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Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857 | History for

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Table of contents

Introduction

Simmering discontent

The Revolt of 1857 - The Major Causes

Beginning and Spread of the Revolt

Suppression of the Revolt

The British Resistance

View More

Introduction
All the previous documents that you have read is to gather knowledge about
the background events. In this EduRev document you will reading about the
rst war of independence which considered as the starting point of the unity
between people across the country. You will read about what are the causes
that led to this war and what is outcome of this and how company rule ended
and crown rule started in our country.
Simmering discontent
In 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, the British laid the rst step towards
getting power in northern India, And in 1857 took place the major "Revolt"
which was a product of the character and policies of colonial rule after
1757, and after which noteworthy changes took place in the British policy of
ruling over India.
The cumulative effect of British expansionist policies,
economic exploitation, and administrative innovations over the years had
adversely affected the positions of all—rulers of Indian states, sepoys,
zamindars, peasants, traders, artisans, pundits, maulvis, etc. The simmering
discontent burst in the form of a violent storm in 1857 which shook the
British empire in India to its very foundations.
However, the period between 1757 and 1857 was not all peaceful and
trouble-free, it saw a series of sporadic popular outbursts in the form of
religiopolitical violence, tribal movements, peasant uprisings, and
agrarian riots, and civil rebellions. Enhanced revenue demands—even in
famine years - caused anger.

The Revolt of 1857 - The Major Causes

Economic Causes
The colonial policies of the East India Company destroyed the traditional
economic fabric of Indian society.
British rule also meant misery to the artisans and handicrafts people.
The annexation of Indian states by the Company cut off their major source
of patronage.
The Indian trade and mercantile class were deliberately crippled by the
British who imposed high tariff duties on Indian-made goods.
At the same time, the import of British goods into India attracted low tariffs,
thus encouraging their entry into India.
Free Trade and refusal to impose protective duties against the machine-
made goods from Britain, simply killed Indian manufacture.
Zamindars, the traditional landed aristocracy, often saw their land rights
forfeited with frequent use of a quo warranto by the administration.
Example- In Awadh, the storm center of the revolt, 21,000 taluqdars had
their estates con scated and suddenly found themselves without a source of
income, "unable to work, ashamed to beg, condemned to penury".
The ruin of the Indian industry increased the pressure on agriculture and
land.

Political Causes
The East India Company’s greedy policy of aggrandizement accompanied
by broken pledges and promises resulted in contempt for the Company and
loss of political prestige, besides causing suspicion in the minds of almost all
the ruling princes in India, through policies as of 'Effective Control’,
'Subsidiary Alliance' and 'Doctrine of Lapse'.
The collapse of rulers—the erstwhile aristocracy—also adversely affected
those sections of the Indian society.
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Administrative Causes
Rampant corruption in the Company’s administration, especially among the
police, petty of cials, and lower law courts, was a major cause of discontent.

Socio-Religious Causes
Racial overtones and a superiority complex characterized the British
administrative attitude towards the native Indian population.
The government’s decision to tax mosque and temple lands and making laws
such as the Religious Disabilities Act, 1856.

In uence of Outside Events

The revolt of 1857 coincided with certain outside events in which the British
suffered serious losses—the First Afghan War (1838-42), Punjab
Wars (1845-49), and the Crimean Wars (1854-56).
Discontent Among Sepoys
The conditions of service in the Company's Army and cantonments increasingly
came into con ict with the religious beliefs and prejudices of the sepoys.
In 1856, Lord Canning's government passed the General Service Enlistment
Act which decreed that all future recruits to the Bengal Army would have to
give an undertaking to serve anywhere their services might be required by the
government. This caused resentment.
The immediate cause of the sepoys' dissatisfaction was the order that they
would not be given the foreign service allowance (Bhatta) when serving in Sindh
or in Punjab.
History of revolts in the British Indian Army—in Bengal (1764), Vellore (1806),
Barrackpore (1825), and during the Afghan Wars (1838-42).

Question for Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857

Try yourself: Which battle is considered as the battle which gave initial power
to the company?

a. Battle of Haldighati

b. Battle of Wandiwash

c. Battle of Plassey

d. Battle of Buxar

View Solution
Beginning and Spread of the Revolt
The Spark

The reports about the mixing of bone dust in atta ( our) and the
introduction of the En eld ri e enhanced the sepoy's growing disaffection
with the government.
The greased wrapping paper of the cartridge of the new ri e had to be
bitten off before loading and the grease was reportedly made of beef and
pig fat.

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Starts at Meerut
The revolt began at Meerut, 58 km from Delhi, on May 10, 1857, and then,
gathering force rapidly, soon embraced a vast area from Punjab in the north
and the Narmada in the south to Bihar in the east and Rajputana in the west.
Sepoy of the 34th Native Infantry, Mangal Pande, went a step further and
red at the sergeant major of his unit at Barrackpore.
On April 24, ninety men of the 3rd Native Cavalry refused to accept the
greased cartridges.
On May 9, eighty- ve of them were dismissed, sentenced to 10 years
imprisonment, and put in fetters.
On May 10, they released their imprisoned comrades, killed their of cers,
and unfurled the banner of revolt.

Choice of Bahadur Shah as Symbolic Head

This spontaneous raising of the last Mughal king to the leadership of the
country was a recognition of the fact that the long reign of the
Mughal dynasty had become the traditional symbol of India’s political unity.
The broad outlook of the rebels was not in uenced by religious identity but
by the perception of the British as the common enemy.
The entire Bengal Army soon rose in a revolt which spread quickly. Awadh,
Rohilkhand, the Doab, Bundelkhand, central India, large parts of Bihar, and
East Punjab shook off British authority.
Civilians Join
The revolt of the sepoys was accompanied by a rebellion of the civil
population, particularly in the north-western provinces and Awadh. The
peasants and petty zamindars took advantage of the revolt to destroy the
moneylender's account books and debt records.
Storm Centres and Leaders of the Revolt
At Delhi, the real command lay with a court of soldiers headed by General
Bakht Khan Sir Hugh Wheeler, commanding the station, surrendered on
June 27, 1857, and was killed on the same day.
Nana Saheb expelled the English from Kanpur, proclaimed himself the
Peshwa, acknowledged Bahadur Shah as the Emperor of India, and declared
himself to be his governor.

Nana Saheb

Begum Hazrat Mahal took over the reins at Lucknow where the rebellion
broke out on June 4, 1857, and popular sympathy was overwhelmingly in
favor of the deposed nawab. In March 1858, the city was nally recovered by
the British.

Begum Hazrat Mahal

At Bareilly, Khan Bahadur, a descendant of the former ruler of Rohilkhand,

not enthusiastic about the pension being granted by the British, organized
an army of 40,000 soldiers and offered stiff resistance to the British.
In Bihar, the revolt was led by Kunwar Singh, the zamindar of Jagdishpur. He
unhesitatingly joined the sepoys when they reached Arrah from
Dinapore (Danapur).
Maulvi Ahmadullah of Faizabad fought a stiff battle against the British
troops. He emerged as one of the revolt’s acknowledged leaders once it
broke out in Awadh in May 1857.
Rani Laxmibai, who assumed the leadership of the sepoys at Jhansi. The
Rani of Jhansi and Tantia Tope marched towards Gwalior. Gwalior was
recaptured by the English in June 1858.

Tantia Tope

Shah Mal, a local villager in Pargana Baraut (Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh)

organized the headmen and peasants of 84 villages (referred to as chaurasia
desh), marching at night from village to village, urging people to rebel against
the British hegemony. Shah Mal's body was cut into pieces and his head
displayed on July 21, 1857.
 Shah Mal

Question for Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857

Try yourself: Which of the following is the not the immediate cause for the
revolt?

a. Introduction of En eld ri e

b. Death of Mangal Pandey

c. Bahadur shah declared emperor of India

d. Rampant corruption in administration

View Solution

Suppression of the Revolt

 The revolt was nally suppressed. The British captured Delhi on September
20, 1857, thus the great House of Mughals was nally and completely
extinguished.
Sir Colin Campbell occupied Kanpur on December 6, 1857.

Sir Colin Campbell

Tantia Tope was captured while asleep in April 1859 and put to death. The
Rani of Jhansi had died on the battle eld earlier in June 1858. Jhansi was
recaptured by Sir Hugh Rose.

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Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857

The British Resistance

Delhi - Lieutenant Willoughby, John Nicholson, Lieutenant Hudson
Kanpur - Sir Hugh Wheeler, Sir Colin Campbell
Lucknow - Henry Lawrence, Brigadier Inglis, Henry Havelock, James
Outram, Sir Colin Campbell
Jhansi - Sir Hugh Rose
Benaras - Colonel James Neill
Why the Revolt Failed?
All-India participation was absent.
The limited territorial spread was one factor, there was no all - India veneer
about the revolt.

All classes did not join

Big zamindars acted as "break-waters to storm", even Awadh taluqdars
backed off once promises of land restitution were spelled out.
Educated Indians viewed this revolt as backward-looking, supportive of the
feudal order, and as a reaction of traditional conservative forces to
modernity.
Rulers who did not participate included the Sindhia of Gwalior, the
Holkar of Indore, the rulers of Patiala, Sindh and other Sikh chieftains, and
the Maharaja of Kashmir.

Poor Arms and Equipment

The Indian soldiers were poorly equipped materially, ghting generally with
swords and spears and very few guns and muskets.

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Uncoordinated and Poorly Organised

The revolt was poorly organized with no coordination or central leadership.
The principal rebel leaders—Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope, Kunwar Singh,
Laxmibai.
The mutineers lacked a clear understanding of the colonial rule, nor did they
have a forward-looking program, a coherent ideology, a political perspective,
or a societal alternative.
Hindu-Muslim Unity Factor
According to Maulana Azad, “Two facts stand out clearly in the midst of the
tangled story of the Rising of 1857. The rst is the remarkable sense of unity
among the Hindus and the Muslims of India in this period. The other is the
deep loyalty which the people felt for the Mughal Crown.”
Thus, the events of 1857 demonstrated that the people and politics of India
were not basically communal or sectarian before 1858.

Question for Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857

Try yourself: Which of the following personalities did not ght in 1857 revolt?

a. Mir Qasim

b. Begum Hazrat Mahal

c. Maulvi Ahmadullah

d. Bhakt Khan

View Solution

Nature of the Revolt

It was a mere 'Sepoy Mutiny’ to some British historians—"a wholly
unpatriotic and sel sh Sepoy Mutiny with no native leadership and no
popular support”, said Sir John Seeley.
Dr. K. Datta considers the revolt of 1857 to have been “in the main a military
outbreak, which was taken advantage of by certain discontented princes and
landlords, whose interests had been affected by the new political order”. It
was "never all-Indian in character, but was localized, restricted and poorly
organized". Further, says Datta, the movement was marked by the absence of
cohesion and unity of purpose among the various sections of the rebels.
A "planned war of national independence", by V.D. Savarkar in his book,
The Indian War of Independence, 1857. Savarkar called the revolt the rst
war of Indian independence.
Dr. S.N. Sen in his Eighteen Fifty- Seven considers the revolt as having begun
as a ght for religion but ending as a war of independence.
Dr. R.C. Majumdar, however, considers it as neither the rst, nor national,
nor a war of independence as large parts of the country remained unaffected
According to some Marxist historians, the 1857 revolt was "the struggle of
the soldier-peasant democratic combine against foreign as well as feudal
bondage".
Jawaharlal Nehru considered the Revolt of 1857 as essentially a
feudal uprising though there were some nationalistic elements in it
(Discovery of India).
M.N. Roy felt the Revolt was a last-ditch stand of feudalism against
commercial capitalism.

R.P. Dutt also saw the signi cance of the Revolt of the peasantry against
foreign domination It had seeds of nationalism and anti-imperialism but the
concept of common nationality and nationhood was not inherent to the
revolt of 1857.
S.B. Chaudhuri observes, the revolt was "the rst combined attempt of many
classes of people to challenge a foreign power. This is a real if remote,
approach to the freedom movement of India of a later age".
Consequences
The revolt of 1857 marks a turning point in the history of India. It led to far-
reaching changes in the system of administration and the policies of the
British government.
The British Parliament, on August 2, 1858, passed an Act for the Better
Government of India. The Act declared Queen Victoria as the sovereign of
British India and provided for the appointment of a Secretary of State for
India
The assumption of the Government of India by the sovereign of Great Britain
was announced by Lord Canning at a durbar at Allahabad in the 'Queen’s
Proclamation’ issued on November 1, 1858.

The proclamation also promised equal and impartial protection under the
law to all Indians, besides equal opportunities in government services
irrespective of race or creed. It was also promised that old Indian rights,
customs, and practices would be given due regard while framing and
administering the law.
The Army Amalgamation Scheme, 1861 moved the Company’s European
troops to the services of the Crown.
'Conservative brand of liberalism’, as it was called by Thomas Metcalf—had
the solid support of the conservative and aristocratic classes of England who
espoused the complete non-interference in the traditional structure of
 Indian society. The Indian economy was fully exploited without fear.
In accordance with the Queen’s Proclamation of 1858, the Indian Civil
Service Act of 1861 was passed, which was to give an impression that under
the Queen all were equal, irrespective of race or creed.
Racial hatred and suspicion between the Indians and English was probably
the worst legacy of the revolt.
The complete structure of the Indian government was remodeled and based
on the notion of a master race justifying the philosophy of the
‘Whiteman’s burden’.

Question for Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857

Try yourself: Which of the following is incorrect with respect to failure of the
1857 revolt?

a. Uncoordinated and Poorly organised

b. Revolt was not spread all over the country

c. Hindu-Muslim unity was absent

d. Poor arms and equipment

View Solution
Signi cance of the Revolt
For the British, the Revolt of 1857 proved useful in that it showed up the
glaring shortcomings in the Company’s administration and its army, which
they recti ed promptly. These defects would never have been revealed to
the world if the Revolt had not happened.
For the Indians, the 1857 Revolt had a major in uence on the course of the
struggle for freedom. It brought out in the open grievances of people and the
sepoys, which were seen to be genuine.
However, it was also obvious that the primitive arms that the Indians
possessed were no match for the advanced weapons of the British.
Furthermore, the senseless atrocities committed by both sides shocked the
Indian intellectuals who were increasingly convinced that violence was to be
eschewed in any struggle for freedom.
The educated middle class, which was a growing section, did not believe in
violence and preferred an orderly approach. But the Revolt of 1857 did
establish local traditions of resistance to British rule which were to be of
help in the course of the national struggle for freedom.

This event that you have gone through is considered as the rst step towards
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about the social changes and reforms that happened across the country and
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1. What were the major causes of the Revolt of 1857?

Ans. The major causes of the Revolt of 1857 included the discontent among sepoys due
to various factors such as the introduction of new cartridges greased with animal fat,
racial discrimination, and lack of career advancement opportunities.

2. How did the Revolt of 1857 begin and spread?

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Summary: The Revolt of 1857 covers topics like Introduction, Simmering discontent, The
Revolt of 1857 - The Major Causes, Beginning and Spread of the Revolt, Suppression of the
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Consequences, Signi cance of the Revolt and Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857
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