Work, Energy and Power

WORK POWER ENERGY

WORK:
If some force is applied on anybody and the point of application of the force moves under its effect, then work is said to be done.
⃗ force is applied at any
Work is defined as the dot product of applied force and displacement of its point of application. If 𝑭
⃗ is the displacement of the point of application, then work can be expressed as W=𝑭
pointand 𝑺 ⃗ .𝑺
⃗ = F×S×cosϴ, where, F is the
magnitude of force, S refers to the magnitude of displacement and ϴ be the angle between 𝑭 ⃗ and 𝑺 ⃗.

Different cases of work done:

Case-1: Force and displacement are in the same direction. i.e, ϴ=0˚,
Then, W= F.S. cos0˚
Or, W =F.S
In this case, it is called that work done by the force.
Case-2: Force and displacement are mutually perpendicular to each other. i.e, ϴ=90˚,
Then, W= F.S.cos90˚
Or, W= 0
In this case, the force is called workless force.
Case-3: Force and displacement are in opposite direction. i.e, ϴ=180˚
Then, W= F.S.cos180˚
Or, W= - (F.S)
In this case, it is called work against the force.
Whenever, any object is lift up from the ground, work is done against the gravity.

Work done by variable force

Force varying with displacement:

In this condition we should consider force to be constant for any elementary displacement and work done in that elementary
displacement is evaluated first. Total work done is obtained by integrating the elementary work from initial to final limits.
So, dW= ⃗𝑭.d𝑺 ⃗
S2
And, W=∫S1 ⃗𝑭. 𝐝𝑺⃗
Force varying with time:
In this condition we should consider the force to be constant for any elementary displacement and work done in that
elementary displacement is evaluated.
dW= 𝑭⃗ .d𝑺
⃗
multiplying and divided by dt,
⃗𝑭.𝐝𝑺
⃗ 𝒅𝒕 ⃗
𝐝𝑺
dW= = ⃗𝑭.⃗⃗⃗𝒗 dt [where, 𝑣 = ]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Total work is obtained by integrating the elementary work from initial to final limits.
t2
W=∫t1 𝑭 ⃗ .𝒗
⃗ dt

Work done by variable force from graph

Let force be the function of displacement and its graph be as shown.
To find the work done from S1 to S2 we consider two points very closed to each other on the graph such that magnitude of force
(F) is almost same at the both the points. If elementary displacement from M to N is ds, then elementary work done from M to N
is
dW= F.ds
= (length×breadth) of strip MNds
= Area of the strip MNds

Thus, work done in any part of the graph is equal to the area under the part. Hence total work done from s 1 to s2 will be given by
the area enclosed under the graph from s1 to s2.
W= Area (ABS2S 1A)

ENERGY:
Capacity of doing work by a body is known as energy.
Types of Energies: There are many types of energies like mechanical energy, electrical energy, magnetic energy, nuclear energy,
solar energy chemical energy etc.
Mechanical Energy: Energy possessed by the body by virtue of which it performs some mechanical work is known as
mechanical energy.
It is of basically two types:
(i) Kinetic energy
(ii)Potential energy

Kinetic Energy: Energy possessed by the body due to its motion is known as kinetic energy of the body. Kinetic energy
possessed by the moving body is equal to total work done by the body just before coming out of rest.

1
The kinetic energy of a body having mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’ is ( )mv2.
2
1
Kinetic energy in terms of momentum: Kinetic energy of a body having mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’ is ( )mv2.
2
1
i.e, K.E=(2)mv2
= m2v2/(2m) [multiplying and dividing by m]
=(mv)2/2m
= p2/2m [p= mv= momentum of the body]
Potential Energy: Energy possessed by the body by virtue of its position or state is known as potential energy. Example:
Gravitational potential energy, electrostatic potential energy, elastic potential energy etc.

Gravitational potential energy: The work done in lifting a body from the earth’s surface is stored as potential energy of the body.
This potential energy is called Gravitational potential energy.
The gravitational potential energy of a body having mass ‘m’, placed at a height ‘h’ from the earth’s surface is P.E= m.g.h,
where g is the acceleration due to gravity at that place.
Elastic potential energy: Energy possessed by the spring by virtue of compression or expansion against elastic force in the spring
is known as elastic potential energy.
1
The elastic potential energy of a spring having spring constant ‘k’ and compressed (or expanded) by a distance ‘x’ is kx2.
2
Work Energy Theorem: It states that total work done on the body is equal to the change in the kinetic energy.(Provided body is
confined to move horizontally and no dissipating forces are operating.)
Consider a body of mass ‘m’ moving with initial velocity v1. After travelling through displacement ‘s’ horizontally under the
effect of a horizontal force ⃗𝑭 ,its final velocity becomes v2 .
1 1
According to the work-energy principle, W= 𝐹 .𝑆= mv2 2 - mv1 2.
2 2
Principle of conservation of energy: It states that energy can neither be created or destroyed. It can be converted from one
form to another.
Conservative force: If the total mechanical energy of any body, moving under a force field, is conserved then, this force field is
called conservative force field. The force which creates the conservative force field, is called conservative force.
Gravitational force field is an example of conservative force field.
Properties of conservative forces:
i) Work done against this force is conserved and gets stored in the body in the form of P.E.
ii)work done against these forces is never dissipated by being converted into non usable forms of energy like heat, sound etc.
iii) Work done against conservative forces is state function and not the path function.
iv) work done against conservative forces is zero in complete cycle.
Non conservative forces: Non conservative forces are those forces, work done against which does not get conserved in the body
in the form of potential energy. That means, the total mechanical energy of a body moving under non conservative force field is
not conserved.
Friction force is an example of non-conservative force.
POWER:
The rate of doing work by a body with respect to time is called Power of that body.
𝑊
If any body or machine can do ‘W’ amount of work in time ‘t’, then, the power of that body or machine is P= 𝑡 .
Average power: It is defined as the ratio of total work done by the body to total time taken.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝛥W
Pavg = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝛥t
Power is scalar quantity, Its SI unit is J/s. its useful unit in SI system is Watt (W).
1W= 1J/s.
Efficiency: It is the ratio of power output to power input.
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
The efficiency of any machine, ղ=
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
Collision:
Collision between the two bodies is defined as mutual interaction of the bodies for a short interval of time due to which the
energy and the momentum of the interacting bodies change.
Types of collision:
Basically, there are three types of collisions-
(i) Elastic collision: In this type of collision, the total kinetic energy and total momentum of two bodiesremains same before and
after collision.
(ii) Inelastic collision: In this type of collision, interacting bodies will stick together and move with some common velocities
after collision. In this case, only total momentum is conserved. Kinetic energy of the bodies is not conserved due to presence of
non-conservative forces between the interacting bodies during collision.
(iii) Partly elastic or partly inelastic collision: In partly elastic or partly in-elastic collision, the interacting bodies will be
separated after collision, but also the total kinetic energy in not conserved, only momentum is conserved.
Collision In Two Dimension– Oblique Collision:

v1Sinθ
v1Cosθ

θ
u1 u2 Ø
v2CosØ
Before Collision Collision Starts
v2SinØ

After Collision v2

Let initial velocities of masses m1 and m2 be u1 and u2 respectively along x-axis. After collision they are
deflected at the angles ϴ and ф from x axis, on the either side of the x axis.
Applying momentum conservation along x axis,
m1v1cosϴ+m2v2 cosф= m1u1+m2u2
Applying momentum conservation along y axis ,
m1v1sinϴ - m2v2 sinф= m1.0+m2.0
or, m1v1cosϴ= m2v2 cosф
In case of elastic collision, the total kinetic energy will also be conserved. Then,
1 1 1 1
m1u12+ m2u22 = m1v12+ m2v22 .
2 2 2 2

Coefficient of restitution: It is the ratio of the velocity of separation after collision to the velocity of approach
before collision. It is denoted by ‘e’.

𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Therefore, e = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ

In case of elastic collision, e=1.

In case of inelastic collision, e=0.
In case of partly elastic or partly inelastic collision, 0<e<1.
So, in general, we can write, 0<=e<1.
Questionnaires

Very short answer type 1 mark questions

1. What will be the work done in carrying a suitcase of 10kg while standing on the platform?
2. Does the work done in moving body depend on the time during which the work is done?
3. What is the angle between force and displacement for maximum work?
4. Which physical quantity is represented by the area subtended by force displacement graph and displacement
axis?
5. Can P.E be negative?
6. Write the relation between horse power and watt?
7. What changes in uniform circular motion: momentum or kinetic energy?
8. Which physical quantity is conserved in both type of collision?
9. Define coefficient of restitution.
10. Write the relation between Joule and erg?

Short answer type 2 mark questions

1.Can kinetic energy be negative? Explain.
2. A spring of spring constant k is cut into two equal parts. What will be the spring constant of each part?
3. If the momentum of a body is made three times, how will the kinetic energy be changed?
4. A bullet gets imbedded into a wooden block, what will happen to its kinetic energy?
5. What is power? Write its dimensional formula.
6. Find the work done if a particle moves from the position 𝑟1 = (4𝑖̂+3𝑗̂+6𝑘̂ )m to a position 𝑟2=(14𝑖̂+13𝑗̂+16𝑘̂ )m
under the effect of the force 𝐹 =(4𝑖̂+4𝑗̂-4𝑘̂ )N?
7.Two bodies, one light and one heavy have same momentum. Which will have same kinetic energy?
8. What are the gravitational unit of work in SI and CGS system of unit?
9. Define elastic and inelastic collision.
10. 20J work is required to stretch a spring through 0.1m. Find the spring constant of the spring?

Short answer type 3 mark questions

1. What is the amount of work done by a force, when the body moves in a circular path?
2. What is meant by positive work, negative work and zero work? Give one example of each.
3.Derive an expression for the centripetal force experienced by a body performing uniform circular motion.
4.Find the elevation of the outer tracks with respect to inner. So that the train could safely pass through the turn
of radius 1km with a speed of 36 km/hr. Separation between the tracks is 1.5m?
5.A block of mass m is placed over a smooth wedge of inclination θ. With what horizontal acceleration the
wedge should be moved so that the block must remains stationary over it?
6.A bullet of mass m moving with velocity u penetrates a wooden block of mass M suspended through a string
from rigid support and comes to rest inside it. If length of the string is L find the angular deflection of the string.

Long Answer Type 5 Marks Questions

1. A ball is falling from a height of 50m. It strikes the ground and rebounds to a height of 10m. Calculate the velocity of the
ball just before and after the collision. Also find the loss of kinetic energy of the ball during its collision with ground.
2.A body of man 10 kg moving with the velocity of 10m/s impinges the horizontal spring of spring constant 100 Nm-1 fixed at
one end. Find the maximum compressionofthespring?Whichtypeofmechanicalenergyconversionhasoccurred?Howdoes the
answer in the first part changes when the body is moving on a rough surface?
3.Two blocks of different masses are attached to the two ends of a light string passing over the frictionless and light pulley.
Prove that the potential energy of the bodies lost during the motion of the blocks is equal to the gain in their kinetic energies?
4. Define conservative and non-conservative forces. Illustrate with examples.
5. Define power. Calculate the power of a machine if it can take out 500 kg wet clay per hour from a depth of 200m with an
efficiency of 0.7.
6. Define elastic potential energy of a spring. A spring gets compressed when a body of mass 5kg is dropped on it from a
height of 2m.Calculate the maximum distance ‘s’ through which the spring is compressed. The force constant of the spring is
1000N/m.
7.Show that the loss of kinetic energy occurs in an inelastic collision. How will you justify this loss of energy?
8.Define kinetic energy of a body having mass ‘m’ and moving with a velocity ‘v’. State and prove work-energy theorem.
9. Discuss the elastic collision of two bodies in one dimension. Calculate the velocities of the bodies after the collision.
Discuss, what happens when both the bodies are of equal mass.
Higher order thinking skills questions
1. A force F= α+βx acts on a particle of mass m along the X axis. Here α and β are constants. Find the work
done by this force when particle moves from x=0 to x=d.
2. A particle of mass 1 kg is moving along X axis. Its X coordinate is given by x=t 2, where t is in second and x in metre. Find
the work done by forces on the particle in time interval t=1s to t=3s.
3. A block of mass 20kg tied to a string is being brought down starting from state of rest. Block acquires a speed of 1m/s after
descending a height of 5m. Calculate work done by tension of string during the process.
4. One end of a vertical spring of spring constant ‘k’ is attached to a ceiling. Lower end is attached to a block of mass ‘m’.
Block is held at a position so that spring remains in its normal length. Now the block is suddenly released from this position.
Calculate maximum possible elongation of spring.
5. Two blocks of masses ‘m1’ and ‘m2’ are attached to each other by a string passing
over smooth light pulley as shown in figure. If μ is the coefficient of friction between
m1 and table, then find the common velocity acquired by both the blocks when m2 has
descended through a height h.

6. A block of mass ‘m’ is moving with a speed ‘v’ on a frictionless floor. It encounters
a spring and compresses it by an amount ‘x’ before speed of block becomes half. Calculate spring constant of the spring.
7. A uniform flexible string of mass ‘m’ and length ‘l’ overhangs on a frictionless table such that two-third of its length
remains on the table. A person slowly pulls the string to put hanging portion on the table. Find the work to be done by the
person.
8. A person lifts a stone of mass 100g from the ground to a height of 1.5m and projects it with a speed 4m/s. If the process
takes 1.5s then calculate power of the person.
9. A flexible string of mass ‘m’ and length ‘L’ overhangs a horizontal table with one-third of its length hanging vertically.
Coefficient of friction between the string and the table is μ, Calculate the work done by friction by the time string completely
slips off the table.
10. man pushes a trunk on a rough railway platform by applying a force of 100N over a distance of 10m. Thereafter, the force
applied by the man decreases linearly with distance to 50N over next 10m. Plot the force applied by the man, and also the
frictional force f, which is 50N against the distance moved by the trunk. Calculate the work done by F and f over 20m.

Assertion Reason type questions:

The questions given bellow consist of an assertion and the reason. Use the following key to choose appropriate answer:
(a)If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is a correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is correct and reason is incorrect.
(d) If assertion is incorrect and reason is correct.
(e)If both assertion and reason are incorrect.

1. Assertion: In case of elastic collision between two objects, speed of approach is same as speed of separation.
Reason: In case of elastic collision between two objects, linear momentum of the system remains conserved.
2. Assertion: internal forces acting on the system cannot change the linear momentum of the system.
Reason: Internal forces can change the kinetic energy of the system.
3. Assertion: Work done by conservative forces is independent of path followed by the body.
Reason: Work done by non-conservative forces depends on the path followed by the body.
4. Assertion: It is possible that work done by a force on an object is different for different observers.
Reason: Work done by a force depends on frame of reference of observer.
5. Assertion: Work done by a force on a body is zero, if the speed of the body remains constant.
Reason: Work done by a force= change in kinetic energy of the body.
6. Assertion: Mechanical energy of a body moving under conservative force field remains conserved.
Reason: Force due to friction is a non-conservative force.
7. Assertion: When a body of mass ‘m’ suffers an elastic collision with another body of same mass at rest, their velocities are
interchanged after collision.
Reason: In elastic collision, momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not conserved.
8. Assertion: When two real bodies collide then kinetic energy of the system first decreases and then increases.
Reason: At the time of collision bodies are first deformed and then due to elasticity bodies try to reform again.
9. Assertion: Net external force acting on a system of particles is zero but it is possible that kinetic energy of the system
increases.
Reason: Kinetic energy of the system can be changed by internal forces of the system.
10. Assertion: Two particles moving in the same direction do not lose all their energy in a completely inelastic collision.
Reason: Principle of conservation of momentum holds true for all kinds of collisions.
 Case Study Based Questions
Motion in a vertical cycle : A bob of mass m is suspended by a light string of length L . It is imparted a horizontal
velocity Vo at the lowest point A such that it completes a semi-circular trajectory in the vertical plane with the
string becoming slack only on reaching the topmost point, C. This is shown in Fig.

(i) The difference in tension at the lowest and the highest points of the circle
(a) 3 mg (b) 5 mg (c) 6mg (d) 4mg
(ii) The minimum speed at the bottom of the circle at the lowest point so that it is able to rotate the loop
(a)√5𝑔𝑙 (b) √𝑔𝑙 (c) √3𝑔𝑙 (𝑑)√6𝑔𝑙
(iii)The minimum speed at the top of the circle so that the body does not fall down along the radius of the
circle
(a)√5𝑔𝑙 (b) √𝑔𝑙 (c) √3𝑔𝑙 (𝑑)√6𝑔𝑙
(iv) The total energy at B is given by :
(a) (3/2) mg (b) (5/2)mg (c) 6mg (d) 4mg
(v) The ratio of the kinetic energies (KB /KC ) at B and C.
(a) 3:2 (b) 5:2 (c) 6:1 (d) 3:1
Collisions : There are certain quantities, which do not change in a physical process. The laws of momentum and
energy conservation are typical examples. In this discussion, we shall apply these laws to a commonly encountered
phenomena, namely collisions. Several games such as billiards, marbles or carom involve collisions. If the ‘spring’
connecting the two masses regains its original shape without loss in energy, then the initial kinetic energy is equal to
the final kinetic energy but the kinetic energy during the collision time ∆t is not constant. Such a collision is called
an elastic collision. On the other hand the deformation may not be relieved and the two bodies could move together
after the collision. A collision in which the two particles move together after the collision is called a completely
inelastic collision. The intermediate case where the deformation is partly relieved and some of the initial kinetic
energy is lost is more common and is appropriately called an inelastic collision.

1) There are two blocks A and B each of mass m are connected to a mass less spring of natural length L and spring
constant K. The blocks are initially resting on a smooth horizontal floor natural length of spring, as shown in the
figure. A third identical block C also of mass m moves on the floor with speed v along the straight line joining A
and B and collides elastically with A, then :
(a) At maximum compression of the spring, the K.E. of the A B system,
is zero
(b) At maximum compression of the spring the K.E. of the A B system is
mv2 /4
(c) The maximum compression of the spring is v √(m /K)
(d) The maximum compression of the spring is v √(2m /K)
(2) A block of mass 2.0 kg is moving on a frictionless horizontal surface with a velocity of 1.0 m/s
towards another block of equal mass kept at rest. The spring constant of the spring fixed at one end is
100 N/m. Find the maximum compression of the spring.
(a) 24 cm
(b) 49 cm
(c) 30 cm
(d) 10 cm
(3) A trolley of mass 200 kg moves with a uniform speed of 36 km/h on a frictionless track. A child of
mass 20 kg runs on the trolley from one end to the other (10 m away) with a speed of 4 m s–1 relative
to the trolley in a direction opposite to the its motion, and jumps out of the trolley. What is the final
speed of the trolley ?

(a) 12 m/s ( b) 15 m/s (c) 10.36 m/s (d) 19 m/s

(4) Two identical ball bearings are in contact with each other and resting on a frictionless table are hit head-on by another ball
bearing of the same mass moving initially with a speed V as shown in figure, If the collision is elastic, which of the following is
a possible result after collision ?

(5) Two ball bearings of mass m each moving in opposite directions with equal speed collide head on with each other.
Predict the outcome of the collision, assuming it to be perfectly elastic.
(a) Both the bearings will move with equal velocities
(b) The velocity of one of the ball bearings will be zero and other one will have a different velocity
(c) Both the ball bearings after collision will come to rest
(d) The ball bearings will move with same speeds but their directions will get reversed