LECTURE 1: MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

Introduction
 Electrical machines are energy converting devices
1. Mechanical energy to Electrical energy (generators)
2. Electrical energy to Mechanical energy (motors)
3. Electrical energy to Electrical energy (transformers)
✓ Use of the principle of electromechanical energy conversion.

 The interaction between the electric and mechanical terminals, i.e., the
electromechanical energy conversion, occurs through the medium of the
electric/magnetic stored energy.
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Basic Principles Concerning Electrical Machines
 Before going into understanding what an electrical machine is or
even their operation it is necessary to look into some of the basic
principles that govern their operation.
 The basic principles that will be briefly highlighted are:

1. Terminology of magnetic circuits

2. Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
3. Lenz’s Law
4. Fleming Left Hand rule
5. Fleming Right Hand rule
6. Electromagnetic Inductance / Mutual Inductance

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 Magnetic Circuits
• The operation of all the electrical machines such as DC
machines, transformers, synchronous machines, induction
motors, etc., rely upon their magnetic circuits.
• The closed path followed by the magnetic lines of force is
called a magnetic circuit.
• The operation of all the electrical devices (e.g., transformers,
generators, motors, etc.) depends upon the magnetism
produced by their magnetic circuits.
• Therefore, to obtain the required characteristics of these
devices, their magnetic circuits have to be designed carefully.

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 Magnetic Circuits
• The space (or field) in which a magnetic pole
experiences a force is called a magnetic field.
Properties of magnetic lines of force.
• (i) Each magnetic line of force forms a closed loop
i.e. outside the magnet, the direction of a magnetic
line of force is from north pole to south pole and it
continues through the body of the magnet to form a
closed loop.
• (ii) No two magnetic lines of force intersect each
other.
• (iii) Where the magnetic lines of force are close
together, the magnetic field is strong and where they
are well spaced out, the field is weak.
• (iv) Magnetic lines of force contract longitudinally
and widen laterally.
• (v) Magnetic lines of force are always ready to pass
through magnetic materials like iron in preference to
pass through non-magnetic materials like air.
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Magnetic Flux (Φ)
• The total number of magnetic lines of force produced by a magnetic
source is called magnetic flux. It is denoted by Greek letter Φ(phi)..

• Units are in Weber (Wb)

• The more the magnetic lines of force, the greater the magnetic flux and
the stronger the magnetic field.

Magnetic Flux Density (B)

• The magnetic flux density is defined as the magnetic flux passing
normally per unit area. Units wb/m2 or Tesla (T)

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Absolute and Relative Permeability
• Permeability of a material means its conductivity for magnetic flux.

• The greater the permeability of a material, the greater is its

conductivity for magnetic flux and vice-versa.

• The absolute (or actual) permeability *μ0 = of air or vacuum is

4π × 10−7 H/m.

• μr = 1 for air or non-ferrous materials

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Magneto-motive force (mmf) (Fs)
• This is the source of magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit. E.g.
Permanent magnet or a current carrying conductor. Provided there is a
coil of N turns with current (I) passing through it, Fs = IN (AT).

Magnetising Force (H)

• The magnetising force (H) produced by an electric current is defined
as the m.m.f. set up per unit length of the magnetic circuit

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 Relation Between B and H
• The flux density B produced in a material is directly proportional to the
applied magnetising force H.

• The greater the magnetising force, the greater is the flux density and
vice-versa

• Hence relative permeability of a material is equal to the ratio of flux

density produced in that material to the flux density produced in air by
the same magnetising force.
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Reluctance

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Comparison Between Magnetic and Electric Circuits

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Dissimilarities Between Magnetic and Electric Circuits

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 Series Magnetic Circuits

• A magnetic circuit that has a number

of parts of different dimensions and
materials carrying the same magnetic
field is called a series magnetic circuit.
• In a series magnetic circuit, the same
flux (Φ) flows through each part of the
circuit.
• It can just be compared to a series
electric circuit which carries the same
current throughout.
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Series Magnetic circuits

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 Practice Questions
• Qn1: A coil of insulated wire of 500 turns and of resistance 4Ω is closely wound
on iron ring. The ring has a mean diameter of 0.25m and a uniform cross-
sectional area of 700mm2. Calculate the total flux in the ring when a DC supply
of 6V is applied to the ends of the winding. Assume a relative permeability of
550.
• Qn 2: Estimate the number of ampere-turns necessary to produce a flux of
100000 lines round an iron ring of 6 cm2 cross section and 20cm mean diameter
having an air gap 2 mm wide across it. Permeability of the iron may be taken
1200. Neglect the leakage flux outside the 2 mm air gap. [3344.8 AT]

• Qn 3:A wrought iron bar 30 cm long and 2 cm in diameter is bent into a circular
shape. It is then wound with 500 turns of wire. Draw the circuit and calculate the
current required to produce a flux of 0.5 mWb in magnetic circuit with an air
gap of 1 mm;µr (iron) = 4000 15
 Practice Questions
• Qn4: A circular ring 20 cm in diameter has an air gap 1 mm wide cut in it. The
area of a cross-section of the ring is 3.6 cm2. Calculate the value of direct current
needed in a coil of 1000 turns uniformly wound round the ring to create a flux of
0.5 mWb in the air gap. Assume relative permeability for the iron as 650. [2.17A]

• Qn 5: An iron ring of mean length 1 m has an air gap of 1 mm and a winding of

200 turns. If the relative permeability of iron is 500 when a current of 1 A flows
through the coil, find the flux density.

• Qn 6: An iron ring of cross sectional area 6 cm2 is wound with a wire of 100
turns and has a saw cut of 2 mm. Calculate the magnetizing current required to
produce a flux of 0.1 mWb if mean length of magnetic path is 30 cm and relative
permeability of iron is 470. [3.15A]
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 Practice Questions
• Qn 7: Determine magnetomotive force, magnetic flux, reluctance and flux
density in case of a steel ring 30 cm mean diameter and a circular cross-section 2
cm in diameter has an air gap 1 mm long. It is wound uniformly with 600 turns
of wire carrying a current of 2.5 A. Neglect magnetic leakage. The iron path
takes 40% of the total magnetomotive force.
• Qn 5: The ring shaped core shown in Fig. below is made of a material having a
relative permeability of 1000. The flux density in the smallest area of cross-
section is 2 T. If the current through the coil is not to exceed 1.5 A, compute the
number of turns of the coil. [N = 371 turns]

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Solution Qn 1

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Solution Qn 3

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Solution Qn 5

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Solution Qn 7

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 Electromagnetic Induction
• The phenomenon of production of e.m.f. and hence current in a conductor or coil
when the magnetic flux linking the conductor or coil changes is called
electromagnetic induction.

• Flux Linkages
• The product of number of turns (N) of the coil and the magnetic flux (Φ) linking
the coil is called flux linkages i.e.

• Flux linkages = N Φ
• Experiments show that the magnitude of e.m.f. induced in a coil is
directly proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages. If N is the
number of turns of the coil and the magnetic flux linking the coil changes
(say increases) from Φ1to Φ2 in t seconds, then,

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 Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday’s First Law.
 Any change in the magnetic field of a conducting coil causes an emf to be
induced in the coil.
 If the conductor circuit is closed, the induced emf will cause current to
circulate through the circuit and this current is called induced current.
 The induction of emf requires a conductor, a magnetic field and linking
or cutting of flux by the conductor. The linking of magnetic field by the
conductor can occur in three ways:
1. By moving a conductor in a stationary permanent magnet or dc
electromagnet. This configuration is used in all dynamos,
generators and motors.
2. By moving an electromagnet with respect to a stationary
conductor. This configuration is used in large ac generators
(especially synchronous generators)
3. Having a stationary conductor and a stationary electromagnet and
variation of flux by feeding an alternating current to the magnet.
This is used in transformers.
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 Faraday’s Second Law of EMI
 It states that the magnitude of the induced emf is equal to the rate
of change of flux-linkages.
 Suppose a coil has N turns and flux through it changes from an
initial value of Φ1 webers to the final value of Φ2 webers in time,
t seconds.
∴ induced emf:

 Putting the above expression in its differential form, we get

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 How to increase emf induced in a coil

1. By increasing the number of turns in the coil i.e N-from the formulae
derived above it is easily seen that if number of turns of coil is
increased, the induced emf also increases.

2. By increasing magnetic field strength surrounding the coil.

Mathematically if magnetic field increases, flux increases and if flux
increases emf induced will also get increased.
 Theoretically, if the coil is passed through a stronger magnetic field,
there will be more lines of force for coil to cut and hence there will
be more emf induced.

3. By increasing the speed of the relative motion between the coil and
the magnet - If the relative speed between the coil and magnet is
increased from its previous value, the coil will cut the lines of flux at
a faster rate, so more induced emf would be produced.

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 Lenz’s Law
• This law states that the electromagnetically induced current (due to Faraday’s
law) always flows in such direction that the action of the magnetic field set up
by it tends to oppose the very cause which produces it.
• Usually, a negative sign is used in Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
to indicate that the induced emf (e) and the change in magnetic flux (dΦ) have
opposite signs.

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 Fleming Left Hand and Right Hand rules
• Whenever, a current carrying conductor comes under a magnetic field,
there will be force acting on the conductor and on the other hand, if a
conductor is forcefully brought under a magnetic field, there will be an
induced current in that conductor.
• In both of the phenomenon, there is a relation between magnetic field,
current and force.
• This relation is directionally determined by Fleming Left Hand rule and
Fleming Right Hand rule, respectively.
• ‘Directionally’ means these rules do not show the magnitude but show the
direction of any of the three parameters (magnetic field, current, force) if
the direction of other two are known.
• Fleming Left Hand rule is mainly applicable for electric motors and
Fleming Right Hand rule is mainly applicable for electric generators. 27
 Fleming Left Hand Rule (FLHR)
• It is found that whenever an current carrying conductor is placed inside a
magnetic field, a force acts on the conductor, in a direction perpendicular
to both the directions of the current and the magnetic field.
• If you hold out your left hand with forefinger, second finger and thumb at
right angle to one another.
• Then the fore finger represents the direction of the field and the second
finger that of the current, and thumb gives the direction of the force.

• In the figure it is shown that, a portion of a conductor of length L placed

vertically in a uniform horizontal magnetic field strength H, produced by
two magnetic poles N and S.
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 Fleming Right Hand Rule (FRHR)
 The FLHR is used to get the direction of force experienced by the
conductor carrying current, placed in a magnetic field while FRHR is used
to get direction of induced e.m.f. when conductor is moving in a magnetic
field
 Hold out the right hand with the first finger, second finger and thumb at
right angle to each other.
 If forefinger represents the direction of the field, the thumb points in the
direction of motion or applied force, then second finger points in the
direction of the induced current.

 If i is the current flowing through this conductor, the magnitude of the

force acts on the conductor is, F = BiL 29
 Self & Mutual Inductance

 Inductance is the name given to the property of a circuit whereby there is an

e.m.f. induced into the circuit by the change of flux linkages produced by a
current change.

 Self inductance (L) is when the e.m.f. is induced in the same circuit
as that in which the current is changing.

 Mutual inductance (M) is when an e.m.f. is induced in a circuit by a

change of flux due to current changing in an adjacent circuit.

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 Practice Question
Qn. The mean diameter of a steel ring is 40cm and flux density of

0.9T is produced by 3500AT/m. If the cross-section of the ring is

15cm2 and number of turns is 440, calculate

 i) The exciting current

 ii) The self inductance

 iii) Exciting current and inductance when air gap of 1cm is

cut in the ring.

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Solution

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Solution

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 Practice Question
Qn. The mean diameter of a steel ring is 40cm and flux density of

0.9T is produced by 3500AT/m. If the cross-section of the ring is

15cm2 and number of turns is 440, calculate

 i) The exciting current

 ii) The self inductance

 iii) Exciting current and inductance when air gap of 1cm is

cut in the ring.

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 Practice Question
 Qn. A solenoid with 900 turns has a total flux of 1.33 × 10–7Wb
through its air core when the coil current is 100mA. If the flux takes
75ms to grow from zero to its maximum level, calculate the
inductance of the coil. Also, calculate the induced e.m.f. in the coil
during the flux growth.
 Solution

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 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
• A component called an inductor is used when the property of inductance
is required in a circuit. The basic form of an inductor is simply a coil of
wire. An inductor possesses an ability to store energy.
• When some electrical energy is supplied to a coil, it is spent in two ways:
• (i) A part of it is spent to meet I2R loss which is dissipated in the form of
heat and cannot be recovered.
• (ii) The remaining part is used to create magnetic field around the coil
and is stored in the magnetic field. When this field collapses, the stored
energy is released by the coil and is returned to the circuit.
• The energy stored, W, in the magnetic field of an inductor is given by:

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 Practice Question
• Qn. 1: (a) A coil of 100 turns is wound on a toroidal magnetic core having
a reluctance of 104 AT/Wb. When the coil current is 5A and is increasing
at the rate of 200 A/s, determine (i) energy stored in the magnetic circuit
and (ii) voltage applied across the coil. Assume coil resistance as zero.
• (b) How are your answers affected if the coil resistance is 2Ω ?
• Solution

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 Practice Questions

• Qn. 1: An air cored coil has 400 turns, a mean length of 20cm and
cross-sectional area of 6cm2. Calculate, the inductance of the coil
the average induced emf, if a current of 4A is reversed in 50ms.

• Qn. 2: A solenoid of 1 m in length and 10 cm in diameter has 5000

turns. Calculate the energy in the magnetic field when a current
of 2 A flows in the solenoid.

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 Classification of Electrical Machines
 Electrical machines can be broadly classified as DC machines and AC
machines
1. DC Machines
 DC Generators
 DC Motors
2. AC Machines
 Transformers
➢ - Single Phase Transformers

➢ - Three Phase Transformers

 Induction Machines
➢ - Induction Generators

➢ - Induction Motors

 Synchronous Machines
➢ - Synchronous Generators

➢ - Synchronous Motors

 AC Commutator Machines
 Special Machines
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 Self Assessment
• What do you understand by magnetic field?
• Mention at least four properties of magnetic lines of force.
• Outline and briefly describe any five terminologies used in magnetic circuits.
• What do you understand by electromagnetic induction?
• Define Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction
• State Fleming’s Right hand rule as well as Fleming’s Left hand rule.
• Distinguish between self induced and mutually induced emf.
• Estimate the inductance of a solenoid of 2500 turns wound uniformly over a
length of 0.5m on a cylindrical paper tube 4 cm in diameter. The medium is air.
[19.74 mH]
• Calculate the inductance of a toroid 25 cm mean diameter and 6·25 cm2 circular
cross-section wound uniformly with 1000 turns of wire. Also determine the emf
induced when a current increasing at the rate of 200 A/s flows in the winding.
[1 mH; 0.2 V] 40