Session 1: Number

Systems and 1. Number System

Computer 2. Basic Computer

Fundamentals
. 3. Address space
 Number systems
Fundamental elements

There are 2 main elements of a number system:

❑Digit: represent numerical values in the system. For example, in the
decimal system, digits are 0 through 9.
❑Base: the number of unique digits (including zero) used in that
system. It determines the counting or positional value of each digit.
Common bases include 10 (decimal), 2 (binary), 8 (octal), and 16
(hexadecimal).

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 Number systems
Decimal Systems

❑ Digit: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
❑ Base: 10
❑ Example of how to analyze a decimal number:

1534 D = 1.103 + 5.102 + 3.101 + 4.100

3570 D = 3.103 + 5.102 + 7.101 + 0.100
0.315 D = 3.10-1 + 1.10-2 + 5.10-3

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 Number systems
Binary Systems

❑ Binary system is used for computer.

❑ Use 0 and 1 to represent for low voltage level and high voltage level respectively.
❑ Each digit is called a “bit” (binary digit).
❑ A string of 0 and 1 can be used to encode all kind of data so that computer can process.
❑ Digit: 0, 1
❑ Base: 2

10101 B = 1.24 + 0.23 + 1.22 + 0.21 + 1.20 = 21 D

11.01 B = 1.21 + 1.20 + 0.2-1 + 1.2-2 = 3.25 D

❑ Value range:
Binary Decimal
0000 0
0001 1
… …
0111 7
… …
1111 15
… …
11…1 (n-bit) 2n-1
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 Number systems
Octal Systems

❑ Why need to know this system ?

❑ Using binary system is very long to express a data. Then, we need a number system that can be shorten the expressing
and conversing process.
❑ Digit: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
❑ Base: 8 Octal digit Binary Decimal
505 O = 5.82 + 0.81 + 5.80 = 325 D 0 000 0
123.45 O = 1.82 + 2.81 + 3.80 + 4.8-1 + 5.8-2 1 001 1
2 010 2
3 011 3
4 100 4
5 101 5
6 110 6
7 111 7

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 Number systems
Octal Systems

❑ Convert from binary to octal Octal digit Binary Decimal

0 000 0
1 001 101 011 100 B = 11534 O 1 001 1
1 1 5 3 4 2 010 2
3 011 3
❑ Convert from octal to binary 4 100 4
5 101 5
567 O = 101 110 111 B = 101110111 B 6 110 6
5 6 7 7 111 7

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 Number systems
Hexadecimal Systems

Hex Binary Decimal

❑ Octal system is still long. Then hexadecimal 0 0000 0
number system is created. 1 0001 1
❑ Digit: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F 2 0010 2
❑ Base: 16 3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
5F H = 5.161 + 15.160 = 95 D 6 0110 6
EA0 H = 14.162 + 10.161 + 0.160 = 3744 D 7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
A 1010 10
B 1011 11
C 1100 12
D 1101 13
E 1110 14
F 1111 15 7
 Number systems
Hexadecimal Systems

Hex Binary Decimal

0 0000 0
1 0001 1
❑ Convert from binary to hex 2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
101 1101 1010 B = 5DA H 5 0101 5
5 D A 6 0110 6
7 0111 7
❑ Convert from hex to binary 8 1000 8
9 1001 9
A 1010 10
25 H = 0010 0101 B
B 1011 11
2 5 C 1100 12
F05 H = 1111 0000 0101 B D 1101 13
F 0 5 E 1110 14
F 1111 15 8
 Number systems
Hexadecimal Systems

Hex Binary Decimal

0 0000 0
Practice: 1 0001 1
❑ Convert 57 H to Binary 2 0010 2

❑ Convert 01 1011 0110 to Hex 3 0011 3

4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
A 1010 10
B 1011 11
C 1100 12
D 1101 13
E 1110 14
F 1111 15 9
 Number systems
Binary addition and substraction

Addition Rule: Substraction Rule:

❑0+0=0 ❑0-0=0
❑0+1=1 ❑ 0 - 1 = 1 (borrow 1)
❑1+0=1 ❑1-0=1
❑ 1 + 1 = 0 (carry = 1) ❑1-1=0
❑ Example ❑ Example
1 1 1 1 (carry) 1 1 1 1 (borrow)
1001101 1010101
+ -
1101101 0101110
------------------- -------------------
10111010 0100111

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 Number systems
Binary addition and substraction

Addition rule: Substraction Rule:

❑0+0=0 ❑0-0=0
❑0+1=1 ❑ 0 - 1 = 1 (borrow 1)
❑1+0=1 ❑1-0=1
❑ 1 + 1 = 0 (carry = 1) ❑1-1=0
❑ Practice: ❑ Practice

0101111 11100110
+ -
1101101 00111111
------------------- -------------------

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 Number systems
SUMMARY

SUMMARY:

❑There are 2 mains elements of the number system: base and digit.
❑Each number system has different ways of base and digit expression.
❑There are 4 main number system: binary, decimal, octal, hexadecimal.
❑Each number system can convert to another systems.
❑Need to remember the rule to perform binary addition/substraction

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 COMPUTER SYSTEM
INFORMATION UNIT

❑ Byte (B) is the smallest information unit.

❑ Each byte has 8 bits, therefore it can represent 256 different values.
❑ We can use KB, MB, GB, TB, PB … to represent bigger data value.
❑ 1 KB (Kilo Byte) = 1024 B
❑ 1 MB (Mega Byte) = 1024 KB
❑ 1 GB (Giga Byte) = 1024 MB
❑ 1 TB (Tetra Byte) = 1024 GB
❑ 1 PB (Peta Byte) = 1024 TB
…

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 COMPUTER SYSTEM
COMPUTER BLOCK DIAGRAM

❑ CPU (Central Processing Unit) : brain of a computer, performs

most of the processing tasks that enable a computer to
function.
❑ BUS: a communication system that allows components can
“talk” (transfer data) to each other.
❑ I/O (Input/Output): Input devices provide a means for users
to interact with the computer (keyboard, mouse,
microphone, webcams …), while output devices display or
convey the results of processing (monitor, printer, speaker …).
❑ Memory: electronic storage space used by a computer to
store data temporarily or permanently (RAM, ROM, Flash….)
❑ Peripheral: external device connected to a computer that
expands its capabilities or serves as an additional
input/output component (hard drive, SSD, USB …)
Computer block diagram
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 COMPUTER SYSTEM
MEMORY ADDRESS CALCULATION

❑ Conceptually, memory is just a big array of bytes

❑ The memory addresses indexes a particular value in memory we want to access

5 0x22
4 0x8A
3 0xFF
2 0x08
1 0x12
0 0xAA

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 COMPUTER SYSTEM
MEMORY ADDRESS CALCULATION

❑ Memory space can be grouped into multi-byte chunks called “word”.

❑ Two possibilities for addressing:
▪ Word addressing: words are selected using word indices
▪ Byte addressing: words are selected using the smallest byte index in the
word.
Word Byte
Address Address

3 12 0x3F 0x15 0x28 0x8B

2 8 0x08 0x71 0xC6 0xD5
1 4 0x12 0xA6 0x78 0x95
0 0 0xAA 0xBC 0xF5 0x69
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 COMPUTER SYSTEM
MEMORY ADDRESS CALCULATION

❑ Address space in chip often uses byte addressing.

❑ Each IP is given a address range for register allocation.

Start address End address Size Peripheral Register

0x4000_0000 0x4000_03FF 1KB CAN
0x4000_0400 0x4000_13FF 4KB USB
0x4000_1400 0x4000_1BFF 2KB UART

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 COMPUTER SYSTEM
MEMORY ADDRESS CALCULATION

0x3FC 1020 0x3F 0x15 0x28 0x8B

0x3F8 1016 0x08 0x71 0xC6 0xD5
0x3F4 1012 0x12 0xA6 0x78 0x95
0x3F0 1008 0xAA 0xBC 0xF5 0x69
1024 bytes
(1KB)
0x00C 12 0x3F 0x15 0x28 0x8B
0x008 8 0x08 0x71 0xC6 0xD5
0x004 4 0x12 0xA6 0x78 0x95
0x000 0 0xAA 0xBC 0xF5 0x69

❑ Example of byte addressing for a 1KB address space.

❑ Need 10-bit address for a 1KB address space
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 COMPUTER SYSTEM
ADDRESS SPACE CALCULATION

Practice:
❑ Having a 4KB address space starting from address 0x0, calculate the end address.
❑ Having a 8KB address space starting from 0x5000_1000, calculate the end address.
❑ Having an address space from 0x0010_0000 – 0x002F_FFFF. Calculate the size of that
address space.

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 COMPUTER SYSTEM
ADDRESS SPACE CALCULATION

Homework:
❑ Having a 16KB address space end at from 0x6020_FFFF, calculate the start address.
❑ Having an address space from 0x5010_0000 – 0x5012_FFFF. Calculate the size of that
address space.
❑ *Calculate the address bit-width of 16KB, 256KB, 1MB address space.

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 COMPUTER SYSTEMS
SUMMARY

SUMMARY:

❑Byte is the smallest information unit.

❑Basic elements of a computer: CPU, BUS, I/O, Memory, Peripherals.
❑Address size = number of bytes in an address range in hexadecimal
number.

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