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Lect 3

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5 views

Lect 3

Uploaded by

Fatih
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measures of Central Tendency

• A measure of central tendency is a measure which indicates where the


middle of the data is.
• The three most commonly used measures of central tendency are: the mean,
median and the mode.
The Mean:
• It is the average of the data.
Characteristics of the Mean

The arithmetic mean is the most widely used measure of


location. It requires the interval scale. Its major
characteristics are:
– All values are used.
– It is unique.
– The sum of the deviations from the mean is 0.
– It is calculated by summing the values and dividing by
the number of values.
– The mean is affected by unusually large or small data
values.

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Population Mean
For ungrouped data, the population mean is the sum of all the
population values divided by the total number of population
values:

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Sample Mean

⚫ For ungrouped data, the sample mean is the sum of all the
sample values divided by the number of sample values:

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EXAMPLE: Days Off per Year

• The data represent the number of days off per year for a
sample of individuals selected from nine different countries.
Find the mean.
• 20, 26, 40, 36, 23, 42, 35, 24, 30

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EXAMPLE – Hospital Infections

• The data show the number of patients in a sample of six


hospitals who acquired an infection while hospitalized.
Find the mean.
• 110, 76, 29, 38, 105, 31

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Mean for Grouped Data

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Example-Mean for Grouped Data

• find the mean of the data in the frequency table below. The
data represent the number of miles run during one week for a
sample of 20 runners.

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Example Continue

Solution
The procedure for finding the mean for grouped data is given
here.
Step 1 Make a table as shown.

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Example Continue

Step 2 Find the midpoints of each class and enter them in column C.

Step 3 For each class, multiply the frequency by the midpoint, as


shown, and place the product in column D.

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Example Continue

Step 4 Find the sum of column D.


Step 5 Divide the sum by n to get the mean.

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Weighted Mean

⚫ The weighted mean of a set of numbers X1, X2, ..., Xn,


with corresponding weights w1, w2, ...,wn, is computed
from the following formula:

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EXAMPLE – Weighted Mean

⚫ A teacher decided to grade his class as follows:


⚫ 10% for homework assignments, 15% for quizzes, 25% for
a midterm, and 50% for the final exam
⚫ Notice that 10% + 15% + 25% + 50% = 100%
⚫ Suppose the maximum score is 100 and a student gets the
following scores throughout the year:
Homework assignments: 40, 50, 60, 50, 40, 30
Quizzes: 50, 60, 20, 50, 40, 80, 30, 70
Midterm: 65
Final exam: 95
What is the weighted mean?

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Weighted Mean Example Continue

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Weighted Mean Example Continue

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The Median

⚫ The Median is the midpoint of the values after they have been
ordered from the smallest to the largest.

– There are as many values above the median as below it in


the data array.

– For an even set of values, the median will be the arithmetic


average of the two middle numbers.

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Properties of the Median

⚫ There is a unique median for each data set.

⚫ It is not affected by extremely large or small values and is


therefore a valuable measure of central tendency when
such values occur.

⚫ It can be computed for ratio-level, interval-level, and


ordinal-level data.

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EXAMPLES - Median

The ages for a sample of five The heights of four


college students are: basketball players, in inches,
21, 25, 19, 20, 22 are:
76, 73, 80, 75
Arranging the data in
Arranging the data in
ascending order gives:
ascending order gives:

19, 20, 21, 22, 25. 73, 75, 76, 80.

Thus the median is 21. Thus the median is 75.5

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The Mode

⚫ The mode is the value of the observation


that appears most frequently.

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Example - Mode

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Median of Grouped Data

• Step 1: Construct the cumulative frequency distribution.


• Step 2: Decide the class that contains the median. Median Class is the first class
with a value of cumulative frequency equal at least n/2.
• Step 3: Find the median by using the following formula:

• Where:
• n = the total frequency
• F = the cumulative frequency before the median class
• i = the class width
• 𝐿𝑚 = the lower boundary of the class median
• 𝑓𝑚 = frequency of the median class
Example:

• Based on the grouped data below, find the median:


Example

• Step 1: Construct the cumulative frequency distribution


Example

Therefore,

25−22
= 20.5 + ( )10 = 23
12

Thus, 25 persons take less than 23 minutes to travel to work and


another 25 persons take more than 23 minutes to travel to work.
Mode – Grouped Data

• Mode is the value that has the highest frequency in a data set.
• For grouped data, the modal class is the class with the highest frequency.
• To find the mode for grouped data, use the following formula:

• Where:
• ∆1 is the difference between the frequency of class mode and the frequency
of the class before the class mode.
• ∆2 is the difference between the frequency of class mode and the frequency
of the class after the class mode.
• 𝐿𝑚0 is the lower boundary of class mode
Example
• Based on the grouped data below, find the mode
The Relative Positions of the
Mean, Median and the Mode

The histograms below show the three


types of distributions.

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