Firearm

A firearm is any type ofgun that uses an explosive

charge and is designed to be readily carried and used
by an individual.[1][2][3] The term is legally defined
further in different countries (seeLegal definitions).

The first firearms originated in 10th-century China,

when bamboo tubes containing gunpowder and
pellet projectiles were mounted on spears to make
portable
the fire lance,[4] operable by a single person,
which was later used effectively as a shock weapon in The M16 rifle and the AK-47, two common firearms
with significant influences on firearm design

the siege of De'an in 1132. In the 13th century, fire lance barrels were replaced with metal tubes and
[5]
transformed into the metal-barreled hand cannon. The technology gradually spread throughout
Eurasia during the 14th century. Older firearms typically used black powder as a propellant, but modern
firearms use smokeless powder or other propellants. Most modern firearms (with the notable exception
of smoothbore shotguns) have rifled barrels to impart spin to the projectile for improved flight stability.

Modern firearms can be described by their caliber (i.e. bore diameter). For pistols and rifles this is given
in millimeters or inches (e.g. 7.62mm or .308 in.), or in the case of shotguns by their gauge (e.g. 12 ga.
and 20 ga.). They are also described by the type of action employed (e.g. muzzleloader, breechloader,
lever, bolt, pump, revolver, semi-automatic, fully automatic, etc.), together with the usual means of
deportment (i.e. hand-held or mechanical mounting). Further classification may make reference to the
type of barrel used (i.e. rifled) and to the barrel length (e.g. 24 inches), to the firing mechanism (e.g.
matchlock, wheellock, flintlock, or percussion lock), to the design's primary intended use (e.g. hunting
rifle), or to the commonly accepted name for a particular variation (e.g. Gatling gun).

Shooters aim firearms at their targets with hand-eye coordination, using either iron sights or optical
sights. The accurate range of pistols generally does not exceed 100 metres (110 yd; 330 ft), while most
rifles are accurate to 500 metres (550 yd; 1,600 ft) using iron sights, or to longer ranges whilst using
optical sights. (Firearm rounds may be dangerous or lethal well beyond their accurate range; the
minimum distance for safety is much greater than the specified range for accuracy). Purpose-built sniper
rifles and anti-materiel rifles are accurate to ranges of more than 2,000 metres (2,200 yd).

Types

A firearm is a barreled ranged weapon that inflicts damage on targets by launching one or more
projectiles driven by rapidly expanding high-pressure gas produced by exothermic combustion
[1][2][3]
(deflagration) of a chemical propellant, historically black powder, now smokeless powder.

In the military, firearms are categorized into heavy and light weapons regarding their portability by
infantry. Light firearms are those that can be readily carried by individual foot soldier, though they might
still require more than one individual (crew-served) to achieve optimal operational capacity. Heavy
firearms are those that are too large and heavy to be transported on foot, or too unstable against recoil,
and thus require the support of a weapons platform (e.g. a fixed mount, wheeled carriage, vehicle,
aircraft or water vessel) to be tactically mobile or useful.

The subset of light firearms that only use kinetic projectiles and are compact enough to be operated to
full capacity by a single infantryman (individual-served) are also referred to as small arms. Such firearms
include handguns such as pistols, revolvers, and derringers; and long guns such as rifles (and their
[6]
subtypes), shotguns, submachine guns, and machine guns.

Among the world's arms manufacturers, the top firearms manufacturers are Browning, Remington, Colt,
Ruger, Smith & Wesson, Savage, Mossberg (United States), Heckler & Koch, SIG Sauer, Walther
(Germany), ČZUB (Czech Republic), Glock, Steyr Arms (Austria), FN Herstal (Belgium), Beretta (Italy),
Norinco (China), Rostec, and Kalashnikov (Russia). Former top producers included the Springfield
Armory (United States), the Royal Small Arms Factory (United Kingdom), Mauser (Germany), Steyr-
Daimler-Puch (Austria), and Rock Island Armory under Armscor (Philippines).

As of 2018 the Small Arms Survey reported that there were over one billion firearms distributed globally,
[7][8]
of which 857 million (about 85 percent) were in civilian hands. U.S. civilians alone account for 393
[8]
million (about 46 percent) of the worldwide total of civilian-held firearms. This amounts to "120.5
[8]
firearms for every 100 residents". The world's armed forces control about 133 million (about 13
percent) of the global total of small arms, of which over 43 percent belong to two countries: the Russian
million).[7]
Federation (30.3 million) and China (27.5 Law enforcement agencies control about 23 million
[7]
(about 2 percent) of the global total of small arms.

Handguns
A handgun is, as defined generally and in many gun laws, a
[9][10][11][12]
firearm that can be used with a single hand. They are
the smallest of all firearms, and are common as sidearms,
concealed carry weapons, or as backup weapons for selfdefense.
Handguns can be categorized into two broad types: pistols, which have a single fixed firing chamber
machined into the rear
The Colt Single Action Army, a revolver of
the barrel, and are often loaded using magazines of varying chambered in .45 Colt capacities; revolvers,
which have a number of firing chambers or "charge holes" in a revolving cylinder, each one loaded with
a single cartridge or charge; and derringers, broadly defined as any handgun that is not a traditional
pistol nor a revolver.

There are various types of the aforementioned handguns designed for different mechanisms or
purposes, such as single-shot, manual repeating, semi-automatic, or automatic pistols; single-action,
double-action, or double-action/single-action revolvers; and small, compact handguns for concealed
carry such as pocket pistols and "Saturday night specials".

Examples of pistols include the Glock, Browning Hi-Power, M1911 pistol, Makarov pistol, Walther PP,
Luger pistol, Mauser C96, and Beretta 92. Examples of revolvers include the Colt Single Action Army,
Smith & Wesson Model 10, Colt Official Police, Colt Python, New Nambu M60, and Mateba

Autorevolver. Examples of derringers include the Remington Model

95, FP-45 Liberator, and COP .357 Derringer.

Long guns
A long gun is any firearm with a notably long barrel, typically a
length of 10 to 30 inches (250 to 760 mm) (there are restrictions
on minimum barrel length in many jurisdictions; maximum barrel
length is usually a matter of practicality). Unlike a handgun, long
guns are designed to be held and fired with both hands, while
braced against either the hip or the shoulder for better stability.
The receiver and trigger group is mounted into a stock made of
wood,

The Glock 19, a pistol chambered in

9×19mm Parabellum
Koch HK417. mm #9 birdshot and 8.4 mm
#00 (double-aught)
plastic, metal, or composite material, which has sections that form a foregrip, rear grip, and optionally
(but typically) a shoulder mount called the butt. Early long arms, from the Renaissance up to the mid-
19th century, were generally smoothbore firearms that fired one or more ball shot, called muskets or
arquebus depending on caliber and firing mechanism. Since the 19th and 20th centuries, various types
of long guns have been created for different purposes.

Rifles
A rifle is a long gun that has riflings (spiral grooves) machined into
the bore (inner) surface of its barrel, imparting a
gyroscopicallystabilizing spin to the bullets that it fires. A
descendant of the musket, rifles produce a single point of impact
with each firing with a long range and high accuracy. For this
reason, as well as for their
The Mosin–Nagant, a rifle
ubiquity, rifles are very popular among militaries as service rifles, chambered in 7.62×54mmR police
as accurate long-range alternatives to their traditional shotgun long guns, and civilians for
hunting, shooting sports, and selfdefense.

Many types of rifles exist owing to their wide adoption and versatility, ranging from mere barrel length
differences as in short-barreled rifles and carbines, to classifications per the rifle's function and purpose
as in semi-automatic rifles, automatic rifles and sniper rifles, to differences in the rifle's action as in bolt-
action, lever-action, and break-action rifles.

Examples of rifles of various types include the Henry rifle, Winchester rifle, Lee–Enfield, Gewehr 98, M1
Garand, MAS-36 rifle, AKM, Ruger 10/22, Heckler & Koch G3, Remington Model 700, and Heckler &
buckshot, and produce a
cluster of impact points with
Shotguns
considerably less range and
A shotgun is a long gun that has a predominantly smoothbore barrel — accuracy, since shot spreads
during flight. Shotguns are
also capable of firing single
solid projectiles called slugs,
or specialty
meaning it lacks rifling—designed to fire a number of shot pellets in
each discharge. These shot pellet sizes commonly range between 2 The Mossberg 500, a shotgun
chambered in 12-gauge
(often "less lethal") munitions such as bean bags or tear gas to function as a riot gun or breaching
rounds to function as a door breaching shotgun. Shotgun munitions, regardless of type, are packed into
shotgun shells (cartridges designed specifically for shotguns) that are loaded into the shotgun for use;
these shells are commonly loose and manually loaded one-by-one, though some shotguns accept
magazines.

Shotguns share many qualities with rifles, such as both being descendants of early long guns such as the
musket; both having bolt-action, lever-action, break-action, pump-action, semi-automatic, and
automatic variants; and both being popular with militaries, police, and civilians for largely the same
reasons. However, unlike rifles, shotguns are less favored in combat roles due to their low accuracy and
limited effectiveness in modern warfare, with combat shotguns often only used for breaching or close-
quarters combat and sometimes limited to underbarrel attachments such as the M26 Modular
Accessory Shotgun System. Shotguns are still popular with civilians for the suitability of their shot spread
in hunting, clay pigeon shooting, and home defense.

Double-barreled shotguns are break-action shotguns with two parallel barrels (horizontal side-by-side or
vertical over-under), allowing two single shots that can be loaded and fired in quick succession.

Examples of shotguns include the Winchester Model 1897, Browning Auto-5, Ithaca 37, Remington
Model 870, Mossberg 500, Benelli M4, Franchi SPAS-12, Atchisson AA-12, and Knight's Armament
Company Masterkey.

Carbines
How considerable the difference is between a rifle and a carbine The M1 carbine, a uniquely-designed
A carbine
varies; is a longthe
for example, gun, usuallyHeckler
standard a rifle,&that
Kochhas
G36'shad its barrel
barrel has carbine, chambered in .30 Carbine

a length of 480 mm (18.9 in), the G36K carbine variant's barrelthan

shortened from its original length or is of a certain size smaller is
standard rifles, but is still large enough to be considered
318 mm (12.5 in), and the G36C compact variant's barrel is a long gun.
as the M1 carbine, are not a variant of any existing design and are
The M4 carbine, a carbine derivative of
their own firearm model. Carbines are regardless very similar to
the M16 rifle, chambered in
rifles and often have the same actions (single-shot, lever-action, 5.56×45mm NATO
bolt-action, semi-automatic, automatic, etc.). This similarity has
228 mm (9.0 in). Some carbines are also redesigned compared to
their rifle counterparts, such as the aforementioned G36/G36K and
G36C, or the AK-74 and AKS-74U. However, some carbines, such
given carbines the alternate name of short barreled rifle (SBR), though this more accurately describes a
full-size rifle with a shortened carbine-style barrel for close-quarters use.

The small size of a carbine provides lower weight and better maneuverability, making them ideal for
closequarters combat and storage in compact areas. This makes them popular firearms among special
forces and police tactical units alongside submachine guns, considerably so since the late 1990s due to
the familiarity and better stopping power of carbines compared to submachine guns. They are also
popular with (and were originally mostly intended for) military personnel in roles that are expected to
engage in combat, but where a full-size rifle would be an impediment to the primary duties of that
soldier (logistical personnel, airborne forces, military engineers, officers, etc.), though since the turn of
the millennium these have been superseded to a degree in some roles by personal defense weapons.
Carbines are also common among civilian firearm owners who have size, space, and power concerns
similar to military and police users.

Examples of carbines include the Winchester Model 1892, Rifle No. 5 Mk I, SKS, M1 carbine, Ruger Mini-
14, M4 carbine, and Kel-Tec SUB-2000.
Assault rifles
An assault rifle is commonly defined as a selective fire rifle
chambered in an intermediate cartridge (such as 5.56×45mm NATO,
7.62×39mm, 5.45×39mm, and .300 AAC Blackout) and fed with a
[13][14][15][16][17]
detachable magazine. Assault rifles are
also usually smaller than full-sized rifles such as battle rifles. The AK-107, an assault rifle chambered in
5.45×39mm
Originating with the StG 44 produced by Nazi Germany during World War II, assault rifles have since
become extremely popular among militaries and other armed groups due to their universal versatility,
and they have made up the vast majority of standard-issue military service rifles since the mid-20th
century. Various configurations of assault rifle exist, such as the bullpup, in which the firing grip is
located in front of the breech instead of behind it.

Examples of assault rifles include the Kalashnikov rifles of Soviet and Russian origin (such as the AK-47,
AKM, and AK-74), as well as the American M4 carbine and M16 rifle.

Battle rifles
A battle rifle is commonly defined as a semi-automatic or selective
fire rifle that is larger or longer than an assault rifle and is
7.92x57mm Mauser, 7.62x54mmR). The term originated as a The FN
FAL, a battle rifle chambered retronym to differentiate older full-powered rifles of these in 7.62×51mm NATO
configurations like the M1 Garand, from newer assault rifles using intermediate cartridges like the
Heckler & Koch HK33, but it is sometimes used to describe similar modern rifles such as the FN SCAR.

Battle rifles serve similar purposes as assault rifles, as they both are usually employed by ground infantry
for essentially the same purposes. However, some prefer battle rifles for their more powerful cartridge,
despite the added recoil. Some designated marksman rifles are configured from battle rifles, such as the
Mk 14 Enhanced Battle Rifle and United States Marine Corps Designated Marksman Rifle, both
essentially heavily modified and modernized variants of the M14 rifle.

Examples of rifles considered to be battle rifles include the FG 42, Gewehr 43, FN FAL, Howa Type 64,
and Desert Tech MDR.

Sniper rifles
A sniper rifle is, per widespread definition, a high-powered variants of existing rifles that have
precision rifle, often bolt-action or semi-automatic, with an been modified to function as sniper
effective range farther than that of a standard rifle. Though rifles, such as the Type 97 sniper rifle,
any rifle in a sniper configuration (usually with a telescopic which was essentially
sight and bipod) can be considered a sniper rifle, most The Accuracy International Arctic Warfare, a
sniper rifles are purpose-built for their applications, or are sniper rifle chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO
and .308 Winchester
a standard Type 38 rifle that was modified to be lighter and
come with a telescopic sight.
Related developments are anti-materiel rifles, high-caliber rifles designed to destroy enemy materiel
such as vehicles, supplies, or hardware; anti-tank rifles, anti-materiel rifles that were designed
specifically to combat early armoured fighting vehicles, but are now largely obsolete due to advances in
vehicle armour; scout rifles, a broad class of rifles generally summed up as short, lightweight, portable
sniper rifles; and designated marksman rifles, semi-
automatic high-precision rifles, usually chambered in intermediate
The Barrett M82, an anti-materiel rifle
or full-power cartridges, that fill the range gap between sniper rifles chambered in .50 BMG and regular
rifles and are designed for designated marksmen in squads.

Examples of sniper and scout rifles include the M40 rifle, Heckler & Koch PSG1, Walther WA 2000,
Accuracy International AWM, M24 Sniper Weapon System, Steyr Scout, Sako TRG, and CheyTac
Intervention. Examples of anti-materiel and anti-tank rifles include the Mauser Tankgewehr M1918, Boys
anti-tank rifle, PTRS-41, Barrett M82, Gepárd anti-materiel rifle, and McMillan TAC-50. Examples of
designated marksman rifles include the SVD, SR-25, Dragunov SVU, Marine Scout Sniper Rifle, Mk 14
Enhanced Battle Rifle, and M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System.

Automatic rifles
An automatic rifle is a magazine-fed rifle that is capable of
automatic fire. They include most assault rifles and battle rifles, but
originated as their own category of rifles capable of automatic fire,
as opposed to the bolt-action and semi-automatic rifles commonly The AVS-36, an automatic rifle
issued to infantry at the time of their invention. They usually have chambered in 7.62×54mmR

smaller magazine capacities than machine guns; the French Chauchat had
a 20-round box magazine, while the Hotchkiss Mle
1914 machine gun, the French Army's standard machine gun at the time, was fed by a 250-round
ammunition belt.

Though automatic rifles are sometimes considered to be their own category, they are also occasionally
considered to be other types of firearms that postdated their invention, usually as light machine guns.
Automatic rifles are sometimes confused with machine guns or vice versa, or are defined as such by law;
the National Firearms Act and Firearm Owners Protection Act define a "machine gun" in United States
Code Title 26, Subtitle E, Chapter 53, Subchapter B, Part 1, § 5845 as "... any firearm which shoots ...
automatically more than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger".
"Machine gun" is therefore largely synonymous with "automatic weapon" in American civilian parlance,
covering all automatic firearms. In most jurisdictions, automatic rifles, as well as automatic firearms in
general, are prohibited from civilian purchase or are at least heavily restricted; in the U.S. for instance,
most automatic rifles are Title II weapons that require certain licenses and are greatly regulated.

Examples of automatic rifles include the Cei-Rigotti, Lewis gun, Fedorov Avtomat, and M1918 Browning
Automatic Rifle.
Machine guns
A machine gun is a fully-automatic firearm, chambered in
intermediate or full-power rifle cartridges, designed to provide
sustained automatic direct fire as opposed to the semi-automatic or
burst fire of standard rifles. They are commonly associated with
being belt-fed, though many machine guns are also fed by box,
drum, pan, or hopper magazines. They generally have a high rate of
fire and a large ammunition capacity, and are often used for
suppressive fire to support infantry advances or defend positions The M60, a general-purpose machine
from enemy assaults. Owing to their versatility and firepower, gun chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO

they are also commonly installed on military vehicles and military

aircraft, either as main or ancillary weapons. Many machine guns are individual-served and can be
operated by a single soldier, though some are crew-served weapons that require a dedicated crew of
soldiers to operate, usually between two and six soldiers depending on the machine gun's operation and
the crew members' roles (ammunition bearers, spotters, etc.).

Machine guns can be divided into three categories: light machine guns, individual-served machine guns
of an intermediate cartridge that are usually magazine-fed; medium machine guns, belt-fed machine
guns of a full-power caliber and a certain weight that can be operated by an individual but tend to work
best with a crew; and heavy machine guns, machine guns that are too large and heavy to be carried and
are thus mounted to something (like a tripod or military vehicle), and require a crew to operate. A
general-purpose machine gun combines these categories under a single flexible machine gun platform,
often one that is most suitable as a light or medium machine gun but fares well as a heavy machine gun.
A closely related concept is the squad automatic weapon, a portable light machine gun or even a
modified rifle that is designed and fielded to provide a squad with rapid direct fire.

Examples of machine guns include the Maxim gun, M2 Browning, Bren light machine gun, MG 42, PK
machine gun, FN MAG, M249 light machine gun, RPK, IWI Negev, and M134 Minigun.

Submachine guns
A submachine gun is a magazine-fed carbine chambered in a small-caliber handgun cartridge (such as
9×19mm Parabellum, .45 ACP, .22 Long Rifle, and .40 S&W). They cannot be considered machine guns
due to their small caliber, hence the prefix "sub-" to differentiate them from proper machine guns.
Submachine guns are commonly associated with high rates of fire, automatic fire capabilities, and low
recoil, though many submachine guns differentiate from this in various ways, such as having fairly low
rates of fire or including burst and semi-automatic modes available through selective fire. Most
submachine guns are the size of carbines and short-barreled rifles, and use similar configurations. Many
are designed to take as little space as possible for use in close-quarters or for easy storage in vehicles
and cases. Some

submachine guns are designed and configured similar to pistols even Submachine guns are
down to size, and are thus occasionally classed as machine pistols, considered ideal for close-
even if they are not actually a handgun (i.e. designed to require two quarters combat and are
hands to use). cheap to mass-produce.
They were very common in
military service through
much of the 20th century, but have since been superseded in most
combat roles by rifles, carbines, and personal defense weapons due to
their low effective range and poor penetration against most body
armor developed since the late 20th century. However, they remain
popular among special forces and police for their effectiveness in
close-quarters and low likelihood to overpenetrate targets.
 The Heckler & Koch MP5, a
submachine gun chambered
in 9×19mm Parabellum

Examples of submachine guns include the MP 18, MP 40, Thompson submachine gun, M3 submachine
gun, Uzi, Heckler & Koch MP5, Spectre M4, Steyr TMP, Heckler & Koch UMP, PP-2000, KRISS Vector, and
SIG MPX.

Personal defense weapons

A personal defense weapon is, in simplest terms, a submachine gun
that is designed to fire ammunition with ballistic performance that
is similar to (but not actually a type of) rifle cartridges, often called
"sub-intermediate" cartridges. In this way, it combines the high
automatic rate of fire, reliable low recoil, and lightweight compact
maneuverability of submachine guns with the
versatility, penetration, and effective range of rifles,
effectively making them an "in-between" of submachine guns and
carbines.
The Heckler & Koch MP7, a personal

Personal defense weapons were developed to provide rear and defense weapon chambered in HK
"second-line" personnel not otherwise armed with high-caliber 4.6×30mm
firearms (vehicle and weapon crews, engineers, logistical
personnel, etc.) with a method of effective self-defense against
skirmishers and
infiltrators who cannot effectively be defeated by low-powered submachine guns and handguns, often
the only firearms suitable for those personnel (while they could be issued rifles or carbines, those would
become unnecessary burdens in their normal duties, during which the likelihood of hostility is fairly rare
regardless, making their issuance questionable). Thus, per their name, personal defense weapons allow
these personnel to effectively defend themselves from enemies and repel attacks themselves or at least
until support can arrive. They are not intended for civilian self-defense due to their nature as automatic
firearms (which are usually prohibited from civilian purchase), though some semi-automatic PDWs exist
for the civilian market, albeit often with longer barrels.

Examples of personal defense weapons include the FN P90, Heckler & Koch MP7, AAC Honey Badger,
and ST Kinetics CPW.

Action
Types aside, firearms are also categorized by their "action", which
describes their loading, firing, and unloading cycle.

Manual
Manual action or manual operation is essentially any type of firearm
action that is loaded, and usually also fired, one cartridge at a time by
the user, rather than automatically. Manual action firearms can be
divided into two basic categories: single-shot firearms that can only be The semi-automatic Colt AR-15
fired once per barrel before it must be reloaded or charged via an (top) and the pump action
external mechanism or series of steps; and repeating firearms that can Remington Model 870 (bottom);
be fired multiple times per barrel, but can only be fired once with these weapons' actions are
common for their respective types.
each subsequent pull of the trigger or ignite, and the firearm's action
must be reloaded or charged via an internal mechanism between
trigger pulls.
Types of manual actions include lever action, bolt action, and pump action.

Lever action
Lever action is a repeating action that is operated by using a cocking handle (the "lever") located around
the trigger guard area (often incorporating it) that is pulled down then back up to move the bolt via
internal linkages and cock the firing pin mechanism, expelling the old cartridge and loading a new one.

Bolt action
Bolt action is a repeating (and rarely single-shot) action that is operated by directly manipulating the
bolt via a bolt handle. The bolt is unlocked from the receiver, then pulled back to open the breech,
ejecting a cartridge, and cocking the striker and engaging it against the sear; when the bolt is returned
to the forward position, a new cartridge, if loaded, is pushed out of the magazine and into the barrel
chamber, and the breech is re-locked.

Two designs of bolt action exist: rotating bolt, where the bolt must be axially rotated to unlock and lock
the receiver; and straight pull, which does not require the bolt to be rotated, simplifying the bolt action
mechanism and allowing for a greater rate of fire.

Pump action
Pump action or slide action is a repeating action that is operated by moving a sliding handguard (the
"pump") on the gun's forestock rearward (frontward on some models), ejecting any spent cartridges and
cocking the hammer or striker, then moving the handguard forward to load a new cartridge into the
[18]
chamber. It is most common on shotguns, though pump action rifles and grenade launchers also
exist.

Semi-automatic
Semi-automatic, self-loading, or autoloading is a firearm action that, after a single discharge,
automatically performs the feeding and ignition procedures necessary to prepare the firearm for a
subsequent discharge. Semi-automatic firearms only discharge once with each trigger actuation, and the
trigger must be actuated again to fire another cartridge.

Types of semi-automatic actions and modes include automatic, burst, and selective.

Automatic
Automatic is a firearm action that uses the same automated action cycling as semi-automatic, but
continues to do so for as long as the trigger is actuated, until the trigger is let go of or the firearm is
depleted of available ammunition. The excess energy released from a discharged cartridge is used to
load a new cartridge into the chamber, then igniting the propellant and discharging said new cartridge
by delivering a hammer or striker impact on the primer. Automatic firearms are further defined by the
type of cycling principles used, such as recoil operation (uses energy from the recoil to cycle the action),
blowback (uses energy from the cartridge case as it is pushed by expanding gas), blow forward (use
propellant gas pressure to open the breech), or gas operation (uses high-pressure gas from a fired
cartridge to dispose of the spent case and load a new cartridge).

Burst
Burst is a fire mode of some semi-automatic and automatic firearms that fires a predetermined amount
of rounds—usually two or three—in the same manner as automatic fire. Depending on the firearm, a
single trigger actuation may fire the full burst of rounds, or it must be depressed for the entire
discharge, with a single pull of the trigger firing a single round or an incomplete burst. Most firearms
with burst capabilities have it as a fire mode secondary to semi-automatic and automatic.

Selective fire
Selective fire or select fire is the capability of a firearm to have its fire mode adjusted between
semiautomatic, burst, or automatic. The modes are chosen by means of a fire mode selector, which
varies depending on the weapon's design. The presence of selective-fire modes on firearms allows more
efficient use of ammunition for specific tactical needs, either precision-aimed or suppressive fire.
Selective fire is most commonly found on assault rifles and submachine guns.

Use as a blunt weapon

Firearms can be used as blunt weapons, for instance to conserve limited
ammunition or when ammunition has run out entirely.

New recruits of the Israel Defense Forces undergo training on the

safe practice of using the M16 rifle as a blunt weapon, mainly so
that in close-quarter fighting, the weapon cannot be pulled away
from them. Other training includes the recruit learning how to
jab parts of the body with the muzzle and using the butt stock as
a

weapon. A United States Air Force trainee

buttstroking a target dummy with an
 unloaded M16 rifle
Forensic medicine recognizes evidence for various types of blunt- force
injuries produced by firearms. For example, "pistol-whipping" typically leaves semicircular or
[19]
triangular lacerations of skin produced by the butt of a pistol. In armed robberies, beating
the victims with firearms is a more common way to complete the robbery, rather than
[20]
shooting or stabbing them. Examples include:
[21]
Buttstroking, striking with the butt stock of a firearm.
[22]
Pistol-whipping, striking someone with a handgun.
[23]
Striking with the muzzle end of a firearm without a bayonet attached.

History
The first firearms were invented in 10th century China when the
man-portable fire lance (a bamboo or metal tube that could
shoot ignited gunpowder) was combined with projectiles such as
[4][24]
scrap metal, broken porcelain, or darts/arrows.

An early depiction of a firearm is a sculpture from a cave in Sichuan, China. The sculpture dates to the
[25]
12th century and represents a figure carrying a vase-shaped bombard, with flames and a cannonball
[26]
coming out of it. The oldest surviving gun, a Hand cannon from the Chinese Yuan hand cannon made of
bronze, has been dated to 1288 because it dynasty (1271–1368) was discovered at a site in modern-day
Acheng District, Heilongjiang, China, where the Yuan Shi records that battles were fought at that time.
[27]
The firearm had a 17.5 cm (6.9 in) barrel of a 2.5 cm (1 in) diameter, a 6.6 cm (2.6 in) chamber for
the gunpowder and a socket for the firearm's handle. It is 34 centimetres (13 in) long and 3.54 kilograms
[28]
(7.8 lb) without the handle, which would have been made of wood.

[29][30][31]
The Arabs and Mamluks had firearms in the late-13th century. Europeans obtained firearms in
[32]
the 14th century. The Koreans adopted firearms from the Chinese in the 14th century. The Iranians
(first Aq Qoyunlu and Safavids) and Indians (first Mughals) all got them no later than the 15th century,
from the Ottoman Turks. The people of the Nusantara archipelago of Southeast Asia used the long
arquebus at least by the last quarter of the 15th century.[33]: 23

Even though the knowledge of making gunpowder-based weapons

in the Nusantara archipelago had been known after the failed
Mongol invasion of Java (1293), and the predecessor of firearms,
the pole gun (bedil tombak), was recorded as being used by Java in The istinggar, a result of Indo1413,
[34][35]: 245 the knowledge of making "true" firearms came Portuguese gun-making traditions much later,
after the middle of 15th century. It was brought by the
Islamic nations of West Asia, most probably the Arabs. The precise year of introduction is unknown, but
it may be safely concluded to be no earlier than 1460. [33]: 23 Before the arrival of the Portuguese in
[36]
Southeast Asia, the natives already possessed firearms, the Java arquebus.

The technology of firearms in Southeast Asia further improved after the Portuguese capture of Malacca
[37]
(1511). Starting in the 1513, the traditions of German-Bohemian gun-making merged with Turkish
 [38]: 39–41
gunmaking traditions. This resulted in the Indo-Portuguese tradition of matchlocks. Indian
craftsmen modified the design by introducing a very short, almost pistol-like buttstock held against the
cheek, not the shoulder, when aiming. They also reduced the caliber and made the gun lighter and more
balanced. This

was a hit with the Portuguese who did a lot of fighting aboard ship
and on river craft, and valued a more compact gun.[39]: 41 [40] The
Malaccan gunfounders, compared as being in the same level with
those of Germany, quickly adapted these new firearms, and thus a
[41]: 385
new type of arquebus, the istinggar, appeared. The
Japanese did not acquire firearms until the 16th century, and then
[26]
from the Portuguese rather than from the Chinese.

Developments in firearms accelerated

during the 19th and 20th centuries.
Breech-loading became more or less
a universal standard for the reloading
of most hand-held firearms and
continues to be so with some notable
exceptions (such as mortars). Instead
of loading individual rounds into
weapons,
 A) The matchlock gun with button for
trigger, which came to Lisbon from
Bohemia, used by the Portuguese until
the conquest of Goa in 1510. B) The
Indo-Portuguese matchlock gun
resulted from the combination of
Portuguese and Goan gunmaking. C)
The Japanese matchlock gun appeared
as a copy of the first firearm introduced
in the Japanese islands.

magazines holding multiple munitions were adopted—these aided rapid

reloading. Automatic and semi-automatic firing mechanisms meant that a
single soldier could fire many more rounds in a minute than a vintage
A musketeer (1608)
weapon could fire over the course of a battle. Polymers and alloys in firearm
construction made weaponry progressively lighter and thus easier to
deploy. Ammunition changed over the centuries from simple metallic
ball-
shaped projectiles that rattled down the barrel to bullets and cartridges manufactured to high precision.
Especially in the past century particular attention has focused on accuracy and sighting to make firearms
altogether far more accurate than ever before. More than any single factor though, firearms have
proliferated due to the advent of mass production—enabling arms-manufacturers to produce large
quantities of weaponry to a consistent standard.

Velocities of bullets increased with the use of a "jacket" of metals such as copper or copper alloys that
covered a lead core and allowed the bullet to glide down the barrel more easily than exposed lead. Such
bullets are known as "full metal jacket" (FMJ). Such FMJ bullets are less likely to fragment on impact and
are more likely to traverse through a target while imparting less energy. Hence, FMJ bullets impart less
[42]
tissue damage than non-jacketed bullets that expand. This led to their adoption for military use by
[43]
countries adhering to the Hague Convention of 1899.

That said, the basic principle behind firearm operation remains unchanged to this day. A musket of
several centuries ago is still similar in principle to a modern-day rifle—using the expansion of gases to
[44]
propel projectiles over long distances—albeit less accurately and rapidly.

Early firearm models

Fire lances
The Chinese fire lance from the 10th century was the direct predecessor to the modern concept of the
firearm. It was not a gun itself, but an addition to soldiers' spears. Originally it consisted of paper or
bamboo barrels that would contain incendiary gunpowder that could be lit one time and which would
project flames
at the enemy. Sometimes Chinese troops would place small M
projectiles within the barrel that would also be projected when u
the gunpowder was lit, but most of the explosive force would s
create flames. Later, the barrel was changed to be made of metal, k
so that more explosive gunpowder could be used and put more e
force into the propulsion of projectiles.[45]: 31–32 t
s

Hand cannons
The original predecessor of all firearms, the Chinese hand cannon
from the 13th century, was loaded with gunpowder and the
projectile (initially lead shot, later replaced by cast iron) through
the muzzle, while a fuse was placed at the rear. This fuse was lit,
causing the gunpowder to ignite and propel the projectiles. In
military use, the standard hand cannon was tremendously
powerful, while also being somewhat erratic due to the relative
A cavalryman wielding a fire lance.
inability of the gunner to aim the weapon, or to control the
ballistic properties of the projectile. Recoil could be absorbed by
bracing the barrel against the ground using a wooden support, the
forerunner of the stock. Neither the quality nor amount of
gunpowder, nor the consistency in projectile dimensions was
controlled, with resulting inaccuracy in firing due to windage,
variance in gunpowder composition, and the difference in
diameter between the bore and the shot. Hand cannons were
replaced around the 15th century by lighter carriage-mounted
artillery pieces, and ultimately by the arquebus.

In the 1420s, gunpowder was used to propel missiles from

[46]
handheld tubes during the Hussite revolt in Bohemia.

Arquebuses
A Swiss soldier firing a hand cannon.
The arquebus is a long gun that appeared in Europe and the
Ottoman Empire during the 15th Century. The term arquebus is
derived from the Dutch word haaqbus (literally meaning hook
gun). The term arquebus was applied to many different types of
guns. In their earliest form they were defensive weapon mounts
on German city walls in the 15th Century. The addition of a
shoulder stock, priming pan and matchlock mechanism in the late
15th century turned the arquebus into a handheld firearm, and
also first firearm equipped with a trigger. Heavy arquebuses
mounted on war wagons were called arquebus a croc. These
heavy arquebuses fired a lead ball of about 3.5 ounces (100g).

A 17th Century arquebus at the Château

de Foix Museum, France.
Muzzle-loading muskets (smooth-bored long guns) were among
the first firearms developed. The firearm was loaded through the
muzzle with gunpowder, optionally with some wadding, and then
with a bullet (usually a solid lead ball, but musketeers could shoot
stones when they ran out of bullets). Greatly improved
muzzleloaders (usually rifled instead of smooth-bored) are
manufactured today and have many enthusiasts, many of whom
hunt large and small game with their guns. Muzzleloaders have to
be manually reloaded after each shot; a skilled archer could fire
multiple arrows faster than most early muskets could be reloaded
and fired, although by the mid-18th century when muzzleloaders
became the standard small-armament of the military, a well-
drilled soldier could fire six rounds in a minute using prepared
cartridges in his musket. Before then, the effectiveness of
muzzleloaders was hindered both by the low reloading speed and, Muskets and bayonets aboard the
before the firing mechanism was perfected, by the very high risk frigate Grand Turk.
posed by the firearm to the person attempting to fire it.
One interesting solution to the reloading problem was the "Roman Candle Gun" with superposed loads.
This was a muzzleloader in which multiple charges and balls were loaded one on top of the other, with a
small hole in each ball to allow the subsequent charge to be ignited after the one ahead of it was
ignited. It was neither a very reliable nor popular firearm, but it enabled a form of "automatic" fire long
[47]
before the advent of the machine gun.

Firing mechanisms

Matchlock
Matchlocks were the first and simplest firearms-firing mechanisms
developed. In the matchlock mechanism, the powder in the gun
barrel was ignited by a piece of burning cord called a "match". The
match was wedged into one end of an S-shaped piece of steel.
When the trigger (often actually a lever) was pulled, the match was
brought into the open end of a "touch hole" at the base of the gun
barrel, which contained a very small quantity of gunpowder,
igniting the main charge of gunpowder in the gun barrel. The match
Various Japanese (samurai) Edo period usually had to be relit after each firing. The main parts of the
matchlocks (tanegashima) matchlock firing mechanism are the pan, match, arm, and
[48]
trigger. A benefit of the pan and arm swivel being moved to
[49]
the side of the gun was it gave a clear line of fire. An
advantage to
the matchlock firing mechanism is that it did not misfire. However, it also came with some
disadvantages. One disadvantage involved weather: in rain, the match could not be kept lit to fire the
weapon. Another issue with the match was it could give away the position of soldiers because of the
[50]
glow, sound, and smell. While European pistols were equipped with wheellock and flintlock
[51]
mechanisms, Asian pistols used matchlock mechanisms.
Wheellock
The wheellock action, a successor to the matchlock, predated the
flintlock. Despite its many faults, the wheellock was a significant
improvement over the matchlock in terms of both convenience and
safety, since it eliminated the need to keep a smoldering match in
proximity to loose gunpowder. It operated using a small wheel
(much like that on a cigarette lighter) which was wound up with a A wheellock pistol mechanism from
key before use and which, when the trigger was pulled, spun the 17th century

against a flint, creating the shower of sparks that ignited the

powder
in the touch hole. Supposedly invented by Leonardo da Vinci
(1452–1519), the Italian Renaissance man, the wheellock action was an innovation that was not widely
adopted due to the high cost of the clockwork mechanism.

Flintlock
The flintlock action represented a major innovation in firearm
design. The spark used to ignite the gunpowder in the touch hole
came from a sharpened piece of flint clamped in the jaws of a
"cock" which, when released by the trigger, struck a piece of steel
called the "frizzen" to generate the necessary sparks. (The
springloaded arm that holds a piece of flint or pyrite is referred to
as a cock because of its resemblance to a rooster.) The cock had to
be manually reset after each firing, and the flint had to be replaced
periodically due to wear from striking the frizzen. (See also Flintlock mechanism
flintlock mechanism, snaphance, Miquelet lock.) The flintlock was
widely used during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries in both
muskets and rifles.

Percussion cap
Percussion caps (caplock mechanisms), coming into wide service in the early 19th century, offered a
dramatic improvement over flintlocks. With the percussion-cap mechanism, the small primer charge of
gunpowder used in all preceding firearms was replaced by a completely self-contained explosive charge
contained in a small brass "cap". The cap was fastened to the touch hole of the gun (extended to form a
"nipple") and ignited by the impact of the gun's "hammer". (The hammer is roughly the same as the
cock found on flintlocks except that it does not clamp onto anything.) In the case of percussion caps the
hammer was hollow on the end to fit around the cap in order to keep the cap from fragmenting and
injuring the shooter.

Once struck, the flame from the cap, in turn, ignited the main charge of gunpowder, as with the flintlock,
but there was no longer any need to charge the touch hole with gunpowder, and even better, the touch
hole was no longer exposed to the elements. As a result, the percussion-cap mechanism was
considerably safer, far more weatherproof, and vastly more reliable (cloth-bound cartridges containing a
pre-measured charge of gunpowder and a ball had been in regular military service for many years, but
the exposed gunpowder in the entry to the touch hole had long been a source of misfires). All
muzzleloaders manufactured since the second half of the 19th-century use percussion caps except those
built as replicas of the flintlock or earlier firearms.

Loading techniques
Most early firearms were muzzle-loading. This form of loading has
several disadvantages, such as a slow rate of fire and having to
expose oneself to enemy fire to reload—as the weapon had to be
pointed upright so the powder could be poured through the muzzle
into the breech, followed by the ramming the projectile into the
breech. As effective methods of sealing the breech developed along
with sturdy, weatherproof, self-contained metallic cartridges,
muzzle-loaders were replaced by single-shot breech loaders.
Eventually, single-shot weapons were replaced by the following
repeater-type weapons. Percussion cap and early bolt action
form

Internal magazines
Many firearms made from the late-19th century through the 1950s used internal magazines to load the
cartridge into the chamber of the weapon. The most notable and revolutionary weapons of this period
appeared during the U.S. Civil War of 1861–1865: the Spencer and Henry repeating rifles. Both used
fixed tubular magazines, the former having the magazine in the buttstock and the latter under the
barrel, which allowed a larger capacity. Later weapons used fixed box magazines that could not be
removed from the weapon without disassembling the weapon itself. Fixed magazines permitted the use
of larger cartridges and eliminated the hazard of having the bullet of one cartridge butting next to the
primer or rim of another cartridge. These magazines are loaded while they are in the weapon, often
using a stripper clip. A clip is used to transfer cartridges into the magazine. Some notable weapons that
use internal magazines include the Mosin–Nagant, the Mauser Kar 98k, the Springfield M1903, the M1
Garand, and the SKS. Firearms that have internal magazines are usually, but not always, rifles. Some
exceptions to this include the Mauser C96 pistol, which uses an internal magazine, and the Breda 30, an
Italian light machine gun.

Detachable magazines
Many modern firearms use what are called detachable or box magazines as their method of chambering
a cartridge. Detachable magazines can be removed from the weapon without disassembling the
firearms, usually by pushing a magazine release.

Belt-fed weapons
A belt or ammunition belt, a device used to retain and feed cartridges into a firearm, is commonly used
with machine guns. Belts were originally composed of canvas or cloth with pockets spaced evenly to
allow the belt to be mechanically fed into the gun. These designs were prone to malfunctions due to the
effects of oil and other contaminants altering the belt. Later belt-designs used permanently-connected
metal links to retain the cartridges during feeding. These belts were more tolerant to exposure to
solvents and oil. Notable weapons that use belts include the M240, the M249, the M134 Minigun, and
the PK Machine Gun.
Cartridges
(From left to right): A .577 Snider

Flobert cartridge corresponds to .22 BB Cap and .22 CB Cap

cartridge (1867), a .577/450
ammunition. These cartridges have a relatively low muzzle- MartiniHenry cartridge (1871), a later
velocity of around 700 ft/s (210 m/s). drawn brass .577/450 Martini-Henry
cartridge, and a .303 British Mk VII
Cartridges represented a major innovation: firearms ammunition, SAA Ball cartridge.
Frenchman Louis-Nicolas Flobert invented the first rimfire metallic
cartridge in 1845. His cartridge consisted of a percussion cap with a
[52][53]
bullet attached to the top. Flobert then made what he called
"parlor guns" for this cartridge, as these rifles and pistols were
[54][55]
designed to be shot in indoor shooting-parlors in large homes.
These 6mm Flobert cartridges do not contain any powder, the only
[56]
propellant substance contained in the cartridge is the percussion cap. In English-speaking countries,
the 6mm previously delivered as separate bullets and powder, was combined in a single metallic (usually
brass) cartridge containing a percussion cap, powder, and a bullet in one weatherproof package. The
main technical advantage of the brass cartridge case was the effective and reliable sealing of high-
pressure gasses at the breech, as the gas pressure forces the cartridge case to expand outward, pressing
it firmly against the inside of the gun-barrel chamber. This prevents the leakage of hot gas which could
injure the shooter. The brass cartridge also opened the way for modern repeating arms, by uniting the
bullet, gunpowder, and primer into one assembly that could be fed reliably into the breech by
mechanical action in the firearm.

Before this, a "cartridge" was simply a pre-measured quantity of gunpowder together with a ball in a
small cloth bag (or rolled paper cylinder), which also acted as wadding for the charge and ball. This early
form of cartridge had to be rammed into the muzzleloader's barrel, and either a small charge of
gunpowder in the touch hole or an external percussion cap mounted on the touch hole ignited the
gunpowder in the cartridge. Cartridges with built-in percussion caps (called "primers") continue to this
day to be the standard in firearms. In cartridge-firing firearms, a hammer (or a firing pin struck by the
hammer) strikes the cartridge primer, which then ignites the gunpowder within. The primer charge is at
the base of the cartridge, either within the rim (a "rimfire" cartridge) or in a small percussion cap
embedded in the center of the base (a "centerfire" cartridge). As a rule, centerfire cartridges are more
powerful than rimfire cartridges, operating at considerably higher pressures than rimfire cartridges.
Centerfire cartridges are also safer, as a dropped rimfire cartridge has the potential to discharge if its rim
strikes the ground with sufficient force to ignite the primer. This is practically impossible with most
centerfire cartridges.

Nearly all contemporary firearms load cartridges directly into their breech. Some additionally or
exclusively load from a magazine that holds multiple cartridges. A magazine is a part of the firearm
which exists to store ammunition and to assist in its feeding by the action into the breech (such as
through the rotation of a revolver's cylinder or by spring-loaded platforms in most pistol and rifle
designs). Some magazines, such as that of most centerfire hunting rifles and all revolvers, are internal to
and inseparable from the firearm, and are loaded by using a "clip". A clip (the term often mistakingly
refers to a detachable "magazine") is a device that holds the ammunition by the rim of the case and is
designed to assist the shooter in reloading the firearm's magazine. Examples include revolver
speedloaders, the stripper clip used to aid loading rifles such as the Lee–Enfield or Mauser 98, and the
en-bloc clip used in loading the M1 Garand. In this sense, "magazines" and "clips", though often used
synonymously, refer to different types of devices.

Repeating firearms
Many firearms are "single shot": i.e., each time a cartridge is fired,
the operator
re-cocked is must manually
considered a re-cock the firearm
"repeating firearm"and
orload another
simply a The French FAMAS, example of a
cartridge. The classic single-barreled shotgun offers
"repeater". A lever-action rifle, a pump-action shotgun, and mosta good bullpup rifle
example. A firearm
bolt-action thatgood
rifles are can load multiple
examples of cartridges
repeating as the firearm
firearms. A
is
firearm that automatically re-cocks and reloads the next round
with each
"rapid" firing mechanism was perfected and miniaturized to the
extent that either the recoil of the firearm or the gas pressure
from firing could be used to operate it, thus the operator needed The M4 carbine, a modern service
rifle capable of being fired
only to pull a trigger—this made the firing mechanisms truly automatically. It is in service by the
"automatic". An automatic (or "fully automatic") firearm U.S. military and has a wide ability for
automatically re-cocks, customization.

trigger-pull is considered a semi-automatic or autoloading firearm.

The first "rapid firing" firearms were usually similar to the

19thcentury Gatling gun, which would fire cartridges from a
magazine as fast as and as long as the operator turned a crank.
Eventually, the
reloads, and fires as long as the trigger is depressed. An automatic firearm is capable of firing multiple
rounds with one pull of the trigger. The Gatling gun may have been the first automatic weapon, though
the modern trigger-actuated machine gun was not widely introduced until the First World War (1914–
1918) with the German "Spandau" (adopted in 1908) and the British Lewis gun (in service from 1914).
Automatic rifles such as the Browning Automatic Rifle were in common use by the military during the
early part of the 20th century, and automatic rifles that fired handgun rounds, known as submachine
guns, also appeared at this time. Many modern military firearms have a selective fire option, which is a
mechanical switch that allows the firearm to be fired either in the semi-automatic or fully automatic
mode. In the current M16A2 and M16A4 variants of the U.S.-made M16, continuous fully-automatic fire
is not possible, having been replaced by an automatic burst of three cartridges (this conserves
ammunition and increases controllability).

Automatic weapons are largely restricted to military and paramilitary organizations, though many
automatic designs are infamous for their use by civilians.

Health hazards
Firearm hazard is quite notable, with a significant impact on the health system. In 2001, for
quantification purposes, it was estimated that the cost of fatalities and injuries was US$4700 million per
year in Canada
[57]
(US$170 per Canadian) and US$100,000 million per year in the U.S. (US$300 per American).

Death
From 1990 to 2015, global deaths from assault by
[59][60]
firearm rose from 128,000 to 173,000,
however this represents a drop in rate from
2.41/100,000 to 2.35/100,000, as world population
[61]
has increased by more than two billion.

In 2017, there were 39,773 gun-related deaths in

the United States; over 60% were suicides from
[62]
firearms. In 2001, firearms were involved in
cases constituting the second leading cause of
"mechanism of injury deaths" (which are deaths
which occur as a direct, identifiable, and immediate
consequence of an event, such as a shooting or
poisoning, and do not include deaths due to
"natural causes" or "indirect causes" such as
chronic alcohol abuse or tobacco use) after motor
vehicle accidents, which comprised the majority of
[63][64]
deaths in this category. The most recent,
complete data, from 2017, shows gunshot related
homicides as having been the 31st most common Gun-related homicide and suicide rates in high-income
cause of death in the US, while gunshot related OECD countries, 2010, ordered by total death rates
(homicide plus suicide plus other gun-related deaths)
suicides was the 21st most common cause of [58]

death. Accidental discharge of a firearm

accounted for the
59th most common cause of death, with 486 deaths
in 2017, while 616 individuals were killed by law enforcement, comprising the 58th most common cause of
death. The total number of deaths related to firearms in 2017 was 38,882 (not including incidents of
deaths resulting from lethal force when used by law enforcement), while the most common cause of
death, heart disease, claimed 647,457 lives, over sixteen times that of firearms, including suicides. The
most recent data from the CDC, from 2020, shows that deaths involving firearms accounted for about
[65][66]
0.2% of all deaths nationwide in 2020, of which about two-thirds were suicides.

In the 52 high- and middle-income countries, with a combined population of 1,400 million and not
engaged in civil conflict, fatalities due to firearm injuries were estimated at 115,000 people per annum,
[57]
in the 1990s.

In those 52 countries, a firearm is the first method used for

 Fatalities in 52 countries, mid-1990s[57]
homicide (two-thirds) but only the second method for suicide
[57]
(20%.

To prevent unintentional injury, gun safety training includes education on proper firearm storage and
[67][68]
firearm-handling etiquette.

Injury
[57]
Based on US data, it is estimated that three people are injured for one killed.

A 2017 study found that attacks account for more than half (50.2%) of all nonfatal gun injuries, while
[69]
unintentional injuries make up more than one-third (36.7%).

PTSD (Post-traumatic stress disorder)

PTSD or Post-traumatic stress disorder is extremely prevalent in the aftermath of different firearm-
related events, such as mass shootings, injuries, and police-involved incidents. In particular, military
Veterans are especially at high risk for the development of PTSD. In 2004, Hoge et al. found that soldiers
that fought in Iraq or Afghanistan who significantly engaged in firefights had a linear association with the
risk of PTSD. Hoge found that the rates of PTSD ranged from 4.5% from those who had not been
involved in firefights to 19.3% to those involved in five or more firefights, displaying an apparent
[70]
correlation between risk of PTSD and firefights. Additionally, school shootings are often studied and
exhibit a connection between PTSD and the involvement with firearms. It was found that rates of PTSD
were highest in students that were in direct exposure, which was around 9.7% of the recorded
[71]
population. Rates would be as low as 3.4% in those with no exposure.

Lead exposure
Many bullets used with firearms are made of lead. If lead reaches the bloodstream, which can occur
when handling ammunition, it can lead to issues with brain development, damage to the kidney.
[72]
Extremely high levels can lead to seizures, unconsciousness, and even death.

Noise
A common hazard of repeated firearm use is noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). NIHL can result from
[73][74]
long-term exposure to noise or from high intensity impact noises such as gunshots. Individuals
who shoot guns often have a characteristic pattern of hearing loss referred to as "shooters ear". They
often have a high-frequency loss with better hearing in the low frequencies and one ear is typically
worse than the other. The ear on the side the shooter is holding the gun will receive protection from the
sound wave from the shoulder while the other ear remains unprotected and more susceptible to the full
impact of the sound wave.[74][75]

The intensity of a gunshot does vary; lower caliber guns are typically on the softer side while higher
caliber guns are often louder. The intensity of a gunshot though typically ranges from 140 dB to 175 dB.
Indoor shooting also causes loud reverberations which can also be as damaging as the actual gunshot
[74][75]
itself. According to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, noise
[73]
above 85 dB can begin to cause hearing loss. While many sounds cause damage over time, at the
[73][75]
intensity level of a gunshot (140 dB or louder), damage to the ear can occur instantly.

Shooters use custom hearing protection such as electronic type hearing protection for hunters which
can amplify soft sounds like leaves crunching while reducing the intensity of the gunshot and custom
[74][75]
hearing protection for skeet shooting.

Even with hearing protection, due to the high intensity of the noise guns produce shooters still develop
[74]
hearing loss over time.

Legal definitions

Firearms include a variety of ranged weapons and there is no agreed-upon definition. For instance,
English language laws of big legal entities such as the United States, India, the European Union and
Canada use different definitions. Other English language definitions are provided by international
treaties.

United States
In the United States, under 26 USC § 5845 (a), the term "firearm" means

(1) a shotgun having a barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches in length;

(2) a weapon made from a shotgun if such weapon as modified has an overall length ofless than
26 inches or a barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches in length;
(3) a rifle having a barrel or barrels of less than 16 inches in length;
(4) a weapon made from a rifle if such weapon as modified has an overall length of lessthan 26
inches or a barrel or barrels of less than 16 inches in length;
(5) any other weapon, as defined in subsection (e);
(6) a machinegun;
(7) any silencer (as defined in section 921 of title 18, United States Code);The term "firearm"
shall not include an antique firearm or any device (other than a machinegun or destructive
device) which, although designed as a weapon, the Secretary finds by reason of the date of
its manufacture, value, design, and other characteristics is primarily a collector's item and is
not likely to be used as a weapon.

This is the ATF definition of a title II "NFA firearm", as defined by the National Firearms Act, and not the
definition of a title I firearm, which includes firearms not restricted by the NFA. ATF forms dealing with
Title II weapons all state the above-mentioned information, however, the above information is only
applicable for the purposes of those forms. For practical purposes, a firearm, in the U.S., is defined as
the part of a weapon- designed to use expanded gas caused by the combustion of explosive material, to
propel a projectile- which houses the fire control group (trigger & sear).
According to the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, if gas pressurization is
achieved through mechanical gas compression rather than through chemical propellant combustion,
[76]
then the device is technically an air gun, not a firearm.

India
In India, the arms act, 1959, provides a definition of firearms where "firearms" means arms of any
description designed or adapted to discharge a projectile or projectiles of any kind by the action of any
explosive or other forms of energy, and includes:

(i) artillery, hand-grenades, riot-pistols or weapons of any kind designed or adapted forthe
discharge of any noxious liquid, gas, or other such thing,
(ii) accessories for any such firearm designed or adapted to diminish the noise or flashcaused
by the firing thereof,
(iii) parts of, and machinery for manufacturing, fire-arms, and
(iv) carriages, platforms, and appliances for mounting, transporting and serving artillery;

European Union
In the European Union, a European Directive amended by EU directive 2017/853 set minimum standards
regarding civilian firearms acquisition and possession that EU member states must implement into their
national legal systems. In this context, since 2017, firearms are considered as "any portable barrelled
weapon that expels, is designed to expel or may be converted to expel a shot, bullet or projectile by the
[77]
action of a combustible propellant". For legal reasons, objects can be considered a firearm if they
have the appearance of a firearm or are made in a way that makes it possible to convert them to a
firearm. Member states may be allowed to exclude from their gun control law items such as antique
weapons, or specific purposes items that can only be used for that sole purpose.

United Kingdom
In the UK, a firearm does not have to use a combustible propellant, as explained by Crown Prosecution
Service Guidance Firearms (https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/firearms) The Firearms Act 1968
Section 57(1B), uses the definition of a firearm as a "lethal barrelled weapon" as a "barrelled weapon of
any description from which a shot, bullet or other missile, with kinetic energy of more than one joule as
measured at the muzzle of the weapon, can be discharged". As such, low-energy air rifles and pistols
also fall under UK firearm legislation, although the licensing requirements of low-energy weapons are
more relaxed.

Canada
In Canada, firearms are defined by the Criminal Code:

firearm means a barrelled weapon from which any shot, bullet, or other projectile can be
discharged and that is capable of causing serious bodily injury or death to a person, and
includes any frame or receiver of such a barrelled weapon and anything that can be adapted
[78]
for use as a firearm; (arme à feu)
Australia
Australia has a definition of firearms in its 1996 legal act:

"firearm" means any device, whether or not assembled or in parts —

(a) which is designed or adapted, or is capable of being modified, to discharge shot or a

bullet or other missile by the expansion of gases produced in the device by the ignition of
strongly combustible materials or by compressed air or other gases, whether stored in the
device in pressurised containers or produced in the device by mechanical means; and
(b) whether or not operable or complete or temporarily or permanently inoperable or
incomplete
— and which is not —

(c) an industrial tool powered by cartridges containing gunpowder or compressed air or

other gases which is designed and intended for use for fixing fasteners or plugs or for
similar purposes; or
(d) a captive bolt humane killer; or
(e) a spear gun designed for underwater use; or
(f) a device designed for the discharge of signal flares; or
(h) a device commonly known as a kiln gun or ringblaster, designed specifically
forknocking out or down solid material in kilns, furnaces or cement silos; or
(i) a device commonly known as a line thrower designed for establishing
linesbetween structures or natural features and powered by compressed air to other
compressed gases and used for rescue purposes, rescue training or rescue demonstration;
or
[10]
(j) a device of a prescribed class;

South Africa
In South Africa, Firearms Control Act [No. 60 of 2000] defines firearms since June 2001, with a 2006
amendment of the definition:

'firearm' means any-

(a) device manufactured or designed to propel a bullet or projectile through a barrel or

cylinder by means of burning propellant, at a muzzle energy exceeding 8 joules
(6 ft-lbs);
(b) device manufactured or designed to discharge rim-fire, centre-fire or pin-
fireammunition;
(c) device which is not at the time capable of discharging any bullet or projectile,
butwhich can be readily altered to be a firearm within the meaning of paragraph (a) or (b);
(d) device manufactured to discharge a bullet or any other projectile of a calibre of 5.6 mm
(.22 calibre) or higher at a muzzle energy of more than 8 joules (6 ft-lbs), by means of
compressed gas and not by means of burning propellant; or [Para. (d) substituted by s. 1
(b) of Act 43 of 2003.]
(e) barrel, frame or receiver of a device referred to in paragraphs (a), (b), (c) or (d), but
[9]
does not include a muzzle loading firearm or any device contemplated in section 5;
International treaties
An inter-American convention defines firearms as:

any barreled weapon which will or is designed to or may be readily converted to expel a
bullet or projectile by the action of an explosive, except antique firearms manufactured before
the 20th Century or their replicas; or any other weapon or destructive device such as any
explosive, incendiary or gas bomb, grenade, rocket, rocket launcher, missile, missile system, or
[79]
mine.

An international UN protocol on firearms considers that

"Firearm" shall mean any portable barrelled weapon that expels, is designed to expel or may
be readily converted to expel a shot, bullet or projectile by the action of an explosive,
excluding antique firearms or their replicas. Antique firearms and their replicas shall be
defined in accordance with domestic law. In no case, however, shall antique firearms include
[80]
firearms manufactured after 1899

See also

Firearm science and technology

Ballistics (Internal ballistics, Transitional ballistics, External ballistics, Terminal ballistics)

Electrothermal-chemical technology
Firearm action
Glossary of firearms terms
Gunsmith
Physics of firearms
Vertical forward grip
Precision-guided firearm Firearms
and society

Air travel with firearms and ammunition

Celebratory gunfire
Firearms law and Gun politics
Firearms ownership
Gun control, Small arms trade and Right to keep and bear arms
Gun culture
Gun safety
Gun serial number
Gun violence
Index of gun politics articles
Open carry and Concealed carry
Overview of gun laws by nation
Saturday night special
 Shooting range
Shooting sport
List of firearms
List of aircraft weapons
List of battle rifles
List of World War II infantry weapons
List of firearm brands
List of infantry weapons of World War I
List of pistols
List of secondary and special-issue World War II infantry weapons
List of shotguns
List of sniper rifles
List of submachine guns
List of weapons of military aircraft of Germany during World War II
Firearms organizations

List of shooting sports organizations

World Forum on Shooting Activities
International Biathlon Union
International Shooting Sport Federation
Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU

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External links
Media related to Firearm s at Wikimedia Commons

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