I.

CONCEPT OF SECURITY:
Contested
Consensus (Agreement on this single definition) =Provides freedom
from threats to core values (for both individuals and groups)
A. Old Concepts:
1. “A nation is secured if its core values are not threatened. And is
able to maintain them by victory in such wars” (Walter Lippman).
2. “Security is absence of threats” (Arnold Wolfers).
B. New Concepts:
1. “Security is about the ability of a state and society to maintain its
independence, identity and functional integrity” (Barry Buzan).

II. EVOLUTION OF SECURITY CONCEPT:

Disagreements (The main focus in describing security should be
individual/society, national or international level)
 A. National security: Ethnocentric: For much of the cold war period
Writings on the concept of security was dominated by ‘national
security’ which was largely defined in military terms. Interest was to
develop military capabilities to deal with threats that they face.
Criticism: This National description of security during cold war period
was criticized for being ‘ethnocentric or culturally biased and too
narrowly defined.
B. International security: Contemporary writers have argued for an
expanded conception of security, that takes other factors into account in
addition to the confines of national security.
Bary Buzan’s definition of security: In his study, people, States and
fear, he argues for view of international concept of security that includes
political, economic, societal, environmental as well as military aspects.
An existential threat to something that is highly valued by a group of
people by economic, political, environmental, societal and military
threats.

Criticism: This raises the questions of;

Whether the national and international security considerations can be
compatible?
Whether states, given the status of international system, are capable of
thinking more cooperative in global terms?
C. Societal security: Ethno-national centric:
The focus on the tension between national and international security is
not accepted by all writers.
The dual process of ‘integration’ and ‘fragmentation’ which characterize
the contemporary world mean that much more attention should be given
to ‘societal security.’
1. Integration: According to this view, growing integration in the world
politics undermine the classical political order that is based on the
nation-states, leaving nations exposed within larger political frameworks
such as EU.
2. Fragmentation: The fragmentation of various states has created new
problems of boundaries, minorities and organizing ideologies which are
causing increasing regional instability. Such as Soviet Union and
Yugoslavia.
Ethno-national groups rather than states should become the center of
attention for security analysis.
D. Global security:
Stress on national and international security is less appropriate because
of the emergence of an embryonic global society (followed by great
interconnectedness due to globalization) in 1990s.
Like the societal theorists they point to the fragmentation of nation-
states but they argue more attention should be given not to society at
ethno-national level but to society at global level as the most important
trends at the end of the 20th century is the broad process of globalization.
According to this view, the risks, dangers and challenges brought by the
process of globalization as threats to security that are out of control of
nation-states and can be dealt with only be the development of a global
community. The risks include breakdown of global monetary system,
global warming, dangers of nuclear incidents
E. States transformation to address Global challenges: (early 21st
century):
 Writers stress the transformation of the states and the emergence of
new security agendas facing the state in the early 21st century.

Joseph Nye: Nye, an American political scientist, discusses the

transformation of states and the emergence of new security challenges in
his work on "Soft Power" and "Smart Power." He argues that states must
adapt to the changing global landscape by leveraging their cultural,
economic, and political influence to address the new security agenda.
Anne-Marie Slaughter: Slaughter, an American legal scholar and former
Director of Policy Planning for the United States Department of State,
emphasizes the need for states to adapt to the globalized world in her
book "A New World Order." She argues that states must cooperate and
share power with international organizations and other actors to address
the new security challenges of the 21st century.
Thomas Barnett: Barnett, an American political analyst and author,
discusses the transformation of states and the new security agenda in his
book "The Pentagon's New Map." He argues that the world is divided
into two spheres: the "Functioning Core" (developed countries with
strong economies and stable political systems) and the "Non-Integrating
Gap" (underdeveloped and unstable regions). He believes that states
must work together to integrate the Non-Integrating Gap into the global
system to ensure security and stability.
III. TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO NATIONAL SECURITY:
A. Security has been the priority obligation of state governments:
From Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, onwards states have been regarded
as the most powerful actors in the international system.
States have been regarded as the ‘universal standard of political
legitimacy’ with no higher authority to regulate their relations with each
other, but to ensure their own survival through self-help.
 B. International system as brutal arena:
Structural realists: According to structural realists the national security
or insecurity is the result of the structure of international system, which
is highly anarchic.
According to neo realists, international politics aren’t characterized by
constant wars but there would be relentless security competition takes
place with wars. Cooperation among states does occur but such
cooperation has its limits and constrained by dominating logic of
security competition, which no amount of cooperation can eliminate
(Mearsheimer 1994:9).
The international politics in the future is likely to be as violent as they
were in the past. Where long lasting peace or states don’t compete for
power is unlikely to achieve.
Mearsheimer in his article ‘Back to the Future’ argued this that the end
of the cold war which was a period of stability and peace would bring
the world back to the traditional multilateral balance of power politics of
the past that would lead to instability and conflict.

Hobbes, Machiavelli and Rousse tend to implicate this pessimistic

picture of states sovereignty
To achieve national security, states would seek to achieve their own
security at the expense of their neighbors.
Struggle for power: There was struggle of power in interstate relations as
they continuously taking advantage of each other
No perpetual peace: In such an anarchic system, perpetual peace was
impossible.
Balance of power: States could only balance the power of other states to
prevent anyone from achieving over all hegemony.
E.H. Carr, Hans Morgenthau:
Thia pessimistic view of international relations was shared by E. H. Carr
and Hans Morgenthau who developed realist school of thought in the
aftermath of second World War.
Kenneth Waltz and Jhon Mearsheimer: These contemporary realists also
agreed with the pessimistic picture of international system.
‘Jhon Mearsheimer in his article ‘Back to Future’ (1990) viewed the
cold war as a period of peace and stability brought about by the bipolar
structure of power that prevailed. With the collapse of bipolar structure,
there would be return to power rivalries which had blighted international
relations since 17th century.
IV. Concept of Security Dilemma:

Idea of security dilemma was first articulated by Jhon Hertz in 1950s.

He described it as;
“A structural notion in which self help attempts of states to look after
their security needs, tend regardless of intention to lead rising insecurity
for others as each interprets its own measures as defensive and as the
measures of others as potentially threating”. (Hertz 1950: 157).
A. Unresolve uncertainty: In a self-help environment in international
system, states are faced with an unresolvable certainty about the military
preparations made by other states, whether they are for their defense or a
part of a more aggressive design.
B. Mutual Mistrust: Uncertainty is unresolvable, states are likely to
remain mistrustful of each other. If mistrust is mutual, it will result a
dynamic action reaction cycle which will take the fears of both states to
higher levels.
Insecurity will breed further insecurity with the ever-present potential
for war breaking out (Wheeler and Booth).
C. Constant Fear: Even when states are believed to be benign in their
intentions there is always the recognition that intentions can change.
Being overly trusting opens up the prospects of being taking advantage
of, with potentially disastrous consequences. This constant fear,
according to Butterfield creates an awful tragedy which afflicts
international relations.
He argued, Behind the great conflicts of mankind, there is terrible
predicament that lies at the heart of the story.
Writing n 1950s, Butterfield argued there was no sign that mankind was
capable of overcoming this ‘irreducible dilemma’ (1951:20).

V.CONCEPT OF SECURITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY:

The concept of security in the 21st century has evolved to
encompass a broader and more interconnected set of concerns
compared to traditional notions.
In contemporary context, concept of security goes beyond the
traditional military and geopolitical dimensions to include various
aspects such as,
A. Military security: Protection against traditional and non-
traditional threats, including hybrid warfare, terrorism, cyber
attacks.
B. Economic security: Ensuring economic stability in national and
global economies, addressing issues such as trade, resource
availability and economic resilience.
C. Human security: Individuals well being and safety should be
ensured, including health care, education and protection of basic
human rights.
D. Cybersecurity: Protection against digital threats, including
hacking, data breaches, and information warfare.
E. Environmental security: Addressing challenges related to
climate change, natural disasters, and resource scarcity.
F. Political security: Ensuring stable governance, diplomatic
relations, and political stability at national and international levels.
G. Technology and Information security: Managing risks
associated with rapid technological advancements, artificial
intelligence, and the protection of sensitive information.
VI. Importance of security in a changing global landscape:
Addressing contemporary security challenges: In the 21st
century, various factors contribute to the heightened significance
of security, reflecting the interconnectedness and
interdependence of nations. Such as,
A. Complex threat environment: The contemporary world faces
a diverse array of threats, ranging from traditional military
conflicts to non-traditional challenges such as cyber threats,
terrorism, and climate change. Security measures are crucial to
mitigate these multifaceted risks.
B. Globalization and interconnectedness: The increasing
interdependence of economies, trade, and communication across
borders makes nations vulnerable to disruptions. Security
measures are essential to ensure the smooth functioning of global
networks and to safeguard against transnational threats.
C. Cybersecurity concerns: The digital age has brought about
unprecedented connectivity, but it has also exposed societies and
nations to cyber threats. Protecting critical infrastructure, sensitive
information, and digital assets is paramount in maintaining
security in the modern era.
D. Human wellbeing: Security is closely tied to the well-being of
individuals and communities. Ensuring human security involves
addressing issues such as healthcare, education, and the
protection of basic human rights, contributing to social stability
and resilience.
E. Environmental challenges: Security considerations now extend
to environmental stability due to climate change, natural disasters,
and resource scarcity. Mitigating these challenges is vital for
preventing conflicts arising from competition over dwindling
resources.
F. Political Stability: Security is essential for maintaining political
stability within nations and preventing internal conflicts. Stable
governance and effective institutions contribute to a secure
environment, fostering economic development and social
cohesion.
G. Technological advancements: While technological
advancements bring numerous benefits, they also introduce new
risks, such as cyber threats and the potential misuse of emerging
technologies. Security measures are necessary to manage these
risks responsibly.
H. Diplomatic Relations: Nations need security to engage in
stable and productive diplomatic relations. Trust and confidence
between countries are built on a foundation of security, enabling
collaboration and conflict resolution through diplomatic means.
VII. Evolving Threats in the 21st Century:
A. Cybersecurity Challenges
1. Digital Warfare and Espionage
2. Privacy Breaches and Data Exploitation
B. Environmental Insecurities
1. Climate Change-induced Risks
2. Resource Scarcity and Competition
C. Transnational Terrorism
1. Non-State Actors and Extremist Networks
2. Globalized Threats and Radicalization Processes
D. Economic Challenges:
1. Trade rivalry
E. Energy security:
F. Pandemics and Global Health
G. Nuclear Politics

VIII. Shift from Traditional to Comprehensive security:

In the 21st century, the concept of security has evolved from
traditional paradigms to a more comprehensive approach.
This shift reflects the interconnected nature of modern challenges
and the need for a holistic security framework.
A. Military Security
1. Hybrid Warfare and Asymmetric Threats
2. International Collaborations for Defense
B. Economic Security
1. Global Interconnectedness and Economic Stability
2. Trade Dynamics and Diversification
C. Human Security
1. Emphasis on Individual Well-being
2. Social and Community Resilience
IX. Technology's Role in Shaping Security
A. Surveillance and Privacy Concerns
1. Government Surveillance Programs
2. Private Sector Data Collection
B. Artificial Intelligence and Security
1. Autonomous Systems
2. Ethical Considerations
X. Global cooperation and security Governance:
Global cooperation and security governance play pivotal roles in
addressing contemporary challenges that transcend national borders.
The international community recognizes the need for collaborative
efforts to effectively manage and mitigate shared threats.
A. Multilateral Organizations
1. United Nations: As a primary forum for international cooperation,
the United Nations facilitates diplomatic dialogues, peacekeeping
missions, and the formulation of global security policies, promoting
collective action.
2. Regional Alliances: Collaborative initiatives among nations within
specific regions enhance regional security and stability, exemplified by
organizations like NATO, ASEAN, and the African Union.
B. Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution
1. Soft Power: Diplomatic approaches emphasize soft power,
cultural influence, and dialogue as tools to prevent conflicts and
build mutual understanding between nations.
2. Peacekeeping Missions: United Nations peacekeeping
missions provide on-the-ground support to stabilize regions
affected by conflicts, contributing to post-conflict reconstruction
and sustainable peace.
C. Challenges to Global cooperation:
1.Rise of Nationalism
2. Geopolitical tensions
XI. Adaptive Security Strategies
Adaptive security strategies reflect the recognition that security
challenges in the 21st century are dynamic and ever-evolving. Adaptive
security strategies are like being smart and flexible in dealing with
modern challenges.

A. Flexibility and Resilience

- Being able to change security plans when needed, so they stay
effective.
- Building things that can handle problems and bounce back quickly,
making sure we're not too vulnerable to unexpected issues.
1.Anticipating Unknown Threats
- Looking ahead to figure out what might go wrong before it actually
does.
- Using smart tools and planning to be ready for problems before they
happen.
2. Rapid Responses mechanism:
B. Ethical considerations in security practices:
1. Balancing Security and Human Rights
2. Responsible use of technology
XII. Conclusion:
In conclusion, the evolving concept of security in the 21st century
demands a comprehensive and adaptive approach. As we navigate
through a changing global landscape, understanding and addressing the
intricacies of emerging threats, embracing technology responsibly,
fostering global cooperation, and implementing adaptive security
strategies become imperative. By recognizing the interconnected nature
of contemporary challenges and prioritizing flexibility, resilience, and
international collaboration, nations can build robust security frameworks
that safeguard individuals, communities, and the global community. The
future of security lies in our ability to adapt, innovate, and collectively
respond to the dynamic and complex security environment of the 21st
century.
IX. "Securing Our Future: A Comprehensive Framework for 21st-
Century Security":
I. Enhancing Technological Security Measures

A. Implementing Advanced Cybersecurity Protocols

1. Continuous Monitoring and Threat Detection
2. Strengthening Encryption and Data Protection

B. Ethical Integration of Artificial Intelligence

1. Establishing Responsible AI Policies
2. Ensuring Ethical Use of Autonomous Systems

II. Fostering International Cooperation

A. Strengthening Multilateral Collaborations

1. Reinforcing United Nations Initiatives
2. Enhancing Regional Security Alliances

B. Diplomacy for Conflict Prevention

1. Promoting Diplomatic Dialogue
2. Investing in Conflict Resolution Mechanisms

III. Investing in Environmental and Human Security

A. Sustainable Environmental Practices
1. Addressing Climate Change and Environmental Degradation
2. Promoting Resource Conservation and Management
B. Prioritizing Human Well-being
1. Enhancing Healthcare and Education
2. Protecting Human Rights and Social Equality
IV. Adopting Adaptive Security Strategies

A. Flexibility and Resilience

1. Developing Adaptive Response Plans
2. Investing in Resilient Infrastructures
B. Proactive Risk Anticipation
1. Embracing Predictive Technologies
2. Scenario Planning for Unknown Threats

Greatest challenges of the 21st century:

War on terror
Trade rivalry
Climate change
Nuclear politics
Cyber security
Energy security
Pandemics and Global Health
Space security
Transnational organized crime (trafficking)