LEVEL

MEASUREMENTS
GROUP 2
What is level
Measurement?
level measurement is THE PROCESS
OF Measuring the level of a liquid
or solid substance within a tank,
container, or other vessel
How can you measure the level?

The measurement is determined

using the distance between the
surface of the liquid or solid
medium and a pre-established
reference point.
 Float
Switch

Float switches are used to measure

the liquid level in a container or tank.
The switch floats on top of the
surface and it functions as a
mechanical switch that rises or falls
in response to changes in the liquid
level.
How Does It
Work?
When the liquid level in a tank gets
too high or low, the float switch,
which measures the amount of liquid
in the tank, travels up and down with
the liquid level. The float switch is
turned on and off by the electrical
circuit like a water pump.
Types and
Kinds of
Float Switch
Horizontal
Float Switches
They are utilized in applications where a
horizontal float switch that rises and lowers
in response to changes in liquid level is
installed through the side of a tank and has
a hinged float attached to a fixed housing
unit. The switch opens or closes the circuit
based on the movement of the float.
Vertical Float
Switches
A vertical switch has two parts, a
magnetic float, and a stem. A plastic
or stainless steel ball can be used for
vertical switches, and they can be
installed at the top or bottom of the
tank. One of the two floats is fixed to
the tank's top, and the other one is
movable following the liquid level.
Diaphragm
Switch
When the material reaches the
switch's level in the bin, a diaphragm
switch's sensitive micro-switch is
activated. It transmits an alarm to a
high, medium, or low level in the
vessel that can be utilized to initiate
or halt a procedure.
Conductive
Level Switch
This kind of liquid level sensor is
dependent on the measured liquid's
electrical conductivity. Usually, these
switches are employed in situations
where the liquid being detected is
conductive, including slurries,
chemicals, or water-based solutions.
Tethered
Float
Tethered float switches have a
flexible tether or cable connecting
the float to the switch mechanism. To
turn on the switch, the float pulls or
releases the tether as it rises or falls
with the liquid level
Industrial Side
Mount Switches
Industrial side mount switches are intended to
be installed on the side of a tank or container
to track the liquid level. These switches are
made especially to be installed on the side of a
tank or vessel, either vertically or horizontally.
The mounting orientation is determined by the
application's needs and the switch's particular
design.
Capacitance Level
Transmitters
It is used to measure and keep track of
the contents of tanks, vessels, and
containers, including liquids, solids, and
slurries. When the level of the material
being measured rises or falls in the tank,
this transmitter senses the changes in
electrostatic capacitance and transforms
them into an integrated signal.
Types and Kinds of
CAPACITANCE LEVEL
TRANSMITTERS
 Non-Contact
Capacitance Level
Transmitters
These transmitters measure the level
of materials, such as liquids, powders,
or granular particles, using non-
contact techniques. Usually, they are
made out of a sensor or probe that
produces an electric field.
RF Capacitance Level
Transmitters
The level of materials in tanks or containers is
measured by these transmitters using radio frequency
(RF) signals. Usually, they are made up of an electrode
or the tank wall acting as the other plate and a probe
that is placed into the tank acting as one of the
capacitor's plates
Differential Capacitance
Level Transmitters
The many benefits of capacitance differential
pressure transmitters are their great precision,
stability, and dependability. They are frequently
utilized in applications including fluid flow
measurement, industrial process control, and HVAC
systems because of their broad range of pressure
differential measurement capabilities.
LEVEL SIGHT
GAUGES
LEVEL
INDICATOR
considered the simplest level
indicating instrument for
liquid in a vessel.
used as a direct indicator and to
test accuracy of other measuring
instruments
In its simplest form, a level gauge
is just a clear tube through which
the process liquid can be seen
Lights are mounted on the back
to see the level easier
TYPES OF
SIGHT LEVEL
GAUGES
Glass-Tube
Level Gauges
-simplest type
-high maintenance
-its main
component is a
clear glass tube
-its main weakness is
the glass tube itself, it
can rupture if
subjected to excessive
pressure
-must be kept clean
Reflex Level
Gauges
-Also called the
prismatic level gauge
-offers clear display
without auxillary light
source
 gray area -light reflected
black area- light absorbed

high contrast helps in having

clearer display
 gray area -light reflected
black area- light absorbed

high contrast helps in having

clearer display
Vessel
Mounted
Level Gauge
-also called vessel sight
glass
-no indicator tube
-can view the interior of
tank
MAGNETIC
LEVEL
GAUGES
-has an indicator tube
-uses same fluid as the one being
measured
Inside the chambers is a float
with a magnet assembly on the
fluid’s surface, while the
indicator tube has a series of
metallic flaps.
As the level of the process fluid
rises, the magnet also rises. This
works on magnet connection, so
power source is not necessary
This level gauge is unaffected by
shocks, vibrations, and high
temperatures.
TYPES OF MAGNETIC
LEVEL GAUGES
Transmitter-Integrated
Magnetic Level Gauge
 they have an integrated
transmitter that sends the
signals or measurements to a
remote control system, usually
in the main control room.
Magnetic Flap Level
Gauge
The flaps of the indicator tube have
a permanent magnet inside, this is
flipped when the magnetic float
reaches the flap’s level.
Top-Mounted Magnetic
Level Gauge
-used in tanks that can not be
mounted on the side surfaces
-The movement of the float in the
tank is according to the filling rate
of the tank
 Float Level
Gauges
A float level gauge is a device used to measure
the level of liquid in a tank or vessel. It typically
consists of a float, which is buoyant and floats on
the surface of the liquid, connected to a gauge or
indicator outside the tank. As the liquid level
changes, the float moves correspondingly, and
the gauge provides a visual indication of the
current level.
Working
Principle of
Float Level
Gauges
Types and
Kinds of
Float Level Gauges
Cable Float
Gauges
Consist of a float connected to a
measuring tape or cable. As the float
moves with the liquid level, the cable
extends or retracts, providing a
direct measurement.
Displacer Float
Gauges
Utilize a buoyant displacer that rises
and falls with the liquid level. The
displacer is connected to a
measuring mechanism outside the
tank.
Magnetostrictive
Float Gauges
Use the principle of magnetostriction
to measure the position of a float
inside a tube. This method offers high
accuracy and is often used in critical
applications.
 Ultrasonic
Level
Transmitter
An Ultrasonic Level Transmitter is a device that
uses ultrasonic waves to measure the level of
liquid or solid materials in a container. It emits
ultrasonic pulses towards the material's surface
and measures the time it takes for the pulses to
reflect back. This time measurement is used to
calculate the distance to the material's surface,
providing an accurate level measurement.
Ultrasonic level transmitters are commonly used
in various industries due to their non-contact
measurement, versatility, and reliability.
Working
Principle of
Ultrasonic Level
Transmitter
Types and
Kinds of
Ultrasonic Level
Transmitter
Continuous
Ultrasonic Level
Transmitters
These transmitters provide continuous
monitoring of the level of a liquid or
solid material in a tank or vessel. They
offer real-time measurements and are
suitable for applications where
constant monitoring is required.
Point Ultrasonic
Level Switches
Point level switches are used to
detect the presence or absence of
material at a specific level in a tank.
They typically trigger an alarm or
control signal when the material
reaches a predetermined level.
Multi-Channel
Ultrasonic Level
Transmitters
Multi-channel transmitters have
multiple sensing elements or
transducers, allowing them to
measure levels at different points
within a tank or across multiple
tanks simultaneously.
 Laser Level
Transmitter
A Laser Level Transmitter is a device that utilizes
laser technology to measure the level of a
substance in a container or vessel. It emits a laser
beam towards the substance's surface and
measures the reflection or absorption of the
beam to calculate the distance to the surface,
providing an accurate level measurement. These
transmitters are known for their high precision
and are commonly used in various industries for
accurate level monitoring and control.
Working
Principle of
Ultrasonic Level
Transmitter
Types and
Kinds of
Laser Level
Transmitter
Long-Range
Laser Level
Transmitters
These transmitters are designed to
measure levels over relatively long
distances, making them suitable for large
tanks or vessels. They utilize powerful
laser beams and sophisticated
measurement algorithms to achieve
accurate readings over extended ranges.
Compact
Laser Level
Transmitters
These devices are smaller in size and
often designed for use in confined
spaces or applications where space is
limited. They offer similar functionality
to larger laser transmitters but in a
more compact form factor.
High-Temperature
Laser Level
Transmitters
Some laser-level transmitters are
designed to withstand high
temperatures, making them suitable for
use in environments where elevated
temperatures are present, such as
industrial furnaces or reactors.
Resonant
Frequency Level
Sensor
What is it and how
does it work?

A resonant frequency level sensor

operates based on the principle of the
resonant frequency of a vibrating
element
Types and Kinds

Fork type
Rod type
Magnetostrictive
Level Transmitter
What is it and how
does it work?

Magnetostrictive level transmitters

work by utilizing the principle of
magnetostriction
Types and Kinds

Guided and Non guided

wave magnetostrictive
level sensors
BALL FLOAT
DEVICES
BALL FLOAT
DEVICES
another type of measuring instrument whereas
in this case, it functions as the instrument that
maintains a specific water level on a specific
water tank or any other liquid storage that
helps indicate the quantity of liquid and the
necessary remaining space available within the
storage.
TYPES AND
KINDS
SIDE-ENTRY BALL
FLOAT VALVE
one type of the ball float device where it is
classified by it being mounted on the side of
the tank. Referring to its easy application, it is
commonly applied in small tanks and cisterns
for easy maintenance.
BOTTOM-ENTRY
BALL FLOAT VALVE
another type of ball float device that helps in
maintaining liquid level on various storage
tanks. For this type, it varies from the other as
it is characterized by its position being
mounted on the bottom part, providing a more
accurate execution, and thus better water level
indication.
ADJUSTABLE ARM
BALL FLOAT VALVE
the last type of ball float valve is the
adjustable arm ball float valve for which they
differ greatly from the aforementioned types
for these instruments possessing adjustable
settings making it more versatile and
applicable for use in various settings.
LEAD LINES
LEAD LINES

is a type of level measurement

instrument that mainly functions as an
indicator of the depth on a certain
water area. Composed of a lead, tied on
the end rope which serves as the
weight, and a rope that has interval
marks as the indicator of measurement.
DIAPHRAGM BOX
LEVEL METER
DIAPHRAGM BOX
LEVEL METER
is another type of level measurement
instrument that projects quantity level through
and is being directed, indicated by a gauge.
Renounce to level measurement instruments,
it is composed of a storage tank, a liquid, and a
measuring instrument which in this case is the
diaphragm connected to a gauge.
TYPES AND KINDS
OPEN DIAPHRAGM
BOX
diaphragm is installed within the inside of
the tank
CLOSE DIAPHRAGM
BOX
diaphragm is installed outside of the tank,
relayed by a connection of piping.
Thermal Level
Sensor
 Thermal level sensor

Thermal level sensors use the thermal

conductivity of fluids. They consist of a
temperature-sensitive element and a heating
element submerged in the fluid. By measuring
the temperature difference between the
elements, the sensor detects liquid presence
and indicates the fluid level.
Types and Kinds
Infrared (IR) Thermal Level
Thermal Dispersion Level Sensors
Sensors
 Optical level
sensor
An optical liquid level sensor is used to detect the presence or
absence of almost any type of liquid, oil or water based.
Optical level sensors consist of two main parts: an infrared
LED coupled with a light transistor, and a transparent prism
tip in the front. The LED projects an infrared light outward;
when the sensor tip is surrounded by air the light reacts by
bouncing back within the tip before returning to the transistor.
The LED projects an infrared light outward; when the sensor
tip is surrounded by air the light reacts by bouncing back
within the tip before returning to the transistor.
 Types and Kinds
LED Optical Level Sensor Reflective Optical Level Sensor: Transmissive Optical Level Sensor
Microwave Barier Level Measurement

used to detect all types of bulk

materials using microwave
transmitters and receivers

can be mounted in containers,

conduits, shafts, or free-fall shafts. It
is easy to measure non-metallic
container materials from the outside.

Transmitter and receiver interact with

one another.
 Radar Fill Level Measurement
electronic device that uses a radio wave
emissions that measures the distance
from the transmitter that is placed at a
high point to the surface of a process
material located further below in the
same manner as ultrasonic transmitters
do which is by measuring the time-of-
flight of a moving wave.

have adjustable measuring range and can

be used in high temperatures up to 450
degree celsius.
Types of Radar Fill
Level Measurement

1. Radar Type
Non-contact type that sends radio waves through open space to reflect off
the process material. They rely on open space for signal propagation.

1. Guided Wave Radar (GWR)

They utilize waveguide “probes” to guide radio waves into the process
liquid.
 Radiometric Level Measurement

commonly used in applications where

other measuring techniques fail due to
different factors.

reliable measuring devices that are

noninvasive and noncontact.

very safe and easy to install due to its

mounting location that is outside the
process vessel.
 LIQUID LEVEL
TRANSMITTER
It detects levels of liquids. Liquid level
transmitters also detect interfaces
between liquids such as oil and water.
You will find liquid-level transmitters in
storage, transport, and water storage
tanks. These transmitters measure the
level by measuring the head pressure
of the liquid.
 TYPES AND KINDS

Minimal-leakage meter for piping- The minimal-leakage meter for piping is designed to detect,
in a manufacturing process, liquid leaks from valves on process piping.

Weir type flowmeter-Using a triangular or rectangular weir, this weir type flowmeter accurately
determines the amount of wastewater emitted by continuously measuring the hydraulic head.

Relative-permittivity meter- The relative-permittivity meter is designed to measure, in a

manufacturing process, the relative permittivity of a liquid by mounting a detector on the bottom
of a mixing tank.
GUIDED
MICROWAVE LEVEL
TRANSMITTER:
Guided wave radar transmitter works on the
principle of time and travel (TDR). Radar
waves travel at the velocity of light. The
flying time is converted into level signal via
the electronic units. The probe emits high
frequency wave pulses which travel along a
cable probe or a rod probe.The reflected
wave pulses travel back along the cable and
arrive at the electronic units.
 TYPES AND KINDS

LCR10-Device for level measurement in liquids, Radar measuring device with Bluetooth®
wireless technology, Measuring range up to 12 m in fluids, Process temperature up to 60 °C (140
°F)
LTC50- Basic device for level measurement in liquids, Measuring range up to 12 m, Process
connection 3/4 inch thread or with adapter flange, Temperature range up to 80 °C (176 °F).

LTC57- Premium device for level measurement in bulk solids, Measuring range up to 45 m (148
foot), Process connection 1-1/2 inch thread or flange, Temperature range up to 150 °C (302 °F).
VIBRATING TUNING FORK LIQUID
LEVEL SWITCHES

A vibrating tuning fork used to measure

level operates on the principle of changes in
frequency or amplitude of vibration as the
fork interacts with the material being
measured. As the tuning fork comes into
contact with the material, the frequency or
amplitude of its vibration changes, which is
then detected and interpreted as a level
measurement.
TYPES OF VIBRATING TUNING FORK LIQUID LEVEL
SWITCHES

1. Point Level Switches: These switches provide an on/off signal when the liquid reaches a
certain level, indicating whether the level is above or below the set point.

2. Continuous Level Switches: These switches offer continuous monitoring of the liquid level,
providing real-time feedback on the level changes.

3. Intrinsically Safe Level Switches: Designed for hazardous environments, these switches are
certified to operate safely in potentially explosive atmospheres.

4. High-Temperature Level Switches: Suitable for applications with elevated temperatures,

these switches are designed to withstand extreme heat conditions.

5. Sanitary Level Switches: These switches are designed with materials and features suitable
for sanitary and hygienic applications, such as food and pharmaceutical industries.
ROTARY PADDLE SWITCHES

Rotary paddle switches are devices used

for level sensing in bulk solids and
powders. They typically consist of a
shaft-mounted paddle that rotates freely
in a bin or hopper. When the material
level reaches the paddle, it impedes its
rotation, triggering a switch mechanism
to signal the level.
TYPES OF ROTARY PADDLE SWITCHES

1. Rotating Vane: This type of switch has a rotating vane or paddle that extends
into the material. When the material level rises, it obstructs the rotation of the
vane, activating the switch.

2. Spring-Mounted Paddle: These switches feature a spring-loaded paddle that

extends into the material. When the material level reaches the paddle, it
pushes against the spring, triggering the switch.

3. Flush-Mounted Paddle: In this design, the paddle is flush with the vessel
wall. As the material level rises, it makes contact with the paddle, preventing
its rotation and activating the switch.
DIPSTICK
It is a simple measuring device used to
gauge the level of liquid in a container.
Typically made of metal or plastic, it
consists of a long, narrow rod with
markings or gradations indicating volume
or level. The dipstick is inserted into the
liquid until it reaches the bottom of the
container, and the level is then read off
the markings on the stick.
 TYPES OF DIPSTICK

1. Straight Dipstick: This is the most common type, consisting of a straight rod with markings
along its length. It's used for measuring liquid levels in containers with vertical or near-vertical
sides.

2. Tapered Dipstick: In this design, the rod tapers towards the end, allowing it to fit into
containers with narrower openings. Tapered dipsticks are often used in smaller containers or
where access space is limited.

3. Flexible Dipstick: Flexible dipsticks are made of materials like plastic or rubber and are often
used in applications where the container has an irregular shape or where the dipstick needs to
bend to reach the liquid level accurately.

4. Magnetic Dipstick: These dipsticks feature a magnet attached to the end, which can be used to
retrieve metal particles or debris from the liquid, making them ideal for checking oil levels in
engines or hydraulic systems.
 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE LEVEL TRANSMITTER

A differential pressure (DP) level

transmitter is a type of
instrumentation used in industrial
processes to measure the level of a
liquid or gas in a container, tank, or
pipeline. It operates based on the
principle that the pressure at the
bottom of a fluid column is directly
proportional to the height of the fluid.
 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE LEVEL TRANSMITTER

DP transmitters will have

1. A primary element (high
side)
The primary element will
produce a difference in 2. A secondary element
pressure as the flow in (low side)
the pipe increases. -measure the difference of
Ex:– Orifice plates, Venturi pressure produced by the
tubes,Pitot tubes, Flow primary element as
nozzles, Laminar flow accurately as possible.
elements, Wedge elements 3. An electronics housing
 PNEUMATIC LEVEL TRANSMITTER

-A pneumatic level controller works with a

control valve to provide liquid level control
in oil and gas production. Producers
typically employ these controllers on
production vessels like horizontal and
vertical three-phase separators. Some also
use them on two-phase separators, gas
dehydration systems, and free water
knockouts. This can work with low or high
pressure pneumatic control valves.
PNEUMATIC LEVEL TRANSMITTER
 1. NUCLEONIC LEVEL TRANSMITTER

-A nucleonic level transmitter is a

type of level measurement device
that uses nuclear radiation to
determine the level of material in a
vessel or container. Nucleonic is a
branch of physical science that deals
with nucleons or with all phenomena
of the atomic nucleus.
Thank you