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ICTS IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 394 (2019) 012010 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/394/1/012010

Vegetation Structure and Composition on Rafflesia

zollingeriana Habitat in Meru Betiri National Park

D Maulidiyan*, E N Ariansyah, S Zubaidah, E Widiastuti, H S Bekti, A D

Larasati1, R Sari, A Trijunianto, S Aziz, E Diany, K G Lestari, J Q D Muyasara,
Nurbayadi, W Kurnianto, L Hakim, I Hilwan
Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural
University), Bogor 16680, Indonesia
*
Corresponding email: [email protected]

Abstract. Meru Betiri National Park (TNMB) has five forest formation, e.g. coastal forest,
mangrove forest, swamp forest, rheophyte, and lowland rain forest. The study aims to analyze
vegetation structure and composition on Rafflesia zollingeriana habitat and to map the
distribution of trees in TNMB. Vegetation data, diameter at breast height, and canopy height
obtained by using line-transect method and analyzed using vegetation analysis. The sampling
method used purposive sampling. TNMB had 64 trees species with 1,366 seedlings and
saplings, 257 poles, and 183 trees. Pancal kidang (Aglaia variegata) had the highest Important
Value Index (IVI) amounting to 32.46%. The result showed that the community similarity
index (IS) in two sample plots was 86.86%. Tetrastigma spp. is a liana as a host of Rafflesia
zollingeriana, and only found pancal kidang, besuleh, welangan, magnolia flower, laban, and
rauh trees.

1. Introduction
Meru Betiri National Park (TNMB) is a national park in Java Island that has five forest formations,
e.g. coastal forest, mangrove forest, swamp forest, rheophyte, and lowland rain forest. TNMB
designated as one of the world heritage and habitat for the conservation of flora and fauna [1]. Most of
the area is a lowland rain forest and has a variety of flora as many as 518 species, 15 of which are
protected species of flora.
Rafflesia zollingeriana Koord. is one of the protected flora species found in TNMB that also
become an endemic flora of Java island. Belongs to Rafflesiaceae family, R. zollingeriana is a
holoparasitic plant that depends entirely on other plants for food needs. This plant does not have a
grain of chlorophyll but has a suction or Haustoria roots, and its host is a liana plant of the genus
Tetrastigma [2]. Koorders initially discovered R. zollingeriana in Puger, Jember, in 1895 and on the
south coast of Banyuwangi in 1918 [3]. This species grows in dry lowland forest at an altitude of 1-
270 m above sea level. Recently R. zollingeriana population threatened due to the utilization of its
flower buds as a medicine.
R. zollingeriana, which is a holoparasitic plant, much depends on host plants of Tetrastigma. The
study of the existence of Tetrastigma can be done by analyzing its structure and composition to
provide information enabling the environment for the growth of Tetrastigma and R. zollingeriana.
Measurements of the structure and composition stands are useful to understand the distribution of
plant species in the TNMB, particularly those that are protected. This study aimed to analyze the
structure and composition of vegetation on the habitat of R. zollingeriana at TNMB.
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
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ICTS IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 394 (2019) 012010 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/394/1/012010

2. Method
Number of Tetrastigma wrapped around the tree and vegetation data (name and number of species,
diameter at breast height, and canopy height) collected in two sample plots (SP) of 100 m x 100 m.
Each SP consists of 25 plots of 20 m x 20 m to observe tree level and 10 m x 10 m for pole level
(Figure 1). The sampling technique used is purposive sampling based on the presence of R.
zollingeriana.

Figure 1. Samples plot of vegetation analysis at the level of the pole and tree.

Where:
A = Subplot for the seedling stage (2 m x 2 m)
B = Subplot for saplings (5 m x 5 m)
C = Subplot for poles (10 m x 10 m)
D = Subplot for trees (20 m x 20 m)

The Importance Value Index (IVI) and Index of Similarity (IS) were analyzed using the below
equations [4]. Importance Value Index (IVI) aims to analyze the dominance of species in a particular
community by adding relative density, relative frequency, and relative dominance. The similarity
index (IS) used to examine the similarity of vegetation at different sample plots.

Number of species
Density =
Total area sampled
Density of a species
Relative density = × 100
Total density of all species
Area of plots is wich a species occurs
Frequency =
Total area sampled
Frequency of a species
Relative frequency = × 100
Total frequency of all species
Total basal area of a species
Dominance =
Total area sampled
Dominance of a species
Relative dominance = × 100
Total dominance of all species
IVI = Relative density + Relative frequency + Relative dominance (poles and trees)
IVI = Relative density + Relative frequency (seedlings and saplings)

2W
IS = × 100 %
a+b
Where:
W: Lowest number of individuals of the same species in the stands that compared
a: The total number of individuals in the sample plot 1

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ICTS IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 394 (2019) 012010 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/394/1/012010

b: The total number of individuals in the sample plot 2

3. Result and discussion

3.1 The Composition of The Species and Structure of Stands
Vegetation analysis clearly showed reverse J curve for the growth structure in TNMB (Figure 2). A
total of 64 species found with 1,366 individuals at the regeneration levels (seedling and sapling), 257
individuals of the pole, and 183 individuals of the tree.

1500
Density (N/Ha)

1000

500

0
Seedling and sapling Pole Tree

Growth Level
Figure 2. The number of individual plants on each level of growth.

Reverse J curve may reflect the curve of vegetation average growth in natural forests. The curve
showed that forest in the sample plots still in stable condition and has not disrupted yet. The poles and
trees are dominant if the IVI greater than 15% [5].
Based on 64 species IVI calculation, pancal kidang species (Aglaia variegata) has the highest IVI
among all the species found (Tables 1 and 2). Dominant species has well adaptation toward
environment factors than other species in the same location. The species that have a higher IVI will be
more stable in terms of the resilience of species and growth. Pancal kidang would be adapted to its
environment so that the existence of this species tend to be stable in the observation plots. Besides, the
highest IVI of seedlings, saplings, and poles also belongs to pancal kidang species [7].

Table 1. Tree species with the highest Table 2. Tree species with the highest
IVI in SP-1 IVI in SP-2.
IVI IVI
Species of plants Species of plants
(%) (%)
Aglaia variegata 32.46 Aglaia variegata 53.90
Artocarpus elasticus 21.48 Ficus spp. 27.59
Tetrameles nudiflora 15.36 Pterospermum diversifolium 21.02
Kasapan 15.05 Vitex pubescens 17.52
Vitex pubescens 14.46 Berasan 15.41
Pometia tomentosa 14.40 Xanthophyllum vitellinum 15.23
Parkia roxburghii 13.73 Pometia tomentosa 11.22
Pterospermum diversifolium 13.17 Chydenanthus excelsus 10.47
Sandoricum koetjape 12.01 Bischofia javanica 10.03

We found the canopy stratification that fills the ecosystem are trees with stratum B, C, and D. A
27-meters Laban (Vitex pubescens) categorize as Stratum B, which is the highest stratum with a height

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ICTS IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 394 (2019) 012010 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/394/1/012010

ranging from 20-30 m. Stratum C consists of a tree with a height of about 4-20 meters filled with
Pancal Kidang tree (Aglaia variegata), Sapan, Walnuts Forest, Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape),
Luwingan (Ficus hispida), Talesan Kuning, Burahol (Stelechocarpus burahol), Kasapan, and
Welangan (Pterospermum diversifolium). Stratum D as a whole dominated by a small tree species
Jejerukan of Rutaceae family. Figure 3 illustrate the vertical structure of vegetation in TNMB.

Figure 3. Canopy stratification at sub-plots 12, 13, and 14 of SP-1

The vertical structure that filled by stratum B showed that dominant species populate the ecosystem
were medium-sized trees species. The success of a particular species of tree stratum growth highly
depends on climate factors and the environment in which it grows. The microclimate environment
influenced by the availability of nutrients, organic, and inorganic materials. Soil plays an important
role as the creator of certain physical conditions such as humidity, water content, and nutrients that, in
turn, will determine the quality of habitat. The success of the tree stratum growth related to the
regenerated seedlings (seedling and sapling) growing into a tree [8]. Topography in TNMB that hilly,
undulating and mountainous also affect the stratification of trees and poles species.
The horizontal structure of vegetation described by the diameter class of each individual. The
decrease in the number of individuals with increasing diameter classes (Figure 4) showed that the
regeneration in the ecosystem was going normally.

3.2 Similarity and Dissimilarity Vegetation Index

The community similarity index (IS) on two sample plots was 86.86% while the index of dissimilarity
of 13.13%. The value of the similarity index is more than 75% of both plots showed that species
communities that populate the ecosystem in each sample plots were relatively the same. The
difference in the species community on both of the sample plots may occur due to differences in the
elevation of sample plots used, which will provide the different physiognomy of vegetation
community constituent. These conditions cause the emergence of new species, indicate the start of a
change in environmental conditions. The number of species and number of individuals found in SP-2
is higher than SP-1.

3.3 Rafflesia zollingeriana Habitat Tendency at The Site Level

The study found some spread points for R. zollingeriana habitat. R. zollingeriana is one of the
Rafflesia species spread in Java that growing in dry lowland forest at an altitude of 1-270 meters asl
[9]. Decreasing of R. zollingeriana existence, causing this species to be an endemic plant species in

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ICTS IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 394 (2019) 012010 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/394/1/012010

TNMB [3]. The results showed that the habitat of R. zollingeriana found at a relatively tends rocky
oblique tread where Tetrastigma sp, its host, forming buttresses at the roots.

300

250

200
Density (N/ha)

150

100

50

0
A B C D E F G H I J K

Diameter class (cm)

Note: DC (Diameter class): A: 10 cm - <20 cm; B: 20 cm - <30 cm; C: 30 cm - <40 cm;

D: 40 cm - <50 cm; E: 50 cm - <60 cm; F: 60 cm - <70; G: 70 cm - <80 cm; H: 80
cm - <90 cm; I: 90 cm - <100 cm; A: 100 cm - <110 cm; K: > 110 cm

Figure 4. Distribution of the horizontal structure of vegetation by diameter

class.

3.4 Distribution of Tetrastigma sp.

Rafflesia exists near Tetrastigma sp. as its primary host. Tetrastigma sp. a liana species of the family
Vitaceae. Tetrastigma sp. rod is large, soft, and very porous, indicates the large of water content in the
trunk. The content of water and nutrients in the Tetrastigma trunk is a source of nutrients for Rafflesia.
Tetrastigma species found in TNMB are Tetrastigma papillorium and T. lanceolarium. These findings
are the same with the results of research conducted by Lestari et al. [3] who found Tetrastigma
papillorium and T. lanceolarium as a host of R. zollingerina.
Tetrastigma lanceolarium is a liana found in the secondary forests, primary forest edges, riparian,
upland forests, and lowland forests [11], while T. papillorium is a liana that can be found from 50-
2000 m asl. Their habitat is at an open area of lowland to the mountain forest. This species can easily
found in the riverside or habitat that has high humidity [10]. Thus, Rafflesia found on rocky slopes
also be the habitat of Tetrastigma sp. In this case, Tetrastigma sp. found in dry areas on the edge of the
primary forest.

3.5 The Influence of Vegetation Structure and Composition to the Spread of Tetrastigma sp.
Tetrastigma sp. is a liana that is intolerant and thus requires trees to propagate and reach the canopy to
meet its needs for sunlight. In addition to requiring large-diameter trees, Tetrastigma sp. also needs
small-diameter trees for the foundation of the vine [13], while plants that are becoming intermediaries
to connect with the host tree is herbaceous plant [10]. Therefore, the structure and composition of
vegetation affect the spread of Tetrastigma sp. Trees used by Tetrastigma to propagate on the sample
plots described in Table 3.

Table 3. The tree used by Tetrastigma sp. to propagate at the sample plot

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ICTS IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 394 (2019) 012010 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/394/1/012010

Vegetation types Number of individuals On average class diameter (cm)

Aglaia variegate 14 10-40
Chydenanthus excelsus 2 60-70
Pterospermum diversifolium 2 30-40
Michelia champaca 2 20-30
Vitex pubescens 2 30-40
Dracontomelon mangiferum 2 30-40

There were 24 distribution points of Tetrastigma sp at the sample plots. Tetrastigma sp. requires
propagation of trees with more giant diameter trees and tree height of more than 10 m, while for the
pedestal propagation, Tetrastigma sp. requires small-diameter trees or shrubs plant [10]. The average
diameter of the tree being propagation tree is 30-40 cm, with trees height over 10 m. The dominant
propagation tree is Pancal kidang (Aglaia variegata). There is no particular type of propagation tree
for Tetrastigma sp. [10]. This study showed that the propagation tree for Tetrastigma sp. was trees
with higher IVI. In general, propagation trees need much light for their growth.
Pancal kidang (Aglaia variegata) is a pioneer species lived in lowland forests and mixed
dipterocarp forest [14], spread well at altitude 50-100 m asl. Other species, such as Welangan
(Pterospermum diversifolium) and Besuleh (Chydenanthus excelsus), are another intolerant pioneer
tree species found at the study site.

4. Conclusion
Rafflesia zollingeriana habitat stands have complete stratum (stratum A to E). Bandealit Resort has 64
number of trees species with a number of individuals is 1,366 individuals of seedlings and saplings,
257 individuals of poles, and 183 individuals of trees. Pancal kidang (Aglaia variegata) is species that
has the highest IVI among all the species found, amounting to 32.46%. The result of the community
similarity index (IS) in two sample plots is 86.86%. The host of Rafflesia zollingeriana (Tetrastigma
sp.) found creeping on tree species Pancal kidang (Aglaia variegata), Laban (Vitex pubescens),
Besuleh (Chydenanthus excelsus), Magnolia flower (Michelia champaca), Welangan (Pterospermum
diversifolium), and Rauh (Dracontomelon mangiferum) that have a relatively large diameter.
Tetrastigma require tall trees more than 10 meters and diameter at breast height relatively large to
support life. Rafflesia zollingeriana in Bandealit Resort always found in the land that relatively
oblique and tends to rocky hill.

Acknowledgments
We would like to express our gratitude to all those who gave us the possibility to complete this paper.
Firstly to the whole team of Tree Species Group 2018 for helping to complete this research, both in
data collection and data processing, so that this paper can be completed. Secondly, we would like to
forward our gratitude to Dr Ir Iwan Hilwan, MS as lecturer and Tree Species Group 2018 supervisor
who always helped us in completing this paper in all forms of assistance which is always given.

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ICTS IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 394 (2019) 012010 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/394/1/012010

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