flowchart is a diagram that uses graphic symbols to depict the nature and flow of the steps in a
process. Another name for this tool is "flow diagram."
What Are the Elements of a Flowchart?
A flowchart is commonly used by systems analysts to visualize the series of processes in a business
system. A flowchart is a useful tool to design an efficient business system and to troubleshoot or
improve an existing system. A flowchart consists of elements, such as the terminator, process, sub
process, decision, arrow lines, and connectors.
1. Terminator
A terminator is represented by a small rectangle with curved corners. A terminator appears at the
start and at the end of a flowchart. The end terminator appears only once on a single flowchart.
2. Process
A process is represented by a rectangle. It refers to an action in a business process. It must be
described clearly and concisely. A process can be described using a single verbnoun phrase; for
example, "Order Office Supplies." The same level of detail must be kept in processes on a single
flowchart.
3. Sub-process
A sub-process is represented by a rectangle with double lines on each side. A sub- process is a
major process that could be broken up into simpler processes developed into another flowchart.
4. Decision
A decision is represented by a diamond. A process that can answer a decision of "yes" or "no"
requires a decision box.
5. Connector
A connector is represented by a small circle or a connector box and is labeled using letters. A
flowchart written on a single page is clearer than a flowchart on several pages. A connector
ensures that the processes are connected logically and correctly on several pages.
6. Arrow Lines
Arrow lines drawn in one direction, preferably from top to bottom, keep a flowchart clear. Avoid
arrow lines that loop because this could indicate redundancy in the business process.
When should teams use flowcharts?
At the beginning of your process improvement efforts, an as-is flowchart helps your team and
others involved in the process to understand how it currently works. The team may find it helpful
to compare this as-is flowchart with a diagram of the way the process is supposed to work. Later,
the team will develop a flowchart of the modified process again, to record how it actually
functions. At some point, your team may want to create an ideal flowchart to show how you
would ultimately like the process to be performed.
Benefits of Using Flowcharts
1. Promote understanding of a process.
2. Provide a tool for training employees.
3. Identify problem areas and opportunities for process improvement.
Basic Flowchart Symbols
The symbols that are commonly used in flowcharts (Viewgraph 3) have specific meanings and are
connected by arrows indicating the flow from one step to another:
1. Oval. Ovals indicate both the starting point and the ending point of the process steps.

2. Box. A box represents an individual step or activity in the process.

3. Diamond. A diamond shows a decision point, such as yes/no or go/no-go. Each path emerging
from the diamond must be labeled with one of the possible answers.
4. Circle. A circle indicates that a particular step is connected to another page or part of the
Flowchart. A letter placed in the circle clarifies the continuation.

5. Triangle. A triangle shows where an in-process measurement occurs.

How Much Have You Learned?

A. Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer on
a separate sheet of paper.
Column A Column B
1. Indicates that a particular step is connected to another a.
page or part of the flowchart
2. Shows a decision point, such as yes/no or go/nogo.
3. Indicates both the starting point and the ending point of
the process steps
4. Shows where an in-process measurement occurs b.
5. Represents an individual step or activity in the process

C.

D.

E.