Vocabulary Particle masses Group 0- noble gases

COMBINED SCIENCE & CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 : Atomic structure and the periodic table
Atoms The smallest part of an element that can Properties They are unreactive and do not easily form molecules because
exist. their atoms have stable arrangements of electrons
Compounds Formed from elements by chemical Structure The noble gases have eight electrons in their outer shell, except
reactions. for helium, which has only two electrons.
Contain two or more elements chemically
combined in fixed proportions and can be
represented by formulae using the
symbols of the atoms from which they
were formed.
Can only be separated into elements by
chemical reactions.
Mixtures Consists of two or more elements or Isotopes Atoms of the same element that can have different Boiling points The boiling points of the noble gases increase with increasing
compounds not chemically combined numbers of neutrons. relative atomic mass (going down the group).
together.
Symbol Used on the periodic table to represent an Relative atomic Average value that takes account of the abundance Group 1-alkali metals
element, sodium mass of the isotopes of the element.

The development of the model of the atom Electronic The electrons in an atom occupy the lowest available Structure The elements in Group 1 have a single electron in their outer
structure energy levels (innermost available shells) shell.

Plum pudding model Atom is a ball of positive charge with 1st shell=2 electrons Reactivity The reactivity of the elements increases going down the group.
negative electrons embedded in it. 2nd shell=8 electrons
Alpha particle scattering Experiment: conclusion that the mass of 3rd shell=8 electrons Reactions Group 1 metals react with oxygen, chlorine and water.
experiment an atom was concentrated at the centre 4th shell=2 electrons
(nucleus) and that the nucleus was
charged.
Niels Bohr Suggested that electrons orbit the nucleus The periodic table Group 7- halogens
at specific distances.

James Chadwick Provided the evidence to show the Groups Elements with the same number of electrons in their Reactions Chlorine, bromine and iodine react with metals and non-metals
existence of neutrons within the nucleus. outer shell (outer electrons) and this gives them to form compounds.
The atom similar chemical properties.

Particle charges Periodic table Arranged in order of atomic (proton) number. Properties The further down the group an element is the higher its relative
arrangement molecular mass, melting point and boiling point.

The early Scientists attempted to classify the elements by Reactivity Decreases going down the group.
periodic tables arranging them in order of their atomic weights.

Atomic number The number of protons or electrons in an Mendeleev Overcame some of the problems by leaving gaps for Displacement A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen
atom of an element. elements that he thought had not been discovered from an aqueous solution of its salt.
and in some places changed the order based on
atomic weights.
Mass number Sum of the protons and neutrons in an Metals and non-metals Structure All have seven electrons in their outer shell.
atom. The halogens are non-metals and consist of molecules made of
Radius of an atom 0.1 nm (1 x 10-10 m). Metals The majority of elements are metals. Metals are pairs of atoms.
found to the left and towards the bottom of the
periodic table.
Elements that react to form positive ions.
Radius of a nucleus 1/10 000 of that of the atom (about 1 x Non-metals Elements that do not form positive ions.
10-14 m).