RESEARCH

-recognized as a vital tool for solving man’s multifarious problems and in making CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH
his life richer and fuller Based on who undertakes research:
-integral part of all learning areas known to man  Academic Research – conducted by an individual in fulfilling the
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH requirements for the conferment of an academic title or degree.
 Research Project – undertaken by an individual or group of individuals as
 Systematic: There are interrelated steps or procedures a researcher has to part of their professional work or assignment.
observe in solving a problem. It originates with a problem, followed by the
gathering of data in a logical and orderly manner guided by a reasonable Based on the final use or application of the research results:
guess or hypothesis and ends with a conclusion based on observable facts or
data  Pure/Theoretical Research – formulating a theory, principle, or law with
 Objective: It is not based on guesswork. This is because empirical data no intended application for results; for the purpose of gaining
have to be gathered by the researcher prior to making conclusion or knowledge
proposing new solution to an identified difficulty or problems  Applied Research – inquiry to test or evaluate a theory/knowledge
 Comprehensive: If a researcher is serious about understanding a arrived at, in the solution of a problem or for useful ends.
phenomenon, he needs to examine and analyze all aspects or angles before
making a generalization of conclusion, Based on the methodology or research design,
 Critical: Procedures employed by the researcher must be able to withstand
critical scrutiny by other researchers  Descriptive research – describe systematically, factually, accurately, and
 Valid: Whenever a researcher formulates conclusions, these have to be objectively a situation, problem, or phenomenon. It seeks to describe what
based on actual findings is.
 Verifiable: Other researchers can check the correctness of the results by  Correlational or Associational Research – the significance of the
replicating the study, based on methods and procedures employed by the relationship between two or more factors or characteristics
researcher  Explanatory Research – seeks to clarify why and how a relationship exists
 Empirical: Generalizations drawn by a research are rooted upon hard between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon
evidence gathered from information collected from real-life experiences or  Exploratory Research – the investigator if after probing or exploring areas
observations where little is known about the research problem. Feasibility and pilot
studies fall under this type of research.
 Experimental Research – Research probes into the cause and effect by
exposing one or more experimental groups to one or more treatments or
conditions. For example, when a mathematics professor is after determining
the effectiveness of a learning module or packet in raising the performance
of his students.
 Ex-post Facto or Casual-Comparative Research – investigator delves on
 analyzing the possible effect of a factor which cannot be manipulated and
controlled. Example: singling out variables associated with failing marks in relatedness of these literature and studies to your proposed research. Critical review
some college courses, incidence of lung cancer among heavy smokers also demands that you be able to single out the uniqueness of your proposed
 Historical Research – researcher attempts to reconstruct the past research vis-à-vis the literature cited in your review.
objectively and accurately or to explain an incident that happened in the
past with the use of data taken from the past.
 Ethnographic Research – the researcher is concerned with explaining or
describing a phenomenon holistically with the use of multiple data
collection techniques
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Factors to Consider in the choice of a Research Problem:
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
Step 1. Idea-Generating Phase  Novel
 Relevant
Step 2. Problem-Definition Phase  Interesting
 Feasible
Step 3. Procedures-Design Phase  Researchable
 Ethical
Step 4. Data-Collection Phase
Types of Research Problem:
Step 5. Data-Analysis Phase
 Descriptive Research question – “What is”; Suggests a survey research
Step 6. Interpretation Phase design
 Relationship Research question – “What is the relationship between” and
Step 7. Communication Phase
implies a correlational design
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
 Difference Research question – “Is there a significant difference between”
The text of the review should be brief and to the point. Avoid direct quotation of the
author’s ideas or the results of the studies you reviewed
Stating the Research Problem
 Chronological (Intro Recent Studies  Least Recent  Synthesis of the
 Declarative form
Review)
 Question form
 Thematic/Variable Approach (Intro  Studies on var1 Studies on Var2)
 Country of Origin Approach (Intro Foreign Local
- Is the problem statement clear? Does it identify the key factors or variables of the
study?
Critical review of a study or literature requires that you identify flaws or
deficiencies of previous studies and, at the same time, be able to point out the
Each sub-problem should be a completely researchable unit. Interpretation of data
 experts
must be apparent with each sub-problem. The sub-problems must add up to the  Illustrating the theoretical framework by means of a paradigm or diagram
totality of the problems.
HYPOTHESIS Conceptual Framework- operationalization of the theoretical framework. It is the
 a predictive statement that represents the researcher’s tentative answer to his researcher’s model patterned after previous models that he had analyzed leading to
statement of the research problem the creation of a new conceptual framework
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Conceptual Definition – definition of a term as given by authorities or experts in a The following were done in the process:
particular discipline
 Citing the conceptual model or paradigm
Operational Definition – researcher’s own definition of a term, based on how it  Identifying the independent variables of the study
will be used in his study  Mentioning the dependent variable and its indicators and categories
 Pointing out the intervening variables that can explain variances in the
dependent and independent variables of the study
SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS  Showing the direction of the study
A researcher can set the scope and delimitation of his study based on the following:

 Purpose of the study TITLE

 Time coverage of the investigation -should act as a summary of the proposal itself and give the information of the
 Geographical coverage of the inquiry content, problem, and/or the main variables of the study
 Variables to be studied
 Specific indicators of variables
 Type and size of the respondents of the study; and
 Data collection tools to be used in data gathering

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Theoretical Framework – the structure that can hold or support the theory of a
research work. This framework presents the theory which explains why the
problem under study exists

The theoretical framework can be presented by:

 Specifying the theory used/to be used as basis for the study

 Mentioning the proponents of the theory
 Citing the main points emphasized in the theory
 Supporting the researcher’s exposition of the theory by ideas from other