AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CREDIT HOURS ENGINEERING PROGRAMS
SOPHOMORE (All Programs)

Major Task (Part 1) Total: 15 marks

PHM111: Probability and Statistics
1/18
Name: ID: Deadline: Week 7
Please, Solve each problem in its assigned place ONLY (the empty space below it)

Statistics
Part I
1. Name and define the two areas of statistics.
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2. Why are samples used in statistics?
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3. In each of these statements, tell whether descriptive or inferential statistics have been used:
a. In the year 2030, 148 million Americans will be enrolled in an HMO. (………………..)
b. Nine out of ten on-the-job fatalities are men. (………………..)
c. The median household income for people aged 25–34 is $35,888. (………………..)

4. Classify each variable as qualitative or quantitative:

a) Number of bicycles sold in 1 year by a large sporting goods store. (………….…..)
b) Classification of children in a day care center (infant, toddler, preschool) (…………….)
c) Weights of fish caught in Lake George. (………………..)
d) Marital status of faculty members in a large university. (………………..)

5. Classify each variable as discrete or continuous:

a) Water temperatures of six swimming pools in Pittsburgh on a given day. (……………..)
b) Weights of cats in a pet shelter. (……………..)
c) Number of cheeseburgers sold each day by a hamburger stand on a college campus.
(………………..)
d) Number of DVDs rented each day by a video store. (………………..)

1
 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 2/18

6. Name the four basic sampling methods.

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7. Classify each sample as random, systematic, stratified, or cluster:
a) In a large school area, all teachers from two buildings are interviewed to determine
whether they believe the students have less homework to do now than in previous
years. (…………………)
b) Every seventh customer entering a shopping mall is asked to select her or his favorite
store. (…………………)

Part II
1. Name the three types of frequency distributions and explain when each should be used.
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2. The following two frequency distributions are incorrectly constructed. State the reason why.
a. Class Frequency
27–32 1
33–38 0
39–44 6
45–49 4
50–55 2
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b. Class Frequency
123–127 3
128–132 7
138–142 2
143–147 19
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3. Shown here are the number of inches of rain received in 1 year in 25 selected cities in the
United States. Construct a grouped frequency distribution and a cumulative frequency
distribution with 6 classes.
6 37 14 45 22 32 33 49 55
94 38 83 85 40 67 36 67
71 52 52 55 63 49 44 58
 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 3/18

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Class Class limits Class boundaries Frequency Cumulative Frequency

1
2
3
4
5
6

4. Do Students Need Summer Development? For 108 randomly selected college applicants,
the following frequency distribution for entrance exam scores was obtained. Construct a
histogram, frequency polygon, and ogive for the data.

Class Class limits Class boundaries Frequency Cumulative Frequency

1 90–98 6
2 99–107 22
3 108–116 43
4 117–125 28
5 126–134 9

Applicants who score above 107 need not enroll in a summer developmental program. In
this group, how many students do not have to enroll in the developmental program?

Histogram:
 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 4/18

Frequency Polygon:

Ogive:
 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 5/18

5. The math and reading achievement scores from the National Assessment of Educational
Progress for selected states are listed below. Construct a back-to back stem and leaf plot
with the data.
Math Reading

52 66 69 62 61 65 76 76 66 67
63 57 59 59 55 71 70 70 66 61
55 59 74 72 73 61 69 78 76 77
68 76 73 77 77 80
Stem Leaf

6. The state gas tax in cents per gallon for 25 states is given below. Construct a grouped
frequency distribution and a cumulative frequency distribution with 5 classes.
7.5 16 23.5 17 22
21.5 19 20 27.1 20
22 20.7 17 28 20
23 18.5 25.3 24 31
14.5 25.9 18 30 31.5

Class Class limits Class boundaries Frequency Cumulative Frequency

1
2
3
4
5
 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 6/18

Part III
1. The average undergraduate grade point average (GPA) for the 25 top-ranked medical
schools is listed below.
3.80 3.77 3.70 3.74 3.70
3.86 3.76 3.68 3.67 3.57
3.83 3.70 3.80 3.74 3.67
3.78 3.74 3.73 3.65 3.66
3.75 3.64 3.78 3.73 3.64.
Find the mean, the median, the mode, and the midrange.

Data in ascending order

Mean =
Median =
Mode = Midrange =

2. For the following data, construct a grouped frequency distribution with six classes then find
the mean and modal class.
1013 1867 1268 1666 2309 1231 3005 2895 2166 1136
1532 1461 1750 1069 1723 1827 1155 1714 2391 2155
1412 1688 2471 1759 3008 2511 2577 1082 1067 1062
1319 1037 2400.

Class Class limits Class boundaries Frequency Cumulative Frequency

1
2
3
4
5
6
The mean =…………………………………………………………………………………..

The modal class =…………………………………………………………………….……..

 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 7/18

3. Find the weighted mean price of three models of automobiles sold. The number and price
of each model sold are shown in this list.
Model Number Price
A 8 $10,000
B 10 12,000
C 12 8,000.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
4. An instructor grades exam, 20%; term paper, 30%; final exam, 50%. A student had grades of
83, 72, and 90, respectively, for exams, term paper, and final exam. Find the student’s final
average. Use the weighted mean.
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5. Calculate the median from the following data:

Group Frequency
60 – 64 1
65 – 69 5
70 – 74 9
75 – 79 12
80 – 84 7
85 – 89 2

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6. Calculate the mode from the following data:

Group Frequency
150 - 154 5
155 - 159 2
160 - 164 6
165 - 169 8
170 - 174 9
175 - 179 11
180 - 184 6
185 - 189 3
 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 8/18

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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7. For these situations, state which measure of central tendency (mean, median, or mode)
should be used.
a) The most typical case is desired. (………………..)
b) The data are categorical. (………………..)
c) The values are to be divided into two approximately equal groups, one group containing
the larger values and one containing the smaller values. (………………..)

8. Describe which measure of central tendency—mean, median, or mode—was probably used

in each situation.
a) The average number of children per family in the Plaza Heights Complex is 1.8.
(………………..)
b) Most people prefer red convertibles over any other color. (………………..)
c) The average age of college professors is 42.3 years. (………………..)
Part IV
1. Find the range, variance, and standard deviation. Assume the data represent samples, and
use the shortcut formula for the unbiased estimator to compute the variance and standard
deviation:
The normal daily high temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit) in January for 10 selected cities
are as follows:
50, 37, 29, 54, 30, 61, 47, 38, 34, 61
The normal monthly precipitation (in inches) for these same 10 cities is listed here:
4.8, 2.6, 1.5, 1.8, 1.8, 3.3, 5.1, 1.1, 1.8, 2.5
Which set is more variable?
For normal daily high temperatures:
n X
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 9/18

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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For normal monthly precipitation:

n X
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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The more variable set is……………………………………………………………………….
Because………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Team batting averages for major league baseball in 2005 are represented below. Find the
variance and standard deviation for each league.
NL AL
0.252–0.256 4 0.256–0.261 2
0.257–0.261 6 0.262–0.267 5
0.262–0.266 1 0.268–0.273 4
0.267–0.271 4 0.274–0.279 2
0.272–0.276 1 0.280–0.285 1
 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 10/18

For NL:
Class limits Class boundaries

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For AL:
Class limits Class boundaries

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3. The average age of senators in the 108th Congress was 59.5 years. If the standard deviation
was 11.5 years, find the z scores corresponding to the oldest and youngest senators:
Robert C. Byrd (D, WV), 86, and John Sununu (R, NH), 40.
For Robert C. Byrd:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………….
For John Sununu:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………….
 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 11/18

4. The average teacher’s salary in a particular state is $54,166. If the standard deviation is
$10,200, find the salaries corresponding to the following z scores.
a. 2 b. -1 c. 0
a- ………………………………………………………………………………………….
b- ………………………………………………………………………………………….
c- ………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Find the percentile rank for each value in the data set. The data represent the values in
billions of dollars of the damage of 10 hurricanes.
1.1, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 3.3, 6.2, 6.8, 20.3.
1.1 is ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
1.7 is ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
1.9 is ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.1 is ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.2 is ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.5 is ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
3.3 is ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
6.2 is ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
6.8 is ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
20.3 is ……………………………………………………………………………………………...

6. check each data set for outliers.

a. 24, 32, 54, 31, 16, 18, 19, 14, 17, 20
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b. 321, 343, 350, 327, 200
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7. identify the five-number summary and find the interquartile range.

19, 16, 48, 22, 7
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 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 12/18

8. Construct a boxplot for the following data representing the number of games pitched by
major league baseball’s earned run average (ERA) leaders for the past few years.
30, 34, 29, 30, 34, 29, 31, 33, 34, 27, 30, 27, 34, 32.
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The Box Plot:

9. Starting teacher salaries (in equivalent U.S. dollars) for upper secondary education in
selected countries are listed below. Which set of data is more variable? (The U.S. average
starting salary at this time was $29,641.)
Europe Asia
Sweden $48,704 Korea $26,852
Germany 41,441 Japan 23,493
Spain 32,679 India 18,247
Finland 32,136 Malaysia 13,647
Denmark 30,384 Philippines 9,857
Netherlands 29,326 Thailand 5,862
Scotland 27,789
 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 13/18

For Europe:
n X
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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For Asia:
n X
1
2
3
4
5
6

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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The more variable set is……………………………………………………………………….
Because………………………………………………………………………………………..
 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 14/18

Classical Probability, Counting Techniques, Conditional Probability

Part I
1. An experiment involves tossing a pair of dice, one green and one red, and recording the
numbers that come up. If x equals the outcome on the green die and y the outcome on
the red die, describe the sample space S
(a) by listing the elements (x, y);
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(b) by using the rule method.
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2. For the sample space of Exercise 1,
(a) list the elements corresponding to the event A that the sum is greater than 8;
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(b) list the elements corresponding to the event B that a 2 occurs on either die;
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(c) list the elements corresponding to the event C that a number greater than 4 comes
up on the green die;
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(d) list the elements corresponding to the event A∩C;
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(e) list the elements corresponding to the event A∩B;
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(f) list the elements corresponding to the event B ∩C;
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………

(g) construct a Venn diagram to illustrate the intersections and unions of the events A, B
and C.
 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 15/18

3. An experiment consists of tossing a die and then flipping a coin once if the number on
the die is even. If the number on the die is odd, the coin is flipped twice. Construct a tree
diagram to show the 18 elements of the sample space S. then:
(a) list the elements corresponding to the event A that a number less than 3 occurs on
the die;
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(b) list the elements corresponding to the event B that two tails occur;
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(c) list the elements corresponding to the event A ;
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(d) list the elements corresponding to the event A ∩B;
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(e) list the elements corresponding to the event A∪B.
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4. If S = {x | 0 < x < 12}, M = {x | 1 < x < 9}, and N = {x | 0 < x < 5}, find
(a) M ∪ N;
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(b) M ∩ N;
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(c) M  ∩ N 
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5. (a) How many three-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 if
each digit can be used only once?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(b) How many of these are odd numbers?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(c) How many are greater than 330?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 16/18

6. Three lottery tickets for first, second, and third prizes are drawn from a group of 40
tickets. Find the number of sample points in S for awarding the 3 prizes if each
contestant holds only 1 ticket.
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7. How many ways are there to select 3 candidates from 8 equally qualified recent
graduates for openings in an accounting firm?
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……………………………………………………………

Part II
1. A box contains 500 envelopes, of which 75 contain $100 in cash, 150 contain $25, and 275
contain $10. An envelope may be purchased for $25. What is the sample space for the
different amounts of money? Assign probabilities to the sample points and then find the
probability that the first envelope purchased contains less than $100.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..…………………………………
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2. A pair of fair dice is tossed. Find the probability of getting
(a) a total of 8;
………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..…………………………………
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(b) at most a total of 5.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
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3. In a high school graduating class of 100 students, 54 studied mathematics, 69 studied

history, and 35 studied both mathematics and history. If one of these students is selected
at random, find the probability that:
(a) the student took mathematics or history;
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
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(b) the student did not take either of these subjects;
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(c) the student took history but not mathematics.
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 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 17/18

4. In an experiment to study the relationship of hypertension and smoking habits, the

following data are collected for 180 individuals:
Moderate Heavy
Nonsmokers Smokers Smokers

H 21 36 30
NH 48 26 19
where H and NH in the table stand for Hypertension and Non-hypertension, respectively.
If one of these individuals is selected at random, find the probability that the person is
(a) experiencing hypertension, given that the person is a heavy smoker;
………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..…………………………………
……………………………………………………………
(b) a nonsmoker, given that the person is experiencing no hypertension.
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5. Pollution of the rivers in the United States has been a problem for many years. Consider
the following events:
A: the river is polluted,
B: a sample of water tested detects pollution,
C: fishing is permitted.
Assume
P( A) = 0.3, P( B | A) = 0.75, P( B | A) = 0.20, P(C | A B) = 0.20,
P(C | A B) = 0.15, P(C | A B) = 0.80, P(C | A B) = 0.90.
(a) Find P(A ∩ B ∩ C).
………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..…………………………………
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(b) Find P( B C ) .
………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..…………………………………
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(c) Find P(C).
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(d) Find the probability that the river is polluted, given that fishing is permitted, and the
sample tested did not detect pollution.
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 PHM111: Probability and Statistics
Name: ID: 18/18

6. Police plan to enforce speed limits by using radar traps at four different locations within
the city limits. The radar traps at each of the locations L1, L2, L3, and L4 will be operated
40%, 30%, 20%, and 30% of the time. If a person who is speeding on her way to work has
probabilities of 0.2, 0.1, 0.5, and 0.2, respectively, of passing through these locations,
what is the probability that she will receive a speeding ticket?
If the person received a speeding ticket on her way to work, what is the probability that
she passed through the radar trap located at L2?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..…………………………………
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7. A regional telephone company operates three identical relay stations at different

locations. During a one-year period, the number of malfunctions reported by each station
and the causes are shown below.
Station A B C

Problems with electricity supplied (ES) 2 1 1

Computer malfunction (CM) 4 3 2
Malfunctioning electrical equipment (ME) 5 4 2
Caused by other human errors (H) 7 7 5

Suppose that a malfunction was reported, and it was found to be caused by other human
errors. What is the probability that it came from station C?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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