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"2-Dimensional electrical resistivity surveying for mineral deposit in Eguare

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“2 – Dimensional electrical resistivity surveying for mineral deposit in Eguare, Igueben lga, South – South,
Nigeria.”

ISSN No. 2455-5800

Journal of Scientific Research in Allied Sciences

Original Research Article

2 – DIMENSIONAL ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEYING FOR MINERAL
DEPOSIT IN EGUARE, IGUEBEN LGA, SOUTH – SOUTH, NIGERIA.

Alile O. M.1, Enoma .N.2, Ojo .K.O1, Osuoji O.U. 1

1. Department of Physics, University of Benin, Benin city

2. Department of Mineral and Petroleum Resources Engineering, Edo state polytechnic,
Usen, Edo state.

Article history:
Submitted on: May 2016
Accepted on: June 2016
Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
The experimental approach of two-dimensional (2D) geoelectrical resistivity imaging in
which the resistivity is allowed to vary both laterally along and vertically beneath the survey
line but constant in the perpendicular direction was carried out for mineral exploration. A
series of 2D apparent resistivity data were generated in a parallel and perpendicular direction
using dipole-dipole electrode configuration engaging the SAS 1000 ABEM terrameter. 2.5m
electrode separations (interline spacing) in the study area was adopted. The 2D data sets were
collated and inverted separately using RES2DINV software producing 2D model for each
line. These survey locations were observed to be composed of lateritic soil, sand, sandstone,
shale, limestone, clay, dolomite with resistivity values ranging between 259 Ωm to 2159 Ωm
for the unit electrode spacing adopted.

KEYWORDS: 2 – Dimensional, Electrical, Resistivity, Surveying, Mineral Deposit.

1. INTRODUCTION
A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid with a definite (but generally not fixed)
chemical composition and a highly ordered atomic arrangement. It is usually formed by
inorganic process. This means that minerals consist of a single and solid substance that
cannot be physically subdivided into simpler chemical compounds. The determination of
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homogeneity is difficult because it is related to the scale on which it is defined. For example,
a specimen that appears homogeneous to the naked eye may prove to be inhomogeneous,
made up of several materials, when viewed with a microscope at high magnification.

67
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A mineral has a definite chemical composition which implies that it can be expressed by a
specific chemical formula e.g the chemical composition of quartz is expressed as SiO2.
Because quartz contains no chemical elements other than silicon and oxygen its formula is
definite. Quartz is therefore, often referred to as a pure substance, most minerals, however, do
not have such well-defined compositions. Dolomite, CaMg (CO3)2, is not always a pure Ca-
Mg-carbonate. It may contain considerable amounts of Fe and Mn in place of Mg.
The resolution of subsurface geoelectrical resistivity surveys decrease with depth and very
long layouts are needed for large depth penetration. The presence of a conductive layer at the
surface can significantly reduce the depth of penetration. Borehole resistivity imaging, often
referred to as electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) can be used to overcome the problem of
depth limitation and obtain higher resolution at depths since the electrode are closer to the
structures of interest. The strong influence of near-surface inhomogeneities on inversion
results will also be reduced.
2D and 3D images that reflect the resistivity contrast can be obtained from borehole resistivity
tomography (La Breque et al., 1996; Ramirez et al., 1996; Slater et al., 1997; Brown and
Slater, 1999). The measurement may be done by arranging the electrodes in the borehole(s)
only (Daily and Owen, 1991; Shima, 1992; Spies and Ellis, 1995; Bing and Greenhalgh,
2000) or borehole and surface (Becy and Morrison, 1991; Binley et al., 2002; Dhu and
Heinson, 2004). In general, any array used for surface resistivity survey can be adapted for
borehole resistivity measurements; but pole-pole (Daily and Owen, 1991; Shima, 1992; Spies
and Ellis, 1995), pole-dipole (Bing and Greenhalgh, 1997; Zhou and Greenhalgh, 2000) and
dipole-dipole (Sasaki, 1992; Zhou et al., 2002) arrays are commonly used in borehole
resistivity surveys. Based on sensitivity pattern and anomaly effect, the pole-dipole and
dipole-dipole arrays have been shown to have better target definition and delineation
properties than the pole-pole array. Alile et al, (2013) carried out subsurface imaging using
different electrode configurations for geoelectrical investigation. Also Alile et al, (2012)
worked on the applications of 1-D and 2-D electrical resistivity methods to determine the
depth of aquifer around camp house in Canaan land, ota, Nigeria. The effectiveness of short
electrode spacing in geoelectrical subsurface investigation using dipole – dipole array was
carried out by Alile et al, (2016). In the study they engage both the 2 – D and 3 – D
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geoelectrical investigations. The study showed that the shorter electrode spacing gave a detail
and better resolution.

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2. METHODOLOGY
Two-Dimensional survey was carried out at Eguare Community in Igueben Local
Government Area of Edo State which is located within longitudes 6010′ 0′′ 60 12′ 30′′ east and

latitude 60 27′ 3′′, 60 30′ 0′′ north. The approximate average elevation is about 180m above
mean sea level. The survey area occupies North Central part of Edo State and is underlain by
sedimentary rocks of Paleocene to recent age. The sedimentary rock contains about 90% of
sand stone and shale intercalations. The base map is as shown in Figure 1.
The first and second survey grids at Eguare Primary School compound and Amahor
Secondary School compound with co-ordinates of latitutes, longitudes and elevations about
sea level on a detailed scale are as shown in Figure 1.
The dipole – dipole array was engaged in this survey and the RES2DINV program was
adopted in the analysis and interpretation of the acquired data.

EGUARE PRIMARY SCHOOL 3D ELECTRICAL IMAGING SURVEY GRID

N006 28C14.9
0 ’
30 ’’ B
LY7
0 ’
N006 28 15.7’’
0 ’ ’’
0 ’
E006 12 21.6’’
25
LY6

20
LY5
(Ym)

15
LY4

10
LY3

LY2
5
0 ’
N006 28 16.3’’
LX1 LX2 LX3 LX4 LX5 LX6 LX7
0 ’
0 ’ ’’
N006 28 15.5 LY1
0 A
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0 ’ ’’
X(m) Scale

0 10 20 30 40 m

Figure 1: 2 – Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Survey grid showing latitude and longitudes
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(base map)

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Figure 2: Typical ranges of electrical resistivities/conductivities of earth materials and

minerals. (Source: Loke, 2014).
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
After acquiring 2D geoelectrical resistivity data set, it is necessary to model or invert
the data set so as to obtain the desired subsurface resistivity images or distribution. The
process of estimating geophysical model parameters of a multi-layered and heterogeneous
earth model from observed field data is known as inversion. The observed data can be
predicted (forward modeling problem) using the laws of physics relating the model parameter
to the observed data. Inversion of observed geophysical data involves the mapping of the
geophysical data into the model that will, in some defined sense, best satisfy the measured
data and our preconception about the given model. The choice of the model parameters is
largely dependent on the nature of the geophysical problem to be solved. The relationship
between the observed data and the model parameters is a non-linear, ill-conditioned and
largely under-determined inverse problem. Standard modeling and inversion techniques for
linear inverse problems cannot be employed successfully for such non-linear inverse
problems. In solving non-linear inverse problems, an initial model (a skilled quess model) is
usually modified in an iterative procedure so that the difference between the model response
and the observed data values can be minimized. The model parameters are then updated using
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a linearized interactive adjustment procedure. The result of the inversion depends on both the
choice of the forward model whose response should match the observed data as well as the
solution of an appropriate error criterion for minimization and smoothness criteria (Constable

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et al., 1987). Conventional approaches are based a cumulative least-squares errors and
cumulative least-absolute deviation.
The apparent resistivity data got over the series of parallel 2D profile extracted from the 2D
data, set were inverted separately using the RES2DINV inversion code in both x and y
directions that is in-lines and cross-lines (Loke and Barker, 1996). The 2D inversion was done
in order to assess the quality of the 2D apparent resistivity data generated. The RES2DINV
computer program uses a nonlinear optimization technique which automatically determines a
2D resistivity model of the subsurface for the input apparent resistivity data (Griffiths and
Barker, 1993; Loke and Barker, 1996). The program divides the subsurface into a number of

Rectangular blocks and then calculates the apparent resistivity values that agree with the
measured values using a forward modeling routine. The arrangement of the rectangular blocks
is loosely tied to the distribution of the data points in the pseudosections. The inversion
routine used by the program is based on the smoothness constrained least squares method
(DeGroot-Hedlin and Constable, 1990; Sasaki, 1992). The optimization method then adjusts
the resistivity of the model blocks and tries to reduce the difference between the measured and
calculate apparent resistivity values using iterative procedure.
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The results of the inverted images of the various profiles in the study area are
presented in the figures below.

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Figure 3a: Eguare line Lx1; 2D smoothness constrained inversion model resistivity section

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Figure 3b: Eguare line Lx2; 2D smoothness constrained inversion model resistivity section

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Figure 3c: Eguare line Lx3; 2D smoothness constrained inversion model resistivity section

Figure 3d: Eguare line Lx4; 2D smoothness constrained inversion model resistivity section

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Figure 3e: Eguare line Lx5; 2D smoothness constrained inversion model resistivity section

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Figure 3f: Eguare line Lx6; 2D smoothness constrained inversion model resistivity section

Figure 3g: Eguare line Lx7; 2D smoothness constrained inversion model resistivity section

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Figure4a: Eguare line Ly1; 2D smoothness constrained inversion model resistivity section

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Figure4b: Eguare line Ly2; 2D smoothness constrained inversion model resistivity section

Figure4c: Eguare line Ly3; 2D smoothness constrained inversion model resistivity section

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Figure 4d: Eguare line Ly4; 2D smoothness constrained inversion model resistivity section

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Figure4e: Eguare line Ly5; 2D smoothness constrained inversion model resistivity section

Figure4f: Eguare line Ly6; 2D smoothness constrained inversion model resistivity section
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Figure4g: Eguare line Ly7; 2D smoothness constrained inversion model resistivity section

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DISCUSSION
Seven parallel and seven orthogonal 2D geoelectrical resistivity field data were collected
manually engaging ABEM Terrameter SAS 1000, a resistivity instrument using the Dipole-
dipole electrode configuration. In both cases, the observed 2D apparent resistivity data were
collated and inverted using RES2DINV software.
Considering both the parallel X – Directions and orthogonal Y – Directions, the first, second
and third layers having a lower resistivity ranges of 259 Ωm to 503 Ωm for unit electrode
spacing of 2.5m showed that this top few layers is probably composed of lateritic soil, sand,
sandstone, sand clay, limestone, and shale. Also for the fourth, fifth and sixth layer having a
higher resistivity range of 403 Ωm to 1217 Ωm for the same unit electrode spacing showed
that the last 3 layers is probably compose of sand, sandstone, shale, limestone, clay and
dolomite.

Table 1: Interpretation table for Location 1

NAME OF SURVEY SITE: Eguare community

ELECTRODE SPACING: 2.5m
LAYER NO IN-LINE(m) CROSS-LINE(m) RESISTIVITY INTERPRETATION
RANGE

1 0.88 0.88 Iateritic soil,

2 1.0 1.0 259-503 Ωm Sand,

3 1.16 1.16 Sandstone,

Sandclay,
Limestone,
Shale.
4 1.33 1.33 Sand,
5 1.53 1.53 503-1217 Ωm Sandstone,

6 1.76 1.76 Shale,

Limestone,
Clay,
Dolomite.
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Dark
Light

blue
blue
236 - 367Ωm lateritic soil

green
green

Dark
Light

367-573Ωm sand

573-715Ωm clay
Yellow
715-893Ωm sand stone
Brown

893-1114Ωm Shale
Red
purpl

purpl
Light

Dark

1114Ωm lime stone/dolomite

e

Figure 5: Legend showing the Aggregate/Mineral distribution in the subsurface of study area.
CONCLUSION
The 2 – Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Surveying For Mineral Deposit in Eguare, Igueben
LGA, South – South, Nigeria, has successfully been carried out engaging geoelectrical
resistivity imaging in which the resistivity is allowed to vary both laterally along and
vertically beneath the survey line but constant in the perpendicular direction. This was carried
out using the dipole – dipole electrode configuration. The resolution of the images help to
delineate appropriately the subsurface structure and with their respective resistivity
distributions presented.
The survey locations were observed to be composed of lateritic soil, sand, sandstone, shale,
limestone, clay, dolomite with resistivity values ranging between 259 Ωm to 2159 Ωm for the
unit electrode spacing adopted. Therefore, it is feasible to carry out an investigation of this
type by engaging the instrumentality of electrical resistivity method.

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