.

(tx,J
Lx,2
'f,1, ,_( i,. . )2
• s2 = n • -
s2 - '"" - ,x, n t 0 \e0&~
• OiiiilifJle varues
n-1 ex:lbe number d studenls 1n a
• S' = t f,x,' _ (t/,x, )'
n-1
n
Variance

n-1
Ix, =value of observationl x, = value of ot!;.
f, = frequency

Q,,;_p
l
oe~ . Air'/ nl.l1'Blall value over
~os a<B1ainlnbnill
Variance
Ix, =midpoint {for frequency table) c.P ex: Tolal lnmme In a ~--....J
~frequency = .Js2 ~Data
I
S Variance
( l can be ..-.bled lnlD nuua11y
• S = ..Jsz Standard Deviation Standard Devlatlo
/
/
•S=.Js2
'\~90s of Data
"- exduslve lnlelval
'1ngrouped Dafa -
fl
-.... Star,d
•
3(mean-median)
s =-------
Grouped D
ata
Ungrouped
Data
ard Deviation
lusted as a sequence or In
• standard deviation frequency table {wllllCU--)
OR Pearson's Coefficient of skewness --- Stem and Leaf Sll!ps
'
• s = (mean-mode) _/ Skewness
&'=,,
Measures of
Dispersion
Introduction
to Data
• ex:c.oostn.i:t a smn and leaf' (1) Separate each sme lnlD 2 pm;
standard deviation 1
1 ,.
• If s,. > o . skew to the right display for the fobvlng data. lanely the SIEM and l.EAF.
• If s. < o . skew to the left
_/;\_ J.2.13,21,27,34,35,37,40,40,4~ (2) Arrange In ellclll famL :7111 !St ID
ta
[ _ f f,x,
• If s. = o • symmetrical
1
Ille biggest sme.forear:1151!111, Ille
k=number of class Stem Ceafl
leaves ate am11aged kl asc11dng
x = ,..• xI =midpoint Mean I 2 3 I
• Older flan LEFT ID RIGHT.
1:- 1
I:1, f,=frequency 2 I 7
Measures of (J)lndude a key ID eqMI the
Location j .. 5
f Mooe=L +( 0 0 I 21 meaning d mrles.
+d2 r7
d = freq.modal dass-
1

d I d, C
I Mode

Grouped Data
-----~~ Box and Whisker Plots -Toclsplayasettliiifiiiliigloi.i cl
~ Q and Ille hlJlf1 e s t ~
1
l freq.dass before
d2 = freq.modal class-
"
I,x,
Ungrouped Data
·---·
a__.-.- -
(1) Anauge data In• ad11g ads.
freq.class after / Types of Class •x=--
n
- ;-1
(2) And the andQ.
-~0
et-~ Interval (3) And the lntaquatle range (IQR
" -ffea-
P, =I.+ [ (~);.-,;,Jc MedianfQuaru\el ~e(<-
/ . x= ~frt,
Mean ,af)/Quarti1e1Percent11e Lawer Imer Fenm (UF)....
Upper Inner renm (UIF).
Class Interval
5-10
Class Boundrv
5-10
\ I L,/,
-_ {"l•I +-,..,, .ifs is an integer.
• Medlan,x = 2 (t)IQR-Q-Q
IL. = lower boundry d the class 10-15 10-15
1-1
( for frequency table)
-,.1.ifsis non integer. (U)LIF=Q-1.S(IQlt)
'n = total number of observation 15-20 15-20 ( lil) l/lF = Q + 1.5(IQJlt)
Wheres= -nx/c and [ s] =the least Integer
F.~ = aJm. freq. before the class 2
Class Interval Class Boundrv ,:,0 greater than .s and k = I for median.
f. = freq. of the class ~a wlue fram Ille dllta.
r---:Reliiitionsh!J S-10
11-1S
4.5-10.5
10.5-15.5 • Highest frequency
"'This formula also suitable for
• Quartile,g s = -nxl
-.k = 1.2.3 ) and
_(~ find the outlers cw..,
r-•-m·-imn
=Q2=Mi
16-20 15.5-20.5 In a set of data ( 4 i I I I __,_
Quartile= ( ¼),.. observation •• = 1.2.~ =g
=Q,
! nxk
• Pen:entile,P. .( .s = 100.i = 1.2.3.-.99) .·
II
LJF min
I
(?, Q1
I I
o.
11
·2.., l/11'
~ volu• Mghest
value
 • Arrangement is not important. • Arrangement is important
• Multiplic.ation Principal
• Keywords: select, chose, picked
ex: Rrst operation = m ways
• Combination of a set d objects.
Second operation = n ways
Multiplicatoo Principal
I =• C =
r
n!
(n-r)!r!
:. Total ways= mxn
I Arst operation= m ways • Pennutations of n different
objects.
Seoond operation= n wa~
n! = n(n -1)...(3)(2)(1)
.•. Total ways= mxn = n! or "p,.
O!=l
co,,,.
ex: 6c2 ->e c l • Pennutation.~ rl r objects from
n dfferent objects.
0~
•p_ n!
~uof'S lP) = r=( n-r)I .rsn
ex: alMBINATIONS 9,
(le<«'v. _,, • • Permutations rl n objects mrnprlslng
3 members from a group consisting
'i. r2 ... -> r1 iden:k::al objects.
of six women and four men are
nl
chosen to form a committee. What is =------
'i !r1 L.Ji I
the number of different committee • Pennutations wlh mdtlon:
Permutations
formed if, 1) wlh repetition/wlh replacement.
Ex : comb\oauoos and
1) the committee consists of 2) without ,qJetilk,n/wlhou ,eplacemelll:
2 women and one man?
Combination s ~--P. ( if the condlion is not stat:ed ,
2) the committee consists of e,-'htJfations always assume repell~ ).
only women?
3) the committee consists of ex: PERMUTATIONS 3) Four oagits numbers are 4) How many ways can ttie
1) How many ways can to be formed from the digits letters MAlHEMATICS be
at least one man? the I ~ NUMBER 0.1.2.3.4.S.6 without repetition. arranged If A l1Uit IDgether?
Solution: and COMfflNATIONS How many numbers can be M =2. A=2. T=2
1) 6 C 2 x 4 C1 =15x4=60 be arranged? formed if each number ..4..4 - - - - - - - - -
2) 6
C3 = 20 *NUMBER 1) is less than S000? 21
=-xl0x-
91
=6!=720 l/2/3/4 ll 2121
3) (4 C, x 6 C2)+(4 Cl X 6 C,)+ =480
*COMBINATIONS 4>< 6xSx4 =907200
I
c•c1 x' Co) N=2. 0=2, 1=2 2) begin with 4 or 6? And the PQ"1tJte pemuatlons Ian
= 60 + 3 6 + 4 = 1_00 = _E!_ =59875200 4/6 the word <De a: IEE. M Cllld
----=240
212!2! 2>< 6xSx4 apCJearing togl!da.
2) How many arrangement 3) ls between 2000 and 6000? 71 IP.
can be formed from the word 2/3/4/S =480
=-x~ -~O_LT_T_E_f_
2121 ll
ANAL if the word begin with F? 4x 6xSx4 =35280 _ _~ ~ - - - - - ~
F ti) Is an odd number?
t--~. --. 24 C
llXAx.lYJ~-·~ ~----~ SxSx4K3=31JO ~---~
 If A and B are independent:, • P(AIB)= P(AnB) P(.,4)= n(A}
:.P(AIB) :.P(BIA)
P(B) n(S)
• P(BjA)= P(BnA)
r
I P(AnB)
- --=--~
P(B)
_ P(A)x

-
-
P(BnA)
-=-------
P(A)
_ P(B)x M
Independent¤'~
"e,,~
P(A)
n( A)= number of possible
outcomes in A
n(S)=total number of outcomeS
in the sample space,S

• O<P(A)~I
• P(A)=O
l~(.~nB)~P{BnA)f
- J:,tl1J - M (A is an impossible events)
•P(A)=I
=P(A) ~ - =P(B) (A is a sure events)
P~B. • P(AnB)=P(A)xP(BIA)

Tree Dia
~,,, Definitio~
Probability
;;_ • P(A')=I-P(A)
(complement)
P(A) A - - B
7 P(B'IA)
• P(AnB')=P(A)xP(B'jA)
'Co~tional Basic Laws of
P(AuB)=P(A)+P(B)-P(AnB)
• P(A' nB)=P(A')xP(BIA') Probability
P ( ~ · P(BIA') B ProbabQ!t:y-. _ . c\\on and Union
<se
p~B'
• P(A' nB')=P(A')xP(B'IA')
'-iProbab•hi ,(:,....0
W'{AB) = P(.A nB]
P(AuB)=P(A)+P(B)
ISel IComplementI Tree Diagram Methods to Events and
solve Probability
0
<y<: <A<·
B Mutually Exclusive
Probability
ex: B < y
Venn Diagram
B<:. ~-t/,ci"sfive Events
161 2 nJ
ex:
• Complementary Events
ex: Rnd P(A' nB)=?
• •
Formula ---
• P(AuB)=P(A)+P(B)-P(AnB) Tab\e
O'El,0
11
~ ctant Events
• P(A')=l-P(A) • can be separated
• P(AjB)= P(AnB) P(BjA)= P(BnA) to 2 categories. IfAand Bare indeperiileilt. I
P(B) ' P(A) II II' :.P(AnB)=P(~xP(~
• P(AIB)=P(A), P(BIA)=P(B) M a b
•DeMorgan Rule, • If cross area only..
F C d
• P(A'nB')=l-P(AuB) • If union,u all shaded region.
• P(A'uB')=l-P(AnJJ) n(S) :.P(A' r'\B)=P(B)-P(Ar'\B)
_.C'JJ.c
 Using,
• F(m)-o.s or Intqpe >F( X )
jt(X ) < Oiffliieniiaiii I • f (x) =:> Probability Density
• f-f(x)dr-o.s or
FunctiOn
• F ( x) =:- cumulative Olstrtbutlon • any real value in an interval.
.-
-- 4'ee1,ilr, Functk>n • ex:
The height of students in a class.
-I f(x)dr=o.s I
- Continuous . ;:-p (x = ..) => Piotialllllty DlstiibutiOO
-J
Random f\)t'cttons Functk>n
• E(X)= xf(x)dJc Variables • F (x) O,mulatlve DlstrlbUtk>n I
• countable values.
• ex: / L Functk>n--=-;...._------'·
• Yar(X)=E(x2)-[E(x)J2
...
E(x 2 )= fr f(x)<b: Varian.

number of sb.Jdents
In a dass.
Discrete Random
Find P(X=x) from
F(x) and vice versa
IP(X=x)c : >F(x) I
-- staiilt
Devia
Variables "-.
Median :!Jslng F (m) = o.s. .-. Medlan.m = ?I
•
o<:-
§
•f
..,
f(x)dr=l!· To show _ t::,'1'
~ - - - - - - - Mean [-!{X)=CVP(X x]
lr
r 2 - - •
:o,tinuous
Discrete Variance and Yar(X)=E(X ) - [E(X)j
For constants a and h Raq_d,om 2
• Eia)=a Mean Vara
Random Stan_da_r:d E ( X ) = Lx2 P(X = % )
.E aX)=aE(X) Variables Deviation
.E aX± h)=aE(X)± b Property of Mean and o-=JYar X
Variance for
• Yarla)=O
• Var aX)=a2 Yar(X) Discrete and Continuous r E):P(X =x)=~
• Var aX± b)=a2 Yar(X) Variance R.v. Random r"oshow
t>ecause Yar(!')=O Variable~ Relation of F(x)
"
:;!~ =i::(.1
and P(x) for F(x)=P(X ~x)= LP(X =x)
ex:
2(x+2)
Method to find
Probability
' discrete R.V.
Continuous
Iff(x)= 5 ,O<x<l
{ o , otherwise Discrete Relation of F(x)
and P(x) for
continuous R. V.
! Sa- 1) = F(a-1)
.p X>a =P X~a+l)=I-P(Xsa)=l-F( a)
Rnd P(X~0.5)=? ex: Given P(X=x)
•P X~a =Fa)
l 2(x+2) ex: .p a<X<b)=P a+ISXSb-1)
O 1 2 3
:.P(X~0.5)=
f ___,__-<-dx
0 , x<-1
X
r,'-
y.s 5 P(X=x) 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.4
=P Xsb-1)-P(Xsa)
2
If F(x)= -
x3+I
- ,-l:S:x<2
= F b-1)-F(a)
2[x Find P(X~2)=?
=- -+2x] =0.45
5 2 QS •
{ 1
9
,x~2 . :.P(X~ 2)=P(X = 2)+P(X =3)
(x~~> •P(a5.X<b)=P asXsb-1)
=P Xsb-1)-P(Xsa-l)
1
=0.2+0.4=0.6 if( =F b-1)-F(a-l)
Rnd P(X~l)=? •P(a<XSb)=P a+lsXsb)
:.P(X~l)=l-P(X <l) ex: Given F (x) =P Xsb)-P(Xsa)
=1-F(I) X O 1 2 3, P X-S.a}=P -F b)-F(a)
[p X>a =l~
=•-(1
3
;•)=; F(x) 0.1 0.4
And P(X~2)=?
0.6 1 •P X~a
Lp a<X<
=
, rP(asXsb)=P Xsb)-P(Xsa-1)
±
~-F(o-1)~~-----
ex: And P{2Sx<6)
: :.P(X~ 2)=1-P(X ~I) ~p a-S.X<_. P(2Sx<6)=P{2~x~S)
=1-F(I)
tPp a-s.X~6 . _____:~_i~~,c9cx~•>,:
1
a<X~·~
=1-0.4
=0.6
 ilill Dl\t., fX- N(11,,) X -_B"(n,pJ-n r<'I l
..• =np
7 ..
jx-B(n,p)j
StandiMI Normal Dist., fz=N(O,l) r,nq>5~
A - -. .,:-·_ - • 2 possible outcomeS
I--
1
0. <0.9 :. :l - '!.~~ :~ _
tbma1 ~ , X - N(µ,cr 1 cm.a. ~
~ -µ
• • -A
1
<T2=
, ... -- - • • n trials
----
x
--
• Formula, P( = i) ·c.p•q--·
X-µ'.
Standadze, z = - • Mean,µ=np
-~ -,~}.., • Variance, a 2 =npq
-
Standard Normal Distribution, X- z r·----=N--;,-(.-,-npq___:)](!
- --N~{A.-,A.)7
r •
I I
"-~ (u~ng number line)
"''°1,
·Rser tafile if Binomial
'Nfl :mal ~- IX-P.(l)I
Pl Z r) orP(Z >r} I istrl~tion \ ~- Distr,bution
(DISCRETE) . l =rnean,average,parameter,
(CONTIN '
rate,expmed value
_ .Poisso))
,. QueSliOn-:+ related to ~ W I i e
Special
-
1.----- Distribution - -i.l..
\\ :~b=-bil~ .. (DISCRETE) • Foonula,P(X=x)=.!_
xi
I For Normal Distribution onlyl 1str1b~ • Mean,µ=.l
• Variance, a 1 =.l
I
'--. -~
P(Z <O)=P(Z>O)
P(Z <-a)=P(Z>a)
Conti£
'°"06 •
(using number lne
P(a~ Z ~b)=P(Z~a)-P(Z ~b Cor,(e,:cti q6h;<>,
"" on
• P( X =ri)
P(Z>-a)=l-P(Z<-a) Using Number Une
at most/not more than
-
r::; • P( X ~a)
·=l-P(Z>a· !I {Discrete only>
• P( X ~a) at least/not less than
reic: P(X <4_ • P(X<a)
t'"". 'I i.Af· -""'X'#Af~t,-S:t'?:}.nrJfflB-'&~':~*I
=P(X~3) • P( X >a) more than/greab!r than
• ll(l/{11 I • =l-P(X~4)
2 3 4 • P(a<X <b) aand6
ex: P(4<X~1) • P(a~X~b)
IV(/411/J I , =P(5~X~7' P(a~X~b) a and b{lnduslve)
4 5 6 7 8 =P_(X~S)-1' _(r-or 81nom1a1. _anc:1 Notma1 ~l~J