1 6 .

2 6 | Matrices

Solved Examples

JEE Main/Boards Similarly,

0 0 0 1 1 3
 x−y 2x + z   −1 5     
Example 1: If   =  , ∴ A = A . A = 3 3 9 × 5 2 6  =
3 2

3x + y 3z + 4w   5 25  −1 −1 −3  −2 −1 −3

   
find x, y, z, w.
0 0 0 
 
Sol. We know that in equal matrices the corresponding 0 0 0 
elements are equal. Therefore, by equating the elements 0 0 0 
 
of these two matrices which have the same number of
rows and columns, we get the value of x, y, z and w. ⇒ A3 = 0.

 x−y 2x + z   −1 5  i.e. Ak = 0
Given  =  
3x + y 3z + 4w   5 25 Here k = 3
x – y = –1, Hence, A is nilpotent matrix of index 3
2x + z = 5;
3x + y = 5, Example 3: Solve the following system of homogeneous
equations:
3z + 4w = 25
2x + 3y – z = 0, x – y – 2z = 0 and
By solving these equations, we get
3x + y + 3z = 0
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, w = 4
Sol: In this problem we can write the given homogeneous
Example 2: Show that the matrix equations in a matrix form, i.e. [A][X] = [O] and then by
calculating the determinant of matrix A we can find if
1 1 3 that given system has a trivial solution or not.
 
 5 2 6  is a nilpotent matrix of index 3 The given system can be written as
 −2 −1 −3
 
2 3 −1  x  0 
     
Sol: Value of the index at which all elements of the 1 −1 −2  y  = 0  or AX = O
matrix become 0, i.e. null matrix, is called the nilpotent 3 1 3   z  0 
     
matrix of that index. Here we calculate the nth power of
the matrix, where n =1, 2, 3, …. The value of n at which 2 3 −1 x 0 
the matrix becomes null matrix is the index value.      
Where, A = 1 −1 −2 X =  y  and O = 0 
1 1 3 3 1 3  z  0 
     
 
Given A =  5 2 6 
 −2 −1 −3 2 3 −1
  Now, | A | = 1 −1 −2
1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3
   
⇒ A = A×A=  5 2 6  ×  5 2 6  =
2
= 2(– 3 + 2) – 3 (3 + 6) – 1(1 + 3)
 −2 −1 −3  −2 −1 −3
   
= –2 – 27 – 4 = –33 ≠ 0
0 0 0
  Thus | A |≠ 0.
3 3 9
 −1 −1 −3 So the given system has only the trivial solution given
  by x = y = z = 0
 M a them a ti cs | 16.27

Example 4: Find x, y, z and a for which 4 5

C31 = = ( 24 − 10 ) =
14 ,
 x + 3 2y + x  0 −7  2 6
 =  
 z − 1 4a − 6  3 2a  1 5
C32 = – = − ( 6 − 15 ) =9,
Sol: We know that, in equal matrices the corresponding 3 6
elements are equal. Therefore by equating the elements 1 4
of these two matrices which have the same number of C33 = = ( 2 − 12 ) =
–10,
3 2
rows and columns we get the values of x, y, z and w.
T
 x + 3 2y + x  0 −7   −6 0 3   −6 5 14 
Given,  =      
 z − 1 4a − 6  3 2a  ∴ adj A =  5 0 −1  =  0 0 9 
14 9 −10   3 −1 −10 
We know, that for equal matrices the corresponding    
elements are equal, therefore
x+3 = 0; cos θ sin θ  1 n
Example 6: If A =   , Then find nlim A.
2y + x =−7;  sin θ cos θ  →∞ n

z −1 = 3;
Sol: For this problem, we first have to calculate the nth
4a − 6 = 2a; power of matrix A, i.e. An, and multiply the matrix An
By solving these equations, we get 1
by .
n
∴ x = – 3, z = 4, y = – 2, a = 3.
Then, by with the given limit we can find the solution
of this problem.
Example 5: Compute the adjoint of the matrix
cos θ sin θ 
1 4 5  Given A =  
   sin θ cos θ 
A = 3 2 6 
0 1 0  cos θ sin θ 
n
 cosnθ sinnθ 
 
A =
n
 =  
Sol: For this problem, we use the formula to get the co-  sin θ cos θ   − sinnθ cosnθ 
factors of all the elements of matrix A. Then by taking  cosnθ sinnθ 
the transpose of the co-factor matrix we can get the 1 n  n 
⇒ A =  n 
adjoint of matrix A.
n  − sinnθ cosnθ 
Consider Cij be a co-factor of aij in matrix A.  n n 
Then the co-factors of the elements of A are given by But – 1 ≤ cos nθ, sin nθ ≤ 1;
2 6 cos nθ
C11 = =0 – 6 = − 6 , ∴ lim = 0,
1 0 n→∞ n

3 6 sinnθ
lim = 0,
C12 = – = 0, n→∞ n
0 0
3 2 1 n 0 0 
∴ lim A =  
C13 = = 3 – 0 = 3, n→∞ n 0 0 
0 1
4 5
C21 = – = − (0 − 5) =
5 Example 7: A trust fund has Rs. 50,000 that is to be
1 0 invested into two types of bonds. The first bond pays 5%
1 5 interest per year and the second bond pays 6% interest
C22 = = 0, per year. Using matrix multiplication determine how to
0 0
divide by Rs, 50,000 among the two types of bonds so as
1 4 to obtain an annual total interest of Rs. 2,780.
C23 = – = –(1 – 0) = −1 ,
0 1
Sol: In this problem, investment amounts can be written
in the form of a row matrix and interest amounts can
1 6 . 2 8 | Matrices

be written in the form of column matrix. By multiplying  cos γ sin γ 

these two matrix we will get the equation for annual f ( γ ) = 
interest rates. By equating this to the given annual  − sin γ cos γ 
interest value we will get the required answer.  cos α sin α   cos β sin β 
f(α)f(β) =    
Consider investment of first type of bond = Rs. x  − sin α cos α   − sin β cos β 
And second type of bond = Rs. 50,000 – x  cos α cos β − sin α sin β cos α sin β + sin α cos β 
= 
These amounts can be written in the form of a row  − sin α cos β − cos α sin β − sin α sin β + cos α cos β 
matrix A which is given by  cos(α + β) sin(α + β) 
=  
A =  x 50000 − x   − sin(α + β) cos(α + β)
1×2
Similarly f(α) f(β) f(γ)
The interest amounts per rupee, per year from the two
5 6  cos(α + β + γ ) sin(α + β + γ ) 
bonds are Rs. and which can be written in the =  
100 100  − sin(α + β + γ ) cos(α + β + γ )
form of a column matrix B which is given by
 cos π sin π 
=   and as α + β + γ = p
 5   − sin π cos π 
 
B =  100   −1 0 
= 
1 0 
 6   =–   = – I2
 0 −1  0 1 
 100  2×1
∴ The total interest per year is given by cos α − sin α 0 
 
 5  Example 9: If M(α) =  sin α cos α 0 
   0 0 1 
A.B = [x 50,000 – x] ×  100  
 6 
 100   cos β 0 sin β 
 
M(β) =  0 1 0 
= [x. 5/100 + (50,000 – x). 6/100]
 − sin β 0 cos β 
 
= [3000 – x/100]
then prove that [M(α) M (β)]–1 = M ( −β ) M ( −α )
Since the required total annual interest is
= Rs.2,780. ∴ [3000 – x/100] = [2780] Sol: In this problem, by finding the inverse of the matrix
we can easily get the required answer.
⇒ 3000 – x/100 = 2780
[M(α) M (β)]–1 = M(β)–1 M(α)–1
⇒ x = 100(3000 – 2780) = 22,000
cos α − sin α 0 
Hence the required amounts to be invested in the two  
bonds are Rs. 22,000 and Rs. (50,000 – 22,000), i.e. Rs. Given M(α) =  sin α cos α 0 
22,000 and Rs. 28,000 respectively.  0 0 1 

T
cos α − sin α 0 
 cos α sin α   
Example 8: If f(α) =   and if α, β, γ are M(α) =  sin α cos α 0 
–1

 − sin α cos α   0
 0 1 
the angles of a triangle, then prove that f(α). f(β) ,
f(γ) = –I2  cos α sin α 0 
 
=  − sin α cos α 0 
Sol: In this problem, by the methods of substitution  0 0 1 
and multiplication of matrices we can easily prove the 
given equation. We can also write this in the form
 cos α sin α 
Given that f(α) =   cos( −α ) − sin( −α ) 0 
 − sin α cos α   
 sin( −α ) cos( −α ) 0  = M(– α)
 cos β sin β   0 0 1 
∴ f(β)=  
 and
 − sin β cos β 
 M a them a ti cs | 16.29

Similarly, 1 −2 x

where A =  ,X=  
 cos β 0 − sin β  1 1  y 
 
M(β) =  0
–1
1 0 
 −k  1 −2
 sin β 0 cos β  and B =   Now, | A | = = 3 ≠ 0.
  k 1 1
 
 cos( −β) 0 sin( −β)   1 2
  So A–1 exists; We have, adj A =  
=  0 1 0  = M(–β)
 −1 1 
 − sin(–β) 0 cos( −β)
  1  1 2
1
So, A–1 = adj A ⇒ A–1 =  
∴ [M(α) M (β)] = M(–β) M(–α)
–1
|A| 3  −1 1 

Now X = A–1B
Example 10: Show that the homogeneous system of
equations x – 2y + z = 0, x + y – z = 0, 3x + 6y – 5z = 0  x  1  1 2  −k   k / 3 
has a non-trivial solution, Also, find the solution. ⇒  =    =  
 y  3  −1 1   k  2k / 3
Sol: In this problem we can write the given homogeneous ⇒ x = k/3, y = 2k/3
equations in a matrix form, i.e. [A][X] = [O] and then by
These values of x, y and z also satisfy the third equation.
calculating the determinant of matrix A we can find if
Hence x = k/3, y = 2k/3 and z = k, where k is any real
that given system has a non- trivial solution or not.
number and which satisfy the given system of equations.
The given equations are
x – 2y + z = 0,
JEE Advanced/Boards
x + y – z = 0,
3x + 6y – 5z = 0, Example 1: Let A and B be symmetric matrices of the
same order. Then show that
We can write these equations in the form of matrices
as shown below (i) A + B is symmetric

1 −2 1   x  0  (ii) AB – BA is skew-symmetric
     
1 1 −1   y  = 0  or AX = O, where (iii) AB + BA is symmetric
3 6 −5   z  0 
     
Sol: In this problem, by using the conditions for
1 −2 1  x 0  symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices we can get
      the required result.
A = 1 1 −1  , X =  y  and O = 0 
3 6 −5  z  0  As given, A and B are symmetric.
     
1 −2 1 ∴ A’ = A and B’ = B
Now, | A | = 1 1 −1 (i) (A + B)’ = A’ + B’ = A + B
3 6 −5 ∴ A + B is symmetric
= 1(– 5 + 6) + 2 (– 5 + 3) + 1(6 – 3) = 0 (ii) (AB – BA)’ = (A’B)’ – (BA)’
Thus, | A | = 0 = B’A’ – A’B’ [by reversal law]
Hence, the given system of equations has a non-trivial = BA – AB [A’ = A, B’ = B]
solution.
∴ AB – BA is skew-symmetric
To find the solution, we take z = k in the first two
(iii) (AB + BA)’ = (AB)’ + (BA)’
equations and write them as follows:
= B’A’ + A’B’= BA + AB = AB + BA
x – 2y = – k and x + y = k
∴ AB + BA is symmetric.
1 −2  x   −k 
or    =   or AX = B,
1 1   y   k 
1 6 . 3 0 | Matrices

Example 2: Solve the following equations: 1 2 2 

 
2x – 3y + z = 9 x + y + z = 6 x – y + z = 2 Example 3: Let A = 2 1 2 ,
2 2 1 
 
Sol: In this problem, we can write the given
homogeneous equations in a matrix form, i.e. [A][X] = prove that A – 4A – 5I = 0, hence obtain A–1:
2

[O]. Then, by calculating the determinant of matrix A

Sol: In this problem, by using a simple multiplication
and adjoint of A, we get an inverse of matrix A, i.e. A −1 .
method we can get the matrix A2, then by substituting
By multiplying this into [A][X] = [O] we get the required
these in the given equation we will easily obtain the
values of x, y, and z.
required result.
We can also find if that given system has a trivial
1 2 2  1 2 2 
solution or not.    
A = A. A = 2 1 2 2 1 2
2

As given, 2x – 3y + z = 9 2 2 1  2 2 1 
   
x+y+z=6
1 + 4 + 4 2 + 2 + 4 2 + 4 + 2  9 8 8
x–y+z=2    
= 2 + 2 + 4 4 + 1 + 4 4 + 2 + 2  =  8 9 8 
This system can be written as AX = B, 2 + 4 + 2 4 + 2 + 2 4 + 4 + 1 8 8 9
   
2 −3 1  x Now A2 – 4A – 5I
   
Where, A = 1 1 1 X = y  9 8 8   4 8 8  5 0 0 
1 −1 1 z       
    = 8 9 8  −  8 4 8  − 0 5 0 
9  8 8 9   8 8 4  0 0 5 
     
 
and B = 6  9 − 4 − 5 8 − 8 − 0 8 − 8 − 0  0 0 0 
2     
  = 8 − 8 − 0 9 − 4 − 5 8 − 8 − 0  =0 0 0 
   
|A|=2(2)+3(0)+1(-2) = 2 8 − 8 − 0 8 − 8 − 0 9 − 4 − 5  0 0 0 

 1 −1 1 1 1 1 
T = 0 [Here 0 is the zero matrix]
 − 
 −1 1 1 1 1 −1  Thus A2 – 4A – 5I = O
 −3 1 2 1 2 −3  ∴ A–1 A2 – 4A–1 A – 5A–1I = A–1O = O
−
Adj A = − 
 −1 1 2 1 1 −1  or (A–1A)A – 4(A–1A) – 5A–1I = O;
 
 −3 1 − 2 1 2 −3 
or IA – 4I – 5A–1 = O; ∴ 5A–1 = A – 4I
 1 1 1 1 1 1 

 1 2 2   4 0 0   −3 2 2 
 2 2 −4       
  =  2 1 2  − 0 4 0  =
 2 −3 2 
=  0 1 −1   2 2 1   0 0 4   2 2 −3
 −2 −1 5       
 
 −3 2 2   −3 / 5 2 / 5 2 / 5 
1 1    
∴ A −1 = Adj A ∴ A =  2 −3 2  =  2 / 5 −3 / 5 2 / 5 
–1

|A| 5
 2 2 −3  2 / 5 2 / 5 −3 / 5
   
Now, X = A −1B
Example 4: Find the product of two matrices
 2 2 −4  9   22 
1   1   −5 1 3
=  0 1 −1  6  =  4   
2 2 A and B where A =  7 1 −5 
 −2 −1 5  2   −14 
      1 −1 1 
1 1 2  
∴ x =11, y=2, z=-7 is the solution.  
B =  3 2 1  and use it for solving the equations
2 1 3
 
x + y + 2z =1, 3x + 2y + z = 7 and 2x + y + 3z = 2
 M a them a ti cs | 16.31

Sol: As the given system of equations is in the form Sol: Pre-multiplying both sides by B–1 and Post-
BX = C, multiplying it by B–1, which is obtained by the multiplying both sides by A–1 in
multiplication of AB, we can get the required result.
1 0 1 
 −5 1 3  1 1 2  BPA =   we can find P.
    0 1 0 
AB =  7 1 −5 3 2 1 
 1 −1 1  2 1 3  1 0 1 
    Given BPA =  
 −5 + 3 + 6 −5 + 2 + 3 −10 + 1 + 9  4 0 0 0 1 0 
   
=  7 + 3 − 10 7 + 2 − 5 14 + 1 − 15  =  0 4 0  1 0 1  –1
 1−3+2 B–1BPA A–1= B–1   A
 1−2+1 2 − 1 + 3  0 0 4 
  0 1 0 

Also the given system of equations in matrix form is 1 0 1  –1

⇒ IPI = B–1   A
BX = C  … (ii) 0 1 0 
x 1 
    1 0 1  –1
Where X =  y  and C = 7  ⇒ P = B–1   A  …(i)
z  2  0 1 0 
   
From (ii), X = B–1C 2 3 
To find B–1, B=  
[Multiplying both sides of (ii) by B–1 3 4 

∴ B–1 B = I 2 3
|B|= = 8 – 9 = –1 ≠ 0
A 3 4
From (1), AB = 4I3 ∴ . B = I3
4 Let C be the matrix of co-factors of elements in | B |;
 −5 / 4 1 / 4 3/4  C
A   C12 
∴ B–1 = =  7 / 4 1 / 4 −5 / 4  C =  11 
4
 1 / 4 −1 / 4 1 / 4  C21 C22 
 
∴ C11 = 4 C12 = –3 C21 = – 3 C22 = 2
x
 
∴  y  = X = B–1C  4 −3
∴C=  
z   −3 2 
 

 −5 / 4 1 / 4 3/4  1  adjB C'

∴ B–1 = = = – C’
    |B | −1
=  7 / 4 1 / 4 −5 / 4  7 
 1 / 4 −1 / 4 1 / 4  2   4 −3  −4 3 
   
=–  =    … (ii)
 5 7 6  −3 2   3 −2
− + + 
 4 4 4 2 1 1 1 
 7 7 10     
= + − =  1  ∴ x = 2, y = 1, z = –1 To Find A–1, Since A = 2 4 1
4 4 4 
   −1 2 3 1 
 1–7+2     
 4 4 4 
 
∴ | A | = 1(4 – 3) – 1(2 – 2) + 1(6 – 8)
1 1 1 
  2 3  =1–0–2=–1≠0
Example 5: Given A = 2 4 1 , B =  
2 3 1  3 4  Let C be the matrix of co-factors of elements in | A |;
 
C11 C12 C13 
1 0 1   
Find P such that BPA =   C = C21 C22 C23 
0 1 0  C C32 C33 
 31
1 6 . 3 2 | Matrices

 4 1 2 1 2 4  cos x − sinx 0  cos y − sin y 0 

 −     
 3 1 2 1 2 3  F(x) F(y) =  sinx cos x 0   sin y cos y 0 
 1  0 0 1   0 0 1 
1 1 1 1 1 
= − − 
 3 1 2 1 2 3
  cos x cos y − sinx sin y − cos x sin y − sinx cos y 0 
 1 1
−
1 1 1 1  
= sinx cos y + cos x sin y − sinx sin y + cos x cos y 0 

 4 1 2 1 2 4 
  0 0 1 


 1 0 −2  1 2 −3 cos(x + y) − sin(x + y) 0 

     
=  2 −1 −1 ; ∴ C’ = =  sin(x + y) cos(x + y) 0  = F(x +y)
 0 −1 1 
 −3 1 2   −2 −1 2   0 0 1 
    
i.e. F(x).F(y) = F(x +y)  … (i)
 1 2 −3
  2nd part.
Adj A =  0 −1 1 
 −2 −1 2  As we know that F(x) [F(x)]–1= I  … (ii)
 
Adj A Replacing y by –x in (i),
A–1 = = – Adj, A
|A| we get F(x). F(–x) = F(x – x) = F(0)

 −1 −2 3  cos0 − sin0 0  1 0 0 
     
=  0 1 −1 … (iii) =  sin0 cos0 0  = 0 1 0 
 2 1 −2  0 0 1  0 0 1 
    
Substituting eq. (ii) and (iii) in eq. (i), we get i.e. F(x) F(–x) = I  … (iii)
therefore from (ii) and (iii)
 −1 −2 3 
 −4 3  1 0 1    ⇒ [F(x)]–1 = F(–x).
P=   ×   ×  0 1 −1
 3 −2   0 1 0   2 1 −2
 
Example 7: Show that every square matrix A can
 −1 −2 3  be uniquely expressed as P + iQ where P and Q are
 −4 3 −4   
P=   ×  0 1 −1 Hermitian matrices.
 3 −2 3   2 1 −2
  1
Sol: By considering P = (A + Aθ)
2
 4 + 0 − 8 8 + 3 − 4 −12 − 3 + 8  1
P=   And Q = (A –Aθ) we get A = P + iQ
 −3 − 0 + 6 −6 − 2 + 3 9 + 2 − 6  2i
Then, using the property of a Hermitian matrix we can
 −4 7 −7  prove the above problem.
P = 
 3 −5 5 
θ
1  1
Now P =  (A + A θ ) = (A + Aθ)q
θ

2  2
cos α − sin α 0 
  1 θ 1 1
Example 6: If F(α) =  sin α cos α 0  then = {A + (Aθ)q} = (Aθ + A) = (A + Aθ) = P
 0 0 1  2 2 2

show that F(x). F(y) = F( x+ y). ∴ P = Pθ , hence P is a Hermitian matrix.
Hence, prove that [F(x)]–1 = F(– x). Similarly
θ
1   1 
Sol: By substituting x and y in place of α in given Qθ =  (A − A θ ) =   (A – Aθ)q
matrices we will get F(x) and F(y) respectively and then  2i   2i 
by multiplying them we will get the required result. 1 θ 1 1
=– {A – (Aθ)q} = – (Aθ – A) = (A – Aθ) = Q
2i 2i 2i
∴ Q is also Hermitian matrix,
 M a them a ti cs | 16.33

Therefore A can be expressed as P + iQ ,where P and Q Example 9: If the non-singular matrix A is symmetric,
are Hermitian matrices. then prove that A–1 is also symmetric.
Let A = R + iS where R and S are both Hermitian matrices
Sol: By using the conditions of non-singular and
We have Aθ = (R + iS)θ = Rθ + (iS)q symmetric matrix we can easily find the required result.
= Rθ + iSθ = Rθ – iSθ= R – iS As given matrix A is a non-singular symmetric matrix.
(since R and S are both Hermitian) ∴ | A | ≠ 0 and AT = A,

∴ A + Aθ = (R + iS) + (R – iS) = 2R So, A–1 exists

1 Now, AA–1 = I = A–1 A

⇒R= (A + Aθ) = P
2 ⇒ (AA–1)T = (I)T = (A–1A)T
Also A – Aθ = (R + iS) – (R – iS) = 2iS ⇒ (A–1)T AT= I = AT(A–1)T
1 ⇒ (A–1)T A = I = A(A–1)T [ AT = A]
⇒S= (A – Aθ) = Q
2i ⇒ A–1 = (A–1)T
Hence expression (1) for A is unique
⇒ A–1 is symmetric.

Example 8: If A is Hermitian such that A2 = 0, show that

Example 10: Find the rank of the matrix
A = 0,
2 3 −1 −1 
Sol: As A is a Hermitian matrix therefore Aθ = A. By  
1 −1 −2 −4 
considering A = [aij]n×n to be a Hermitian matrix of order A= 
3 1 3 −2 
n and as given A2 = 0, we can solve given problem as  
follows. 6 3 0 −7 
 a11 a12 ...... a1n 
  Sol: given
a a22 ...... a2n 
A =  21 and 1 −1 −2 −4 
 ...... ...... ...... ...... 
   
2 3 −1 −1 
 an1 an2 ...... ann  A= 
3 1 3 −2 
 a11 a21 ...... an1   
  6 3 0 −7 
a a22 ...... an2 
A =  12
θ
R 2 → R 2 – 2R1 ,R 3 → R 3 − 3R1 
...... ...... ...... ...... 
   
 and R 4 → R 4 – 6R1 
 a1n a2n ...... ann 

Since A2 = 0; 1 −1 −2 −4 
 
0 5 3 7
Let AAθ = [bij]n×n ⇒ AAθ = 0 A= 
0 4 9 10 
Then each element of AAθ is zero and so all the principal  
0 9 12 17 
diagonal elements of AAθ are zero
∴ bii = 0 for all i = 1, 2, ……, n [Applying R4 → R4 - R2 - R3]
Now, bii = ai1 a i1+ ai2 a i2 + … + ain a in 1 −1 −2 −4 
 
= |ai1| + |ai2| + …… |ain|
2 2 2
∴ bii = 0 0 5 3 7
= 
0 4 9 10 
⇒ |ai1|2 + |ai2|2 + …… + |ain|2 = 0  
⇒ |ai1| = |ai2| = …… = |ain| = 0
0 0 0 0 

⇒ ai1 = ai2 = …… = ain = 0 [Applying R2 → R2 – R3]

⇒ each element of the ith row of A is zero, but bii = 0 ∀ 1 −1 −2 −4 

i = 1, ……. n  
0 1 −6 −3 
= 
∴ Each element of each row of A is zero. Hence, A = O 0 4 9 10 
 
0 0 0 0 
1 6 . 3 4 | Matrices

[Applying R3 → R3 – 4R2] [Applying R3 → 1/11 R3]

1 −1 −2 −4  1 −1 −2 −4 
   
0 1 −6 −3  0 1 −6 −3 
=  ~ 
0 0 33 22  0 0 3 2 
   
0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 
Since the equivalent matrix is in echelon form having
three non-zero rows. Hence, r(A) = 3

JEE Main/Boards

Exercise 1 Q.11 If f(x) = 3x2 – 9x + 7, then for a square matrix A,

write f(A).
 2x − 1   3 
Q.1 Find x and y, if   =  
 5  x + y Q.12 If A, B and AB are symmetric matrices, then what
is the relation between AB and BA?
Q.2 A matrix has 2 rows and 3 columns. How many 1 
elements a matrix has? Find the number of elements of  
Q.13 If A = 2  B, [2 –2 4], find AB.
a matrix if it has 3 rows and 2 columns.
3 
 
Q.3 Order of matrix A is 2 × 2 and order of matrix B is 2 1 2 0
1 2   
× 3. Find the order of AB and BA, if defined. Q.14 Are the matrix   and  3 4 0  equal?
Give reasons. 3 4  0 0 0
 
Q.4 Given a matrix A = [aij], 1 ≤ i ≤3 and 1 ≤ j ≤ 3, where
aij = i + 2j. Write the element  2 −1
Q.15 Given a matrix A =  .
(i) a11 (ii) a32 (iii) a23 (iv) a34 4 2 
1
Find matrix kA, where k = –
Q.5 A matrix has 18 elements. Write the possible orders 2
of matrix.
sec θ tan θ 
Q.16 Simplify: tan θ  
Q.6 Give an example of a diagonal matrix, which is not tan θ − sec θ 
a scalar matrix. Also give an example of a scalar matrix.
 − tan θ − sec θ 
+ sec θ  .
Q.7 For the matrix A, show that A + AT is a symmetric  − sec θ tan θ 
matrix.
Q.17 If Xm×3YP×4 = Z2×b, for three matrices X, Y, Z, find the
values of m, p and b.
Q.8 For the matrix A, Show that A – AT is a skew-
symmetric matrix.  0 −1 2 
 
Q.18 Is matrix A =  1 0 −3 symmetric or skew-
Q.9 The total number of elements in a matrix represents  −2 3 0 
 
a prime number. How many possible orders a matrix
can have ? symmetric? Give reasons.

 x   −1  0 cos θ sin θ 

Q.10 Find x and y, if   +   =   π
Q.19 If R (θ) =   , write (i) R   , (ii) R(x+y)
 2y   4  3  sin θ − cos θ  2
 M a them a ti cs | 16.35

Q.20 For a skew-symmetric matrix A = [aij], what is the  cos α sin α 

nature of elements aij, if i = j. Q.34 If A =   , then show that
 − sin α cos α 
a 0  cos2α sin2α 
Q.21 If A =   , find A16. A2 =  
0 0  − sin2α cos2α 
 1 0  x 
Q.22 Find x, if [x 1]     =0 0 1  1 0 
 −2 −3 3 Q.35 If A =   and I =  ,
0 0  0 1 
 2 −1  prove that (aI + bA)3 = a3I + 3a2bA.
Q.23 Find the sum of matrix A =   and its
additive inverse. 4 6 
 0 1
Q.36 If A =   , find the values of
2 −1 2 4   −1 1
Q.24 Find X, if X +  =  
3 −1 5 0  p and q such that (pI + qA)2 = A.

 sin2 θ 1   cos2 θ  2 3 −4  5 1 2
0   0 −1    
Q.25 Evaluate,  +  +   Q.37 If A =  1 0 6  and B = 6 −1 4
cot2 θ 0   − cosec2 θ 1   −1 0  
 −2 1 5  5 3 −4 
   
Q.26 If A and B are symmetric matrices, show that AB find 2A – 3B.
is symmetric.
Q.38 Construct a 3 × 3 matrix [aij], whose elements are
Q.27 If a matrix has 8 elements, what the possible given by aij = 2i – 3j.
orders it can have ? What if it has 5 elements?
 x 3x − y  3 2
Q.39 If  =   , find x, y, z, w.
Q.28 Evaluate the following: 2x + z 3y − w  4 7
a
  Q.40 Find matrices X and Y, if
c  b
[a, b]   + [a b c d]   5 2  3 6 
d c  X+Y=   and X – Y =  
  0 9  0 −1
d

0 0 1   cos2 θ cos θ sin θ 

  Q.41 If A =  ;
Q.29 If A = 0 1 0  , find A2. Hence find A6  cos θ sin θ sin2 θ 

1 0 0 
 
 cos2 φ cos φ sin φ 
B =  , then show that AB is zero
 cos φ sin φ sin2
φ 
Q.30 Show that the element of the main diagonal of a  
skew-symmetric matrix are all zeros. matrix, provided (θ – φ) is an odd multiple of π/2.

0 −4  5 −7   −1 1 −1  0 4 3
Q.31 Find AB, if A =   and B =      
0 −3  0 0  Q.42 If A =  1 −3 3  and B =  1 −3 −3  ,
 5 −5 5   −1 4 4 
   
 4 3
Q.32 If A =   , find values of x and y such that compute A2B2.
 2 5
A2 – xA + yI = O where I is a 2×2 unit matrix and O is a
Q.43 Find the matrix X such that,
2 × 2 zero matrix.
 2 −1   −1 −8 −10 
 1 3 5  4 5 −9     
Q.33 If A =   and A – 3B =  , 0 1 X+ 3 4 0 
find B.  −2 5 7  1 2 3   −2 4  10 20 10 
   
1 6 . 3 6 | Matrices

Exercise 2 Q.9 If A is a skew symmetric matrix such that ATA = I,

then A4n–1(n∈N) is equal to
Single Correct Choice Type (A) –AT (B) I (C) – I (D) AT

Q.1 If number of elements in a matrix is 60 then how Q.10 A and B are 2 × 2 matrices satisfying det
many dimensions of matrix are possible A = det B and tr(A) = tr(B), further A2 – 3A + 14I = 0 and
(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 24 (D) None of these B2 – λB + µI = 0, then µ is equal to
(A) 3 (B) 11 (C) –11 (D) 14
Q.2 Matrix A has x rows and x + 5 columns. Matrix B has
y rows and 11 – y columns. Both AB and BA exist, then Q.11 The false statement is -
(A) x = 3, y = 4 (B) x = 4, y = 3 (A) The adjoint of a scalar matrix is scalar matrix.
(C) x = 3, y = 8 (D) x = 8, y = 3 (B) The adjoint of upper triangular matrix is lower
triangular matrix.
Q.3 If A is square invertible matrix such that A2 = A, (C) The adjoint of upper triangular matrix is upper
then det.(A2 – I) is triangular matrix.
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these (D) adj(adj A) = A, A is a square matrix of order 2.

Q.4 Number of distinct matrices that can be formed Q.12 If the matrices A, B, (A + B) are non-singular, then
using all the 143 distinct elements is [A(A + B)–1B]–1 is equal to
(A) 4! (B) 4(143)! (C) 2(143)! (D) (143)! (A) A + B (B) A–1 + B–1
(C) (A + B)–1 (D) None of these
Q.5 If A = A, then (I + A) is equal to
2 4

(A) I + A (B) I + 4A Q.13 If A is an orthogonal matrix | A | = – 1, then AT is

equal to
(C) I + 15A (D) None of these
(A) – A (B) A
 α β (C) – (adj A) (D) (adj A)
Q.6 If A =   is an orthogonal matrix, where α,
 −β α 
β and the roots other than the common root of the Q.14 If A and B are square matrices of order 3, then
equations x2 – px + q = 0 & x2 + px – q = 0, then (A) adj(AB) = adj A+adj B
1 1 1 (B) (A + B)–1 = A–1 + B–1
(A) p=± , q=± (B) p = 0, q = ±
2 2 2
(C) AB = 0 ⇒ | A | = 0 or | B | = 0
1
(C) p = ± , q = 0 (D) None of these (D) AB = 0 ⇒ | A | = 0 and B = 0
2
a 0 0
Q.7 A is a square matrix of order n and (det A) = 3. If  
Q.15 If A = 0 a 0  , then | A | | adj A | is equal to
det (λA) = 81; where λ ∈ N, then possible value of n is
0 0 a 
 
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) 7
(A) a25 (B) a27
(C) a81 (D) None of these
1 2 1+x
Q.8 If A =   and f(x) = , then f(A)is
2 1  1−x
 1 tanx 
Q.16 If A =   , then the value of | A A | is
T –1
1 1  −1 −1 − tanx 1
(A)   (B)    
1 1  −1 −1
(A) cos 4x (B) sec2x
2 2  (C) – cos 4x (D) 1
(C)   (D) None of these
2 2 
 M a them a ti cs | 16.37

2 3   a2 ab ac 
Q.17 If A =   , then 19A–1 is equal to  
5 −2  B = ab b2 bc  then AB is equal to
1  
(A) AT (B) 2A (C) A (D) A ac bc c2 
2  
(A) A3 (B) B2 (C) O (D) I
Q.18 If P is a two-rowed matrix satisfying PT= P–1, then
P is Q.25 If A, B, C are square matrices of same order & AB
 cos θ − sin θ   cos θ sin θ  = BA, C2 = B, then (A–1CA)2 is equal to
(A)   (B)  
 − sin θ cos θ   − sin θ cos θ  (A) B2 (B) A2 (C) C2 (D) C

 − cos θ sin θ  Q.26 A is a diagonal matrix of order 3, and tr(A) = 12.

(C)   (D) None of these
 sin θ − cos θ  If all diagonal entries are positive then maximum value
of det (A) is
Q.19 If A and B are two non-singular matrices of the (A) 8 (B) 16 (C) 32 (D) 64
same order such that Br = I, for some positive integer
r > 1, then A–1Brr–1 A A–1B–1 A is equal to. Q.27 If A and B are two matrix such that AB = B and
(A) 0 (B) I BA = A, then A2 + B2 is equal to

(C) A–1 (D) None of these (A) 2AB (B) 2BA (C) A + B (D) AB

Q.20 If A and B are orthogonal matrices of same order, 0 1 

Q.28 A =   and B is column matrix such
then: 3 0 
(A) A + B is also orthogonal. 0 
that (A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 + I), B =   where I
(B) A – B is also orthogonal. 1 
is a unit matrix of order 2 ×2, then B is equal to
(C) AB is also orthogonal.
    1
(D) AB + BA is also orthogonal. 0    
0    0  11 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
Q.21 If C is an orthogonal matrix and A is a square 1  2 1 1
   
matrix of same order then, trace of CTAC is equal to  11  2
 
 
   11 
(A) Trace of C (B) Trace of AC
(C) Trace of A (D) None of these matrix
Q.29 If A and B are square matrices of same order such
that AB = BA and A2 = I, then ABA is equal to
Q.22 Let A and B are idempotent matrices such that
A.B = BA and A – B is non singular then | A + B | is equal (A) (AB)2 (B) I (C) B (D) B2
to
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) ±1
Previous Years’ Questions
Q.23 If A and B are square matrices of same order and
AAT = I, then (ATBA)10 is equal to Q.1 The parameter, on which the value of the

(A) AB10AT (B) ATB10A 1 a a2

(C) A10B10(AT)10 (D) 10ATBA determinant cos(p − d)x cospx cos(p + d)x
sin(p − d)x sinpx sin(p + d)x
 0 c −b 
  does not depend upon, is  (1997)
Q.24 If A =  −c 0 a  and
 b −a 0  (A) a (B) p (C) d (D) x
 
1 6 . 3 8 | Matrices

1 x x +1 bc ca ab
Q.2 If f(x) = 2x x(x − 1) (x + 1)x Q.9 Find the value of the determinant p q r
3x(x − 1) x(x − 1)(x − 2) (x + 1)x(x − 1) 1 1 1
then f(100) is equal to  (1999) where a, b, and c are respectively the pth, qth and rth
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 100 (D) – 100 terms of a harmonic progression (1987)

Q.10 Suppose, f(x) is a function satisfying the following

Q.3 The number of distinct real roots of
conditions:  (1998)
sinx cos x cos x (a) f(0) = 2, f(1) =1
cos x sinx cos x = 0 in the interval 5
(b) f has a minimum value at x = , and
cos x cos x sinx 2
π π (c) For all x,
– ≤x≤ is  (2001)
4 4 2ax 2ax − 1 2ax + b + 1
f’(x)= b b +1 −1
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3
2(ax + b) 2ax + 2b + 1 2ax + b
Q.4 The number of values of k for which the system of where a, b are some constants. Determine the constants
equations  (2004) a, b and the function f(x)
(k + 1)x + 8y = 4k, kx + (k + 3)y = 3k – 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) –1 Q.11 Prove that for all values of θ, (2000)
sin θ cos θ sin2θ
Q.5 Given, 2x – y + 2z = 2, x – 2y + z = –4, x +y + lz =
4, then the value of λ such that the given system of  2π   2π   4π 
sin  θ +  cos  θ +  sin  2θ + 
equations has no solution is  (2004)  3   3   3  =0

(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) –3

 2π   2π   4π 
sin  θ −  cos  θ −  sin  2θ − 
 3   3   3 
 3 /2 1/2  1 1
Q.6 If P =  ,A=   and
 −1 / 2 3 / 2  0 1  Q.12 If A is an 3 × 3 non – singular matrix such that
AA' = A' A and B = A −1 A then BB’ equals:  (2014)
Q= PAPT, then PTQ2005P is  (2005)
(A) I + B (B) I (C) B−1 (D) (B−1 )
1 2005  1 2005
(A)   (B)  
0 1  2005 1 
1 2 2 
 
 1 0 1 0  =
Q.13 If A 2 1 −2 is a matrix satisfying the
(C)   (D)   a 2 b 
2005 1  0 1   
equation AA T = I where I is 3 3 × 3 identity matrix, then
1 0 0  the ordered pair (a, b) is equal to:  (2015)
 
Q.7 If A = 0 1 1  , 6A–1 = A2 + cA + dI, then
(A) ( 2, −1 ) (B) ( −2,1 )
0 −2 4 
 
(C) ( 2,1 ) (D) ( −2, −1 )
(c, d) is (2005)

(A) (–6, 11) (B) (–11, 6) (C) (11, 6) (D) (6, 11)
5a −b  T
Q.14 If A =   and A adjA = AA , then 5a + b is
 3 2 
Q.8 Let α1, α2, β1, β2 be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and
px2 + qx + r = 0 respectively. If the system of equations equal to  (2016)
α1y + α2z = 0 and β1y + β2z = 0 has a non-trivial (A) -1 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 13
2
b ac
solution. Then prove that =  (1987)
2 pr
q
 M a them a ti cs | 16.39

JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 idempotent matrix. Find the absolute value of sum of

the products of elements of the set S taken two at a
time.
Q.1 (a) A3×3 is a matrix such that | A | = a, B = (adj A)
such that | B | = b. Find the value of cos x − sinx 0 
 
1 a a2 a3 Q.6 If F(x) =  sinx cos x 0  then show that F(x).
(ab2 + a2b + I) S Where S= + + +  0 0 1 
2 b b3 b5 
F(y) = F(x + y).
…… up to ∞, and a = 3
Hence, Prove that [F(x)]–1 = F(–x).
(b) If A and B are square matrices of order 3, where | A |
= –2 and | B | = I, then find (A–1) adj (B–1) adj(2A–1)
Q.7 Let An and Bn be square matrices of order 3, which
are defind as An = [aij] and Bn = [bij]
Q.2 Let A be the 2 × 2 matrices given by A = [aij] where
aij ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} such that a11 + a12 + a21 + a22 = 4 2i + j 3i – j
where aij = and bij = for all i and j, 1 ≤ i.,j ≤ 3.
2n
(i) Find the number of matrices A Such that the trace of 3 22n
A is equal to 4. If l = lim Tr (3A1 + 32A2 + 33A3 + …. 3nAn) and
n→∞
(ii) Find the number of matrices A such that A is
invertible. m = lim Tr(2B1 + 22B2 + 23B3 + …. 2nBn)
n→∞
(iii) Find the absolute value of the difference between
maximum value and minimum value of det (A). Then find the value of ( l + m).

(iv) Find the number of matrices A such that A is either [Note: Tr (P) denotes the trace of matrix P]
symmetric or skew-symmetric or both and det (A) is
divisible by 2. Q.8 Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that a11 = a33 = 2 and
all the other aij = 1.
 4 −4 5 
  Let A–1 = xA2 + yA + zI then find the value of (x + y + z)
Q.3 For the matrix A =  −2 3 −3 find A2.
where I is a unit matrix of order 3.
 3 −3 4 
 
1 2 2
1 1 1   
2 3  Q.9 Given that A = 2 2 3 ,
 
Q.4 (a) Given A = 2 4 1 ,B =  , 1 −1 3 
2 3 1  3 4   
 
2 1 1  10 
1 0 1     
C = 2 2 1  , D = 13 and that Cb = D.
Find P such that BPA =  
0 1 0  1 1 1 
 
9
 
(b) Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix Solve the matrix equation Ax = b.
2 1  3 2  2 4 
equation   . A.   =   2 0 7   −x 14x 7x 
3 2  5 −3 3 −1    
Q.10 Let A = 0 1 0  and B = 0 1 0  are
1 −2 1   x −4x −2x 
Q.5 Let S be the set which contains all possible values    
of I, m, n, p, q, r for which two matrices such that AB = (AB)–1 and AB ≠ 1 (where I
is an identity matrix of order 3 × 3).
l2 − 3 p 0 
  Find the value of Tr (AB + (AB)2 + (AB)3 + …… + (AB)100)
A =  0 m2 − 8 q  Be a non singular
  where Tr.(A) denotes the trace of matrix A.
 r 0 n2 − 15 

1 6 . 4 0 | Matrices

Q.11 Let Mn = [mij] denotes a square matrix of order n Q.17 The set of natural numbers is divided into arrays
with entries as follows. of rows and columns in the form of matrices as A1 = (1),
For 1 ≤ i ≤ n , mii = 10; For 1 ≤ i ≤ n – 1, mi+1, i = mi, i + 1 = 3; 6 7 8
 2 3  
And all other entries in Mn are zero. Let Dn be the A2 =   , A3 =  9 10 11  …………… So on.
 4 5  12 13 14 
determinant of matrix Mn, then find the value of  
(D3 – 9D2).
Find the value of Tr(A10).
[Note: Tr(A) denotes trace of A]
Q.12 Find the product of two matrices A & B,

 −5 1 3  1 1 2  I
    xn
where A =  7 1 −5 & B= 3 2 1  and use it to Q.18 Consider In.m = ∫ xm − 1 dx and J n.m
0
 1 −1 1  2 1 3  I
    xn
solve the following system of linear equations ∫ xm + 1 dx∀ n > m and n, m ∈ N.
0

x + y + 2z = 1; 3x + 2y + z =7; 2x + y + 3z = 2 (a) Consider a matrix A = [aij]3×3,

I –I , i= j
Q.13 Determine the values of a and b for which the where aij =  6 +i,3 i+3,3 . Then find trace (A–1).
 0, i≠ j
3 −2 1   x   b 
      [Note: Trace of a square matrix is sum of the diagonal
system 5 −8 9   y  =  3  elements.]
2 1 a   z   −1
     
 J6,5 72 J11,5  I6,5 72 I11,5 
(i) Has a unique solution;    
(b) Let A =  J7,5 63 J12,5  and B = I7,5 63 I12,5 
(ii) Has no solution and    
 J8,5 56 J13,5  I8,5 56 I13,5 
(iii) Has infinitely many solutions.
then find the value of det (A) – det (B)

1 2  3 1  1 2  3 −4 
Q.14 If A =  ;B=  ;C=   Q.19 Consider the matrices A = 
3 4  1 0  2 4   and
1 −1 
x x2  a b
and X =  1 B=   and let P be any orthogonal matrix and
 then solve the following
 x3 x4  0 1 
Q = PAPT and R = PTQKP also S = PBPT and T = PTSKP
matrix equations.
(a) AX = B – 1 (b) (B – 1) X = IC Column I Column II
(c) CX = A (A) If we vary K from 1 to n (p) G.P. with common
then the first row first column ratio a
Q.15 If A is an orthogonal matrix and B = AP where P elements of R will form
is a non singular matrix, then show that the matrix PB–1 (B) If we vary K from 1 to n then (q) A.P. with volume
is also orthogonal. the 2nd row 2nd column elements difference 2
of R will form
Q.16 Let M be a 2 × 2 matrix such that M (C) If we vary K from 1 to n (r) G.P. with common
1 then the first row first column ratio b
1  −1 1  elements of T will form
  =   and M  −1 =   . If x1 and
2
−1
  2
    0  (D) If we vary K from 3 to n (s) A.P. with volume
x2 (x1 > x2) are the two values x for which det (M – xI) = 0, then the first row 2nd column difference –2
where I is an identity matrix of order 2, then find the value elements of T will represent the
of (5x1 + 2x2). sum of
 M a them a ti cs | 16.41

Q.20 Consider a square matrix A of order 2 which has Q.5 If α, β, γ are the real numbers and
its elements as 0, 1, 2 and 4. Let N denote the number
of such matrices, all elements of which are distinct.  1 cos(α − β) cos(α − γ ) 
 
A =  cos(β − α ) 1 cos(β − γ )  then
Column I Column II  cos( γ − α ) cos( γ − β) 1 
 
(A) Possible non-negative value of det (A) is (p) 2
(A) A is skew symmetric
(B) Sum of values of determinants (q) 4
corresponding to N matrices is (B) A is invertible

(C) If absolute value of (det(A)) is least, then (r) – 2 (C) A is non singular
possible value of |adj(adj(adj A))| (D) | A | = 0
(D) If det (A) is algebraically least, then (s) –2
possible value of det (4A–1) is Q.6 The values of x for which the matrix
(t) 8
x + a b c 
 
 a x +b c  is non-singular are
 a b x + c 

Exercise 2
(A) R – {0}
Single Correct Choice Type (B) R – { – (a + b + c)}

Q.1 Let A, B be two square matrices of the same (C) R – { 0, – (a + b + c)}

dimension and let [A, B] = AB – BA, then for three 2 × (D) None of these
2 matrices
A, B, C, [[A, B],C] + [[B, C],A] + [[C, A],B] = Q.7 Let A is a skew symmetric matrix such A2 = A, and B
is a square matrix such that BTB = B; | B | ≠0. If X = (A +
(A) 1 (B) 0
B) (A – B), then XTX is
(C) ABC – CBA (D) None of these
(A) A – I (B) I – A
1 2 3 (C) A (D) None of these
Q.2 A = 4 5 7 & f(x) = x3 – 8x2 + bx + γ. If A
2 3 α Q.8 For two uni-modular complex numbers z1 and z2,
satisfies f(x) = 0, then ordered pair (α, γ) is  z1 −z2 
−1
 z1 z2 
−1

    equal to
(A) (2, –7) (B) (–2, 7)  z2 z1   − z2 z1 
(C) (2, 7) (D) (–2, –7)
z z2  1 0 
(A)  1  (B)  
α β  z1 z2  0 1 
Q.3 If   is a square root of the two rowed unit
 γ δ 1 / 2 0 
(C)   (D) None of these
matrix, then δ is equal to  0 1 / 2
(A) a (B) β
−2
(C) g (D) None of these 1 / 25 0   5 0
Q.9 If   =  ,
 x 1 / 25  −a 5 
4 2i then the value of x is
Q.4 For A = , (A – 2I) (A – 3I) is a
i 1 a 2a
(A) (B)
125 25
(A) Null-matrix (B) Hermitian matrix
2a
(C) Unit matrix (D) None of these (C) (D) None of these
125
1 6 . 4 2 | Matrices

Q.10 If A is square matrix such that A2 = I, |A| = 1 and = Ax + B Where A and B are determinants of order 3
B = (adj A)–1 then incorrect statement is not involving x.  (1982)
(A) AB = BA (B) AB = I
Q.4 Show that the system of equations 3x – y + 4z = 3, x +
(C) A = B (D) B = I
2y – 3z = – 2, 6x + 5y + lz = – 3 has at least one solution
for any real number λ ≠ –5. Find the set of solutions, if
Q.11 If A and B are square matrices of order 3 and adj λ = – 5.  (1983)
A = B, then adj (3AB) is equal to
(A) 3 | B |2 I3 (B) 9 | B | I3 Q.5 Consider the system of linear equations in x, y, z
(sin 3θ) x – y + z = 0, (cos 2θ) x + 4y + 3z = 0 and 2x +
(C) 3 | A |2 I3 (D) 9 | A | I3
7y + 7z = 0. Find the values of θ for which this system
has non-trivial solution.  (1986)
Q.12 Let A and B are square matrices of order n such
that AT + B = O, O is a null matrix, A = adj B, tr (A) = –1 a−1 n 6
and A2 = A then tr {adj(ATB)} is equal to
Q.6 Let Da = (a − 1)2 2n2 4n − 2
(A) (– 1)n–1 (B) 1 3 8
(a − 1) 3n 3n2 − 3n
(C) (– 1) n
(D) None of these n
Show that ∑ ∆a = c ∈ constant.  (1989)
a=1
Q.13 If A is a non-singular matrix such that C = A + B,
| C |2 = | A |2 | I – (A–1 B)2| and AB =BA, then
p b c
(A) B is null matrix (B) A is null matrix Q.7 If a ≠ p, b ≠ q, c ≠ r and a q c = 0
(C) | C | = | A – B | (D) | A | = | B | a b r
p q r
Then, find the value of + +  (1991)
p−a q−b r −c
Previous Years’ Questions
Q.8 For a fixed positive integer n, if
Q.1 Let ω ≠ 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of
n! (n + 1)! (n + 2)!
all non-singular matrices of the
D = (n + 1)! (n + 2)! (n + 3)! , then show that
1 a b (n + 2)! (n + 3)! (n + 4)!
 
form  ω 1 c  , where each of a, b or c is
ω2  D 
 ω 1   3 − 4  is divisible by n.  (1992)
 (n!) 
either ω and w . Then, the number of distinct matrices
2

in the set S is  (2011)

Q.9 Let λ and α be real. Find the set of all values of λ
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 8
for which the system of linear equations lx + (sin α)y +
(cos α)z = 0 x + (cos α)y + (sin α)z = 0 and –x + (sin α)
Q.2 Let M and N be two 3 × 3 non-singular skew- y – (cos α)z = 0 has a non-trivial solution for λ = 1, find
symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes all values of α.  (1993)
the transpose of P, then M2N2(MTN)–1(MN–1)T is equal to
 (2011)
Q.10 Let a, b, c be real numbers with a2 + b2 + c2 = 1.
(A) M 2
(B) –N 2
(C) – M 2
(D) MN Show that the equation

ax − by − c bx + ay cx + a
Q.3 Without expanding a determinant at any
bx + ay −ax + by − c cy + b =0
x2 + x x +1 x−2 cx + a cy + b −ax – by + c
2
stage, show that 2x + 3x − 1 3x 3x − 3 represents a straight line.  (2001)
2
x + 2x + 3 2x − 1 2x − 1
 M a them a ti cs | 16.43

U is the zero matrix.

Q.11 Let ω ≠ 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set
of all non−singular matrices of the form
(C) determinant of (M2+MN2) ≥ 1 .
1 a b
  (D) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M2+MN2) U equals the zero
ω 1 c  where each of a, b and c is either ω or ω2 .
ω2 ω 1  matrix the U is the zero matrix.

Then the number of distinct matrices in the set S is
Q.17 The quadratic equation p(x)=0 with real coefficients
 (2011)
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 4 has purely imaginary roots. Then the equation p(p(x))=0
has
Q.12 Let M be a 3 × 3 matrix satisfying
(A) Only purely imaginary roots.
0   −1   1  1 1   0  (B) All real roots.
           
M=
1   2  ,M =
 −1   1  and M 1  =  0  (C) Two real and two purely imaginary roots.
0  3 0  −1  1  12 
            (D) Neither real nor purely imaginary roots.
Then the sum of the diagonal entries of M is  (2011)
−1 + 3i
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 8 Q.18 Let z = , where −1 ,and r,s ∈ {1,2,3} .
2
 −z r z 2s 
Q.13 If P is 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I where PT is Let P = ( ) and I be the identity matrix of
he transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix, then  z 2s zr 

there exists a column matrix
order 2. Then the total number of or dered pairs (r, s)
 x  0 
   
X  y  ≠ 0  such that 
= (2012)
 z  0  for which P2 = − I is
   
3 −1 −2
0   
  Q.19
= Let P 2 0 α  where α ∈ R .
(A) PX 0  (B) PX = X (C) PX = 2X (D) PX = − X
3 5 0 
0   
 
Suppose Q = qij  is a matrix such that PQ = kI
 
Q.14 Let P = aij  is 3 × 3 matrix and let Q = bij  , where R,k ≠ 0 and I is the identity matrix of order 3. If
   
k k2
where bij = 2i+ j aij 1 ≤ i, j ≤ 3 .If the determinant of P is 2, q23 = − and det ( Q ) = , then
8 2
then the determinant of the matrix Q is  (2012)
α 0,k
(A) = = 8 (B) 4α − k + 8 = 0
(A) 210 (B) 211 (C) 212 (D) 213
( )
(C) det Padj ( Q ) = 29

( )
(D) det Padj (P ) = 213
Q.15 Let ω be a complex cube root of unity with ω ≠ 1
 1 0 0
and P = pij  be a n × n matrix with Pij = ωi+ j Then  
  Q.20 Let P =  4 1 0  and I be the identity matrix
P2 ≠ 0 , when n =  (2013) 16 4 1 
 
(A) 57 (B) 55 (C) 58 (D) 56
of order 3. If Q = qij  is a matrix such that p50 − Q =I
 
Q.16 Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = q + q32
then 31 equals  (2016)
NM. Further, if M ≠ N2 and M2 = N4 then  (2014) q21

(A) 52 (B) 103 (C) 201 (D) 205

(A) determinant of (M2+MN2) is 0.
(B) there is a 3×3 non−zero matrix U such that (M2+MN2)
1 6 . 4 4 | Matrices

MASTERJEE Essential Questions

JEE Main/Boards JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Q.7 Q.8 Q.17 Q.7 Q.10 Q.13
Q.23 Q.32 Q.35 Q.18 Q.19 Q.20
Q.38 Q.41 Q.44 Q.17

Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Q.4 Q.11 Q.14 Q.2 Q.5 Q.8
Q.19 Q.22 Q.26 Q.12

Previous Years’ Questions Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 Q.2 Q.6 Q.2 Q.4 Q.11
Q.10 Q.13 Q.12

Answer Key

JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1

Q.1 x = 2, y = 3 Q.2 6; 6
Q.3 Order of AB is 2 × 3; order of BA is not defined Q.4 (i) 3 (ii) 7 (iii) 8 (iv) 11

2 0   −1 0 
Q.5 1 × 18, 2 × 9, 3 × 6, 6 × 3, 9 × 2, 18× 1 Q.6    
0 3   0 −1 
1
Q.9 Two Q.10 x = 1, y = –
2
Q.11 f(A) = 3A2 – 9S + 7I Q.12 AB = BA

 2 −3 4 
 
Q.13  4 −6 8  Q.14 No
 6 −9 12 
 

 −1 1 / 2  0 −1 
Q.15   Q.16  
 −2 −1   −1 0 
 M a them a ti cs | 16.45

Q.17 m = 2, p = 3, b = 4 Q.18 Skew-symmetric

0 1  cos(x + y) sin(x + y) 
Q.19 (i)   (ii)   Q.20 Each element is zero
1 0   sin(x + y) − cos(x + y)

0 0
Q.21   Q.22 1± 10
0 0

0 0 0 5 
Q.23   Q.24  
0 0 2 1 

 1 0
Q.25   Q.27 1 × 8, 2 × 4, 4 × 2, 8 × 1; 1 × 1, 5 × 1
 −2 1 
1 0 0 
  6
Q.28 [ac + bd + a + b + c + d ]
2 2 2 2
Q.29 0 1 0  ; A = A
2

0 0 1 
 
0 0 
Q.31   Q.32 x = 9m, y = 14
0 0 

1  −2 1 19  1 1
Q.33 B =   Q.36 P± ,q±
3  −5 8 11  3 3

 −11 3 −14   −1 −4 −7 
   
Q.37  −16 3 0  Q.38  1 −2 −5 
 −19 −7 22   3 0 −3
   
4 4 1 −2
Q.39 x = 3, y = 7, z = –2, w = 14 Q.40 X=  ,Y=  
0 4  0 5 

1 −1 −5
Q.42A2 = A, B2 = I; A2B2 = AI =A Q.43 X=  
3 4 0 

Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 A Q.2 C Q.3 D Q.4 B Q.5 C Q.6 C

Q.7 A Q.8 B Q.9 D Q.10 D Q.11 B Q.12 B
Q.13 C Q.14 C Q.15 D Q.16 D Q.17 D Q.18 B
Q.19 A Q.20 C Q.21 C Q.22 C Q.23 B Q.24 C
Q.25 C Q.26 D Q.27 C Q.28 C Q.29 C

Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 B

1 5 1 2 5
Q.6 A Q.7 A Q.9 0 Q.10 a = ,b= f (x) = x − x+2
4 4 4 4
Q.12 B Q.13 D Q.14 B
1 6 . 4 6 | Matrices

JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1
Q.1 (a) 225(b) –8 Q.2 (i) 5 (ii) 18 (iii) 8 (iv) 5

 17 4 −19 
   −4 7 −7  1  48 −25
Q.3  −10 0 13  Q.4 (a)   (b)  
 3 −5 5  19  −70 42 
 −21 −3 25 
 
Q.5 29 Q.7 21
Q.8 1 Q.9 x1 = 1, x2 = –1, x3 = 1
Q.10 100 Q.11 1
Q.12 x = 2, y = 1, z = – 1
Q.13 (i) a ≠ –3, b ∈ R    (ii) a = –3 and b ≠ 1/3   (iii) a = –3, b = 1/3
 −3 −3
1 2
Q.14 (a) X =  5     (b) X =
     (c) No solution
 2  −1 −2 
 2 
Q.16 8` Q.17 3355
Q.18 (a) 18   (b) 0 Q.19 A→q; B → s; C→ p; D→ p
Q.20 A → p, q, t; B → s; C→ p, r; D → r

Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 A Q.4 A Q.5 D Q.6 C

Q.7 B Q.8 C Q.9 C Q.10 D Q.11 B Q.12 C
Q.13 C

Previous Years' Questions

π
Q.1 A Q.2 C Q.4 ∆ = ∆1 = ∆2 = ∆3 = 0 Q.5 θ = nπ, nπ + (–1)n ,n∈Z
6
n
Q6. ∑ ∆a = c Q.7 2 Q.8 2n(n2 + 4n + 5) Q.9 α = nπ or nπ + π/4
a=1
Q.10 0 Q.11 A Q.12 9 Q.13 D Q.14 D Q.15 B, C, D

Q.16 A, B Q.17 D Q.18 A Q.19 B, C Q.20 B

 M a them a ti cs | 16.47

Solutions

JEE Main/Boards Sol 7: Matrix A = [aij] assume

AT = [aji]
Exercise 1 So A + AT = [aij + aji] = [bij] assume
2x − 1  3  Here bij = aij = aji
Sol 1:   =  
 5  x + y  bji = aij + aji
2x – 1 = 3 Here bij = bji
2x = 4 ⇒ x = 4/2 = 2 Matrix is symmetric.
5=x+y=2+y
Sol 8: A – AT
y=5–2=3
⇒ [aij] – [aji] = [bij] assume
(x, y) = (2, 3)
bij = aij – aji
Sol.2 row = n bji = aji – aij
Column = m ⇒ bij = – bij
Then total elements = mn This matrix is known as symmetric matrix.
if (n, m) = (2, 3) ⇒ nm = 2.3 = 6
Sol 9: A matrix → row n, column = m
if (n, m) = (3, 2) ⇒ mn = 3.2 = 6
Total element = mn
Sol 3: A2×2 and B2×3 mn is prime no.
so mn could be → 2, 5, 7, 11
For AB ⇒ order will be ⇒ 2 × 3 factor of 2 = 1 × 2 or 2 × 1
For BA ⇒ row of B ≠ column of A
So for any prime no. of only 2 order
So, BA does not exist
⇒ 1 × n and n × 1(n ∈ prime no. )

Sol 4: A = [aij], 1 ≤ i ≤ 3, i ≤ j ≤ 3
 x   −1 0 
Sol 10:   +   =  
aij = i + 2j 2y   4  3 
(i) a11 = 1 + 2 = 3 (ii) a32 = 3 + 2(2) = 3 + 4 = 7
 x − 1  0 
(iii) a23 = 2 + 3(2) = 8 (iv) a34 ⇒ not a element = i ≤ j ≤ 3 ⇒  = 
2y + 4  3 
but here 4 > 3
x–1=0⇒x=1
Sol 5: Total element = 18 2y + 4 = 3 ⇒ 2y = 3 – 4 = – 1
Assume no of row = n 1
Y=–
And no. of column = m 2
so n × m = 18 = 1 × 18 = 2 × 9 = 6 × 3 = 3 × 6 = 9 ×
2 × 18 × 1 Sol 11: f(x) = 3x2 – 9x + 7
f(A) ⇒ if A is a matrix
2 0 
Sol 6: Diagonal matrix =  
0 3  f(A) = 3A2 – 9A + 7I
3 0  A is a square matrix so A2 is possible.
scalar matrix =  
0 3 
1 6 . 4 8 | Matrices

Sol 12: A, B and AB are symmetric matrices Sol 17: Xm×3 Yp×4 = Z2×b
A = aij
Column of x = row of y ⇒ 3 = p and 2 × b = (m × 4)
B = bij
So m = 2; b = 4
AB = Aij Bji= Cij
BA = Bij . Aji = dij  0 −1 2 
 
Sol18: A =  1 0 −3
but Bij = B ji 
 −2 3 0 
 symmetric matrix’s property  
and Aij = A ji 

a12 = – a21, a13 = – a31
∴ AB = Aij Bij = Aij . Bij = BA
a23 = – a32,
AB = BA
so A is skew symmetric.

1 
 
Sol 13: A = 2  = B 2 −2 4  cos θ sin θ 
1×3 Sol 19: R(θ) =  
3   sin θ − cos θ 
 3×1
1   2 −2 4   π π 
     cos sin 
AB = 2  2 −2 4 1×3 =  4 −4 8 
  π
R  =  2 2  = 0 1 
3   6 −6 12  
 3×1   2 sin π π
− cos  
1 0
 12 2

1 2 0 
cos(x + y) sin(x + y) 
R(x + y)=  
1 2   
Sol 14:   and 3 4 0   sin(x + y) − cos(x + y)
3 4  2×2 0 0 0 
 3×3
Sol 20: Skew symmetric A = [aij]
Both have different orders. So they are not same.
For all skew symmetric Matrix dia. l element (aij) are
zero so aij = 0 & when i = j
 2 −1  1
Sol 15: A =  ,K=–
4 2  2
a 0
Sol 21: A =  
 2 −1  1  2 −1 0 0 
KA = K   =–  
 4 2  2 4 2 
a 0 a 0 a2 0
A2 =     ⇒A =
2
 
 2 1 
 1 0 0  0 0   0 0 
 − − ( −1)
2 2  −1 
=  = 2 a2
 − 1 (4) − 1 (2)   0 a2 0  a4 0
 −2 −1 A2 × A2 =     ⇒ A4 =  
 2 2   0 0   0 0   0 0 

a16 0
sec θ tan θ   − tan θ − sec θ  ⇒ A16=  
Sol 16: tanθ   + secθ    0 0 
tan θ − sec θ   − sec θ tamθ 

tan θ sec θ − tan θ sec θ tan2 θ − sec2 θ  1 0 X 

=  Sol 22: [X 1]1×2     =0
2 2
 tan θ − sec θ − tan θ sec θ + cos θ sec θ   −2 −3 2×2  3  2×1

 sin2 θ − 1  X  X 
 0  ⇒ [ x − 2 0 − 3]1×2   [x – 2–3]   = 0
=  cos2 θ  =  0 −1   3  2×1 3
 sin2 θ − 1   
 −1 0 
 0 
 cos2 θ  [(x – 2)x –3(3)] = 0 ⇒ x2 – 2x – 9 = 0
 M a them a ti cs | 16.49

2 ± 22 − 4( −9) 0 0 1 
x= =1± 10  
2 Sol 29: A = 0 1 0
1 0 0
 2 −1
Sol 23: A =   0 0 1  0 0 1 
 4 6  2×2    
A2 =  0 1 0   0 1 0 
Additive inverse B which is – A 1 0 0  1 0 0 
   
So, A + B =A – A = 0
1 0 0 
 
A2 =  0 1 0  = I
2 −1 2 4 
Sol 24: x +  =  0 0 1 
 
3 −1 5 0 
A6 = [A2]3 = [I]3 = I
x x2 
Assume x =  1  A6 = I = A2
 x3 x4 

 x + 2 x2 − 1  2 4  Sol 30: Properties of skew – symmetric matrix [a, j]

⇒  1  =  
 x3 + 3 x 4 − 1  5 0  ⇒ All diagonal element are zero

⇒ x1 + 2 = 2 ⇒ x1 = 0 ⇒ aij = – aji

⇒ x2 – 1 = 4 ⇒ x2 = 1 + 4 = 5
0 −4  5 −7 
⇒ x3 + 3 = 5 ⇒ x3 = 5 – 3 = 2 Sol 31: A =  . B= 
0 −3  0 0 
⇒ x4 – 1 = 0 ⇒ x4 = 1
0 −4  5 −7 
x x2  0 5  AB =    
x=  1  =   0 −3  0 0 
 x3 x4  2 1 
0.5 − 4.0 0( −7) 0 0 
=   =  
Sol 25:  0(5) 0( −3)  0 0 
 sin2 θ 1   cos2 θ 0  0 −1 
  +   +    4 3
 −1 0 
2 2
cot θ 0   − cosec θ 1  Sol 32: A =  
 2 5
 sin2 θ + cos2 θ + 0 1 + 0 − 1 
=   A2 – XA +YI = 0
cot2 θ − cosec2 θ − 1 0 + 1 + 0 
 4 3  4 3  42 + 3.2 4.3 + 3.5
 1 0  1 0 A2 =     =  
=  =    2 5  2 5 2.4 + 5.2 2.3 + 5.2 
 −1 − 1 1   −2 1 
22 27 
A2 =  
Sol 27: Matrix has 8 element 18 31 
m×n=8=1×8=8×1=2×4=4×2 A2 – XA + YI = 0
if m × n = 5 = 1 × 5 = 5 × 1 (only 2 possible order) 22 27   4 3 0 0 
1
⇒   ×   + =  
a 18 31   2 5 1 0  0 0 
 
c 
 
b 0 1 
Sol 28: a b    × a b c   
   
22 − 4x + y
 c 27 − 3x  0 0 
d ⇒   =  
 
d  18 − 2x + x 31 − 5x + y  0 0 
[ac + bd] × [a2 + b2 + c2 + d2] ⇒ Compare elements
⇒ [a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + ac + bd] 27 – 3x = 0
1 6 . 5 0 | Matrices

27 0 1  1 0 
3x = 27 ⇒ x = = 9 ⇒ y = 45 – 31 = 14 Sol 35: A =  , F = 
3 0 0 
  0 1 
(x, y) = (9, 14)
1 0  a 0
For (aI + bA)3; aI = a   =  
 1 3 5  0 1  0 a 
Sol 33: A =  
 −2 5 7  0 1  0 b 
bA = b   =  
 4 5 −9  0 0  0 0 
2A – 3B =  
1 2 3  a 0 0 b  a b
aI + bA =   +   =  
b b2 b3  0 a  0 0  0 a 
Assume B =  1 
b 4 b5 b6 
a b a b a b
(aI + bA)3 =      
2.1 − 3b1 2.3 − 3b2 2 × 5.3b3  0 a  0 a  0 a 
⇒ 2A – 3B =  
 −4 − 3b 4 2.5 − 3b5 2.7 − 3b6 
a2 ab + ba a b a3 a2b + 2a2b 
=     =  
 4 5 −9   0 a2  0 a   0 a3 
=  
1 2 3  a3 3a2b 
=  
4−2 2  0 a3 
2 – 3b1 = 4 → b1 = =–
−3 3
and R. H. S. = a3I + 3a2bA
⇒ 6 – 3b2 = 1
1 0  0 1 
⇒ 3b2 = 6 – 5 = 1 = a3   + 3a b 0 0 
2

0 1   
1
⇒ b2 =
3 a3 0 0 3a2b  a3 3a2b 
19 =  +   =  
Same as b3 =  0 a3  0 0   0 a3 
3
5 8 11 L. H. S. = R. H. S
b4 = – , b5 = , b6 =
3 3 3
 0 1
1  −2 1 19  Sol 36: A =  
So B =    −1 1
3  −5 8 11 
(pI + qA)2 = A
 cos α sin α  p 0   0 1  0 q
Sol 34: A =   pI = 
 − sin α cos α   , qA = q   =  
 0 p   −1 1   −q q
 cos α sin α   cos α sin α  p 0   0 q p q 
A2 =     pI + qA = 
 − sin α cos α   − sin α cos α  +  =  
0 p   −q q  −q p + q

 cos2 α − sin2 α cos α sin α + sin α cos α  p q  p q 

A2 =   (pI + qA)2 =    
 − sin α cos α − sin α cos α − sin2 α + cos2 α   −q p + q  −q p + q

we know → cos2α – sin2α = cos2α  p2 − q2 pq + q(p + q) 

=   = A (given)
2 2
and 2cosα sinα = sin2α  −pq − q(p + q) −q + (q + q) 

 0 1
2  cos2α sin2α  A=  
so A =    −1 1
 − sin2α cos2a
So p2 – q2 = 0 ⇒ p2 = q2 ⇒ p = ± q
 M a them a ti cs | 16.51

pq + qp + q2 = 1 5 2  3 6 
Sol 40: X + Y =  ,X–Y=  
q2 + 2qp = q2 ± 2q2 = 1 0 9  0 −1
–ve → q2 – 2q2 = 1 ⇒ q2 = 1 not possible sum of X + Y, X – Y
+ve → q + 2q = 3q = 1 ⇒ q = 1/3
2 2 2 2
⇒ X + Y + X – Y = 2X
1
So p = q = ± 5 2  3 6  5 + 3 2 + 6 
3 =   +   =  
0 9  0 −1  0 9 − 1
 2 3 −4 
  8 8  4 4
Sol 37: A =  1 0 6  2X =   = 2 
 −2 1 5  0 8  0 4 
 
4 4
5 1 2 X=  
  0 4 
B = 6 −1 4 
5 3 −4 
  5 2  5 2  4 4
Y=   –X=   –  
 2 3 −4  5 1 2 0 9  0 9  0 4 
   
2A – 3B = 2  1 0 6  – 3 6 −1 4 
 −2 1 5  5 3 −4  5 − 4 2 − 4  1 −2
    Y=   = 
 0 9 − 4  0 5 
 −11 3 −14 
 
=  −16 3 0   cos2 θ cos θ sin θ 
 −19 −7 22 
  Sol 41: A =  
cos θ sin θ sin2 θ 

Sol 38: A3×3 = [aij]  cos2 φ cos φ sin φ 

B=  
aij = 2i – 3j cos φ sin φ sin2 θ 
\a11 = 2(1) – 3(1) = – 1, a12 = 2(1) – 3(2) = – 4
AB = (Cij)
a13 = 2(1) – 3(3) = – 7, a21 = 2(2) – 3(1) = 1
C11 = cos2θ cos2φ + cosθ sinθ cosφ sinφ
a22 = 2(3) – 3(2) = – 2, a23 = 2(2) – 3(3) = – 5
C11 = cosθ cosφ (cosθ cosφ + sinθ sinφ)
a31 = 2(3) – 3(1) = 3, a32 = 2(3) – 3(2) = 0
C11 = cosθ cosφ cos(θ – φ) = 0
a33 = 2(3) – 3(3) = – 3
Similarly C12, C21 and C22 will also be zero
 a11 a12 a13   −1 −4 −7 
    0 0 
So A = a21 a22 a23  =  1 −2 −5  So AB =  
a
 31 a32 a33   3 0 −3
  0 0 

 x 3x − y  3 2   −1 1 −1 0 4 3
Sol 39:  =      
Sol 42: A =  3 −3 3  , B=  1 −3 −3
2x + z 3y − w  1 7 
 5 −5 3   −1 4 4 
   
Compare elements
 −1 1 −1  −1 1 −1
x=3    
A =  3 −3 3   3 −3 3 
2

3x – y = 3(3) – y = 9 – y = 2  5 −5 3   5 −5 3 
   
y=9–2=7
 1 + 3 −5 −1 − 3 + 5 1 + 3 −5 
2x + z = 2(3) + 7 = 6 + 7 = 4 ⇒ 7 = 4 – 6 = –2  
=  −3 − 9 + 15 3 + 9 + 15 −3 − 9 + 15 
3y – w = 3(7) – w = 7 ⇒ w = 21 – 7 = 14  −5 − 15 + 25 5 + 15 − 25 −5 − 15 + 25
 
(x, y, z, w) = (3, 7, –2, 14)
1 6 . 5 2 | Matrices

 −1 1 −1 X X2 X3  1 −2 −5
  X=  1 =  
=  3 −3 3  =
A X 4 X5 X6  3 4 0 
 5 −5 5 
 

0 4 3 0 4 3 Exercise 2
   
B =  1 −3 −3  1 −3 −3
2

 −1 4 4   −1 4 4  Single Correct Choice Type

   

 4 −3 −12 + 12 −12 + 12  1 0 0  Sol 1: (A) Number of elements in a matrix = 60

   
B =  −3 + 3 4 + 9 − 12
2
3 + 9 − 12  = 0 1 0  60 = 22 51 31
 4 − 4 −4 − 12 + 16 −3 − 12 + 16  0 0 1 
    Number of order matrix can have = (2 + 1) (1 + 1) (1
+ 1)
A2B2 = A2,I = A. I = A
= 3 × 2 × 2 = 12
 2 −1  −1 8 −10 
    Sol 2: (C) A(x)×(x + 5) By×(11 – y)
Sol 43:  0 1  X = 3 4 0 
 −2 4  10 20 10  AB and BA both exist
   3×3
⇒ for AB x + 5 = y  …(i)
 2 −1
  ⇒ for BA 11 – y = x  …(ii)
X ‘s number of row = column of  0 1 
 −2 4  ⇒ y = 8; x = 3
 
order of X = 2 × 3
 X X 2 X3  Sol 3: (D) A is a square invertible matrix
assume X =  1 
 X 4 X5 X 6  A2 = A
 2 −1 Multiply A–1 both sides
   X1 X 2 X 3 
 0 1  X 
X5 X 6  A–1 A2 = A–1A = I
 −2 4   4
  A=I
 2x1 − x 4 2x2 − x5 2x3 − x6  So A2 = I
 
= x4 x5 x6  A2 – I = 0 (zero matrix)
 −2x + 4x −2x2 + 4x5 −2x3 + 4x6 
 1 4

Sol 4: (B) Total 143 elements all are different.

 −1 −8 −10 
  143 = 1 × 143 = 143 × 1 = 11 × 13 = 13 × 11
= 3 4 0 
10 20 10  Total Number of order that exist = 4
 
x4 = 3, x5 = 4, x6 = 0 Number of way to arrange 143 elements = 143!

–2x1 + 4x4 = 10 ⇒ –2x1 + 4(3) = 10 Total not of matrix = 4 × 1431

2x1 = 12 – 10 = 2 ⇒ x1 = 1
Sol 5: (C) A2 = A
–2x2 + 4x5 = – 2x2 + 4(4) = 20
(I + A)4 = (I2 + A2 + 2A)2
– 2x2 + 16 = 20
= [I + A + 2A]2 = [I + 3A]2 ( A2 = A)
2x2 = 16 – 20 = – 4 ⇒ x2 = – 4 = – 2 = I2 + 9A2 + 6A = I + 9A + 6A = I + 15A
2
–2x3 + 4x6 = – 2x3 + 4(0) = 10 = – 2x3
 α β
10 Sol 6: (C) A =  
x3 = =–5  −β α 
−2
Since, A is orthogonal matrix
 M a them a ti cs | 16.53

So, AA’ = A’A = In 0 −2

det (I – A) = = 0 – (–2) (–2) = – 4
 α β  α −β   α + β −2 0
2
−αβ + αβ 
2
AA–1 =   = 
 −β α   β α   −αβ + αβ α + β 
2 2
(I + A) 2 1 1 0 2 
f(A) = =    
(I − A) −4 1 1 2 0 
α2 + β2 0  1 0 
  =   1 0 + 2 2 + 0  2 1 1  −1 −1
0 1 
2 2
 0 α + β  =–   =–   =  
2 0 + 2 2 + 0  2 1 1  −1 −1
a2 + b2 = 1 …(i)
x2 – px + q = 0 & x2 + px – q = 0 Sol 9: (D) A is skew symmetric matrix
Sum of both equation for common roots ⇒ ATA = I
x2 – px + q + x2 + px – q = 0 ⇒ AT = – A ⇒ (AT)2 = (A)2
2x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
2
⇒ ATA = – A2 = I
So if α is roots of x2 – px + q = 0 and β is roots of x2 + Taking square of both sides
px – q = 0
A4 = I
⇒α + 0 = p and α(0) = q = 0
⇒ A4n = I ( –A2 = I are A = – AT) \
β + 0 = – p and β(0) = – q = 0
A3A4n = A3I
⇒ α = p and β = – p
A4n+3 = – A2(–A) I
In (i) equation a2 + b2 = 1
A4(n + 1) – 1 = (–A)I = AT I = AI
⇒ p2 + (–p)2 – 1
4n - 1 ∈ N
⇒ 2p2 = 1
⇒A4n – 1 = AT
1
⇒p=± ,q=0
2
Sol 10: (D) |A| = |B|A2 × 2, B2 × 2

Sol 7: (A) (det A) = 3 Tr (A) = Tr(B)

(det λA) = 81 A2 – 3A + 14I = 0 and B2 – λB + µI= 0

if A’s order = n × n if A = B, |A| = |B|

then (det λA) = λn(det A) = λx 3 = 81 Tr |A| = Tr(B) satisfied so A2 – λA + µI = 0

81 µ = 14 ( A’s order = 2 × 2)
ln = = 27
3
ln = 27 = 3n  λ∈N Sol 11: (B) The adjoint of upper triangular matrix is
false.
So, n = 3
 That is equal to upper triangular not lower triangular
matrix.
1 2  1+x
Sol 8: (B) A =   , f(x) =
2 1  1−x
Sol 12: (B) A, B, (A + B) are non-singular
1 0  1 2  2 2  1 1 [A(A + B)–1B]–1
I + A =  + =   = 2 
0 1  2 1  2 2  1 1 = [A–1((A + B) –1)–1B–1] = (A–1(A + B) B–1)
= [(A–1A + A–1B)B–1) =[(I + A–1B)B–1)
1 0  1 2   0 −2  0 1 
I – A =  – =  = –2  
0 1  2 1   −2 0  1 0  = [B–1 + A–1BB–1] = A–1 + B–1

1 0 2  Sol 13: (C) A is an orthogonal matrix

(I – A)–1 =  
det(I − A) 2 0 
|A| = – 1
1 6 . 5 4 | Matrices

⇒ AAT = ATA = In
1 + tan2 x 1 0  1 0 
=   =  
⇒ |A| = |AT| = – 1 1 + tan x 0 1 
2
0 1 
⇒ AT = + A–1( A is an orthogonal matrix)
1 0
1 |AT A–1| = =1
⇒A = T
(adjA) = – (adjA) 0 1
det(A)

Sol 14: (C) A and B are square matrices of order 3 2 3 

Sol 17: (D) A =  
(A) adj(AB) = adj(A) + adj(B) is not necessary 5 −2
⇒ option (A) is wrong. ⇒ |A| = 2(–2) – 3(5) = – 15 – 4 = – 19
(B) (A + B)–1 ≠ A–1 + B–1 1  −2 −5
T
−1 2 3  1
A–1 =   =  = A
(C)AB = 0 |A|  −3 2  −19 5 −2  19
A, B are square matrix
So if AB = 0 Sol 18: (B) PT = P–1
⇒ |A| |B| = 0
P P  P1 P3 
⇒ |A| = 0 or |B| = 0 Assume P =  1 2  , PT =  
P3 P4  P2 P4 
a 0 0 ⇒ |P| = P1P4 – P2P3
 
Sol 15: (D) A = 0 a 0  ⇒ |A| = a3|I| = a3 T
0 0 a  1 1  P4 −P3  1  P4 −P2 
  P–1 = (adj P) =   =  
|P | | P |  −P2 P1  | P |  −P3 P1 
a2 0 0
  |P| = P1P4 – P2P3
adj(A) =  0 a2 0
 
 0 0 a2  P1 P3  1  P4 −P2 
   =  
P2 P4  | P |  −P3 P1 
|adj |A|| = (a2)3 = a6
|P| = 1
\|A| |adj (A)| = a3 a6 = a9
P2 = – P3
 1 tanx   cos θ sin θ 
Sol 16: (D) A =   Only option (B) 
 − tanx 1   is correct.
 − sin θ cos θ 
|A| = 1 + tan2x
Sol 19: (A) Br = I r > 1
 1 1 tanx  A
A = –1
  = A–1 Br–1 A – A–1B–1A = A–1Br B–1A – A–1B–1A
1 + tan x tanx
2 1  (1 + tan2 x)
= A–1B–1A – A–1B–1A = 0
 1 − tanx 
AT =  
 tanx 1  Sol 20: (C) A & B are orthogonal matrices

 1 1 tanx   1 − tanx  ⇒ AAT = ATA = In and BBT = BTB = In

AA =
T –1
   
(1 + tan x)  − tanx
2 1   − tanx 1  AB ⇒ (AB) (AB)T

 1 + tan2 x tanx − tanx  ⇒ (AB) (BTA)T

1  
= 2 ⇒ A(BBT)At = AIAT
(1 + tan2 x) tanx − tanx tan x + 1 
⇒ AAT = I
1 1 + tan x 0 2 
=   (AB)T (AB) = BTATAB = BTIB = BTB = In
2 2
(1 + tan x)  0 1 + tan x 
So (AB)T(AB)
 M a them a ti cs | 16.55

gE = AB(AB)T= In Tr(A) = a1 + a2 + a3 = 12 and det |A| = a1 a2 a3 for

maximum of det (A) = a1 a2 a3
So, AB also satisfying property of orthogonal
a1 + a2 + a3 = 3a1 = 3a2 = 3a3 = 12
Sol 21: (C) C is an orthogonal matrix 12
a1 = =4
⇒ CC = C C = In
T T 3
Tr (CTAC) = Tr [(CTA)C] det |A| = 4 × 4 × 4 =64
= Tr [C(CTA)] = Tr (CCTA) = Tr (IA)= Tr (A)
Sol 27: (C) AB = B
Sol 22: (C) A and B are idempotent matrices BA = A
so, A = A and B = B
2 2
(A + B)2 = (AB + BA)2
|A|, |B| = or 1 A2 + B2 + AB + BA = (AB)2 + (BA)2 + (AB) (BA) + (BA) (AB)
AB = BA A2 + B2 + AB + BA = ABAB + BABA + AB + BA
A – B is non-singular
A2 + B2 = AAB + BBA = AB + BA
⇒ |A| = and |B| = 1 or |A| = 1 and |B| = 0
A 2 + B 2= A + B

Sol 23: (B) AAT = I

0 1 
Sol 28: (C) A =   , B is column matrix
(A BA)
T 10
3 0 
= (ATBA) (ATBA) (ATBA)………. . 0 
(A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 + I) B =  
⇒A BIBIBI………. BA =A B A
T T 10
1  2×1
0 1  0 1  3 0 
 0 c −b  A2 =     =   = 3I
 
Sol 24: (C) A =  −c 0 a  3 0  3 0  0 3 
 b −a 0  A4 = A2A2 = 32I
 
A6 = 33I, A8 = 34I
 a2 ab ca 
  A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 + I = I (1 + 3 + 32 + 33 + 34) = 121 I
B = ab b2 cb 
 2 0
 ac bc c  0   
2 I B =   ⇒B =1
 abc − abc b2 c − b2 c c2b − bc2  1  2
   
AB = −a2bc + ab2c −abc + abc −ac2 + ac2 
 2 2 ∞  Sol 29: (C) AB = BA and A2 = I
 a b − a b ab2 − ab2 abc − abc 
 ABA = A(AB) = A2B = IB = B
0 0 0 
 
AB = 0 0 0  = 0
0 0 0 
Previous Years’ Questions
 
Sol 1: (B)
Sol 25: (C) AB = BA, C2 = B
1 + a2 a a2
(A–1CA)2 = (A–1CA) (A–1CA) = A–1C ICA = A-1C2 A
⇒ ∆ = cos(p − d)x + cos(p + d)x cospx cos(p + d)x
= A–1BA = A–1(AB) = IB = B = C2 sin(p − d)x + sin(p + d)x sinpx sin(p + d)x

Sol 26: (D) Tr(A) = 12 1 + a2 a a2

a1 ⇒ ∆ = 2cospx cosdx cospx cos(p + d)x

0 0
  2sinpx cosdx sinpx sin(p + d)x
Assume A =  0 a2 0 ( A is diagonal matrix)
0 0 a3 

1 6 . 5 6 | Matrices

Applying C1 → C2 – 2cos dxC2 ⇒ 2cos x = – sin x or sin x = cos x

π π
⇒ cot x = –1/2 gives no solution in – ≤x≤
2
1 + a − 2acosdx a a 2 4 4
and sin x = cos x ⇒ tan x = 1
⇒∆= 0 cospx cos(p + d)x
0 sinpx sin(p + d)x ⇒ x = π/4

⇒ ∆ = (1 + a2 –2a cos dx) [sin (p+ d) x cos px Sol 4: (B) For infinitely many solutions, we must have

– sin px cos (p + d) x] k +1 8 4k
= = ⇒k=1
k k + 3 3k − 1
⇒ ∆ = (1 + a2 –2a cos dx) sin dx
Which is independent of p Sol 5: (B) Since, given system has no solution
∴ ∆ = 0 and any one amongst Dx, Dy, Dz is non-zero.
Sol 2: (A)
2 −1 2
1 x x +1 Let = 1 −2 1 = 0 ⇒ λ = 1
f(x) = 2x x(x − 1) (x + 1)x 1 1 λ
3x(x − 1) x(x − 1)(x − 2) (x + 1)x(x − 1)

Applying C3 → C3 – (C1 + C2) Sol 6: (A) Now,

 3 /2 −1 / 2   3 /2 1/2 
1 x 0 PTP =    
 1 / 2 3 / 2   −1 / 2 3 / 2 
= 2x x(x − 1) 0 =0
3x(x − 1) x(x − 1)(x − 2) 0 1 0 
⇒ PTP =  
0 1 
∴ f(x) = 0
⇒ PTP = I ⇒ PT = P–1
⇒ (100) = 0
Since, Q = PAPT
sinx cos x cos x
∴ PTQ2005P … (i)
Sol 3: (C) Given, cos x sinx cos x = 0
= PT(PAPT)(PAPT) ……. 2005 times]P
cos x cos x sinx
T
Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 = (P P)A(P TP)A(P TP)........(P TP)A(P TP)

2005 times

sinx + 2cos x cos x cos x = IA2005 = A2005[from eq.(i)]

= sinx + 2cos x sinx cos x 1 1
sinx + 2cos x cos x sinx ∴A=  
0 1 
1 cos x cos x 1 1 1 1 1 2
A2 =    =  
= (2cos x+ sin x) 1 sinx cos x = 0 0 1  0 1  0 1 
1 cos x sinx 1 2 1 1 1 3
A3 =    =  
Applying R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – R1 0 1  0 1  0 1 
⇒ (2cos x + sin x) ………………………………………………..
………………………………………………...
1 cos x cos x
1 2005
0 sinx − cos x 0 =0 A2005 =  
0 0 sinx − cos x 0 1 
1 2005
⇒ (2cos x + sin x) (sin x – cos x)2 = 0 ∴ PTQ2005 P=  
0 1 
⇒ 2cos x + sin x = 0 or sin x – cos x = 0
 M a them a ti cs | 16.57

Sol 7: (A) Every square matrix satisfied its characteristic 1 

equation = A + (p − 1)D 
a 
i.e. | A – λ I | = 0 1 
Sol 9: = A + (q − 1)D   … (i)
b 
1−λ 0 0 1 
⇒ 0 1−λ 1 =0 = A + (r − 1)D 
c 
0 −2 4 − λ
1 1 1
⇒ (1 – λ) {(1 – λ) (4 – λ) + 2}= 0
bc ca ab a b c
⇒ 13 –612 + 11λ – 6 = 0 Let ∆ = p q r = abc p q r ,
⇒ A3 –6 A2 + 11A – 6 I = O  … (i) 1 1 1 1 1 1

⇒ A2 6A + 11 I =
6A −1
[From equation (i)]
Sol 8: Since, a1, a2 are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0
A + (p − 1)D A + (q − 1)D A + (r − 1)D
b c
⇒ a1 + a2 = – and a1a2 = … (i) = abc p q r
a a
1 1 1
Also, b1, b2 are the roots of
px2 + qx + r = 0 Applying R1 → R1 – (A – D) R3 – DR2

q r 0 0 0
⇒ b1 + b2 = – and b1b2 = … (ii)
p p = abc p q r = 0

Given system of equations 1 1 1

a1y + a2z = 0 bc ca ab
And b1y + b2z = 0, has non-trivial solution ⇒ p q r =0
α1 1 1 1
α1 α2 β1
∴ = 0 ⇒ =
β1 β2 α2 β2
Sol 10: Given,
Applying componendo-dividendo
2ax 2ax − 1 2ax + b + 1
α1 + α2 β1 + β2 f’(x)= b b +1 −1
=
α1 – α2 β1 – β2 2(ax + b) 2ax + 2b + 1 2ax + b
⇒ (a1 + a2) (b1 – b2) = (a1 – a2) (b1 + b2)
Applying R3 → R3 – R1 – 2R2 , We get
⇒ (a1 + a2)2 {(b1 – b2)2 – 4b2b2}

= (b1 + b2)2 {(a1 + a2)2 – 4a1a2} 2ax 2ax − 1 2ax + b + 1

f’(x) = b b +1 −1
From equation (i) and (ii), we get 0 0 1
b2  q2 4r  q2  b2 4c 
 −  =  −  2ax 2ax − 1 2ax −1
a2  p2 p  p2  a2 a  =
b b +1
=
b 1
(C2 → C2 – C1)

b2q2 4b2r b2q2 4q2c ⇒ f’(x) = 2ax + b

⇒ 2 2 – = – 2
ap 2
ap 2 2
ap ap On integrating,

b2r q2c b2 ac we get f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

⇒ = ⇒ =
a p q2 pr Where c is an arbitrary constant
Since, f has maximum at x = 5/2
1 6 . 5 8 | Matrices

4π  π
⇒ f’(5/2) = 0 ⇒ 5a + b = 0 … (i) = 2sin2qcos = 2sin2qcos  π + 
3  3
Also, f(0) = 2 ⇒ c = 2 π
= – 2sin2qcos = – sin 2θ
and f(1) = 1 ⇒ a + b + c = 1 … (ii) 3
1
On solving equation (i) and (ii) for a, b, we get a = , sin θ cos θ sin2θ
4
5 ∴∆ = − sin θ − cos θ − sin2θ
b=–
4
 2π   2π   4π 
1 5 sin  θ −  cos  θ −  sin  2θ − 
Thus, f(x) = x2 – x + 2  3   3   3 
4 4
= 0 (since, R1 and R2 are proportional)
Sol 11:

sin θ cos θ sin2θ Sol 12: (B)

( )( ) ( )  A. ( A ) 
T T
 2π   2π   4π  =BBT = A −1 A T A −1 A − T A −1 A T −1

sin  θ +  cos  θ +  sin  2θ +  
 3   3   3  T
( ) ( ) ( )( )
T
−1
 2π   2π   = 4π  A= . A T A A T . A −1 A −1 AA T A −1
+ sin  θ –  + cos  θ –  + sin  2θ – 
 3   3   3 
(=
A A) A .(A ) ( A ) (=
A A)
T T
−1 T −1 −1 −1
 2π   2π   4=π A.= I
sin  θ –  cos  θ –  sin  2θ – 
 3   3   3 

 2π   2π  Sol 13: (D) AA T = 9T

Now, sin  θ +  + sin θ – 
 3   3  1 2 2  1 2 a 
  
A=
2 1 −2 2 1 2  = 9I
 2π 2π   2π 2π 
θ+ +θ−  θ+ –θ+   a 2 b  2 −2 b 
3 3  cos 3 3    
= 2sin  
 2   2  9 a + 4 + 2b 0
9 0 0
   
    ⇒ 0 9
2a + 2 − 2b ⇒ 0 9 0
2π  π a + 4 + 2b 2a + 2 − 2b a2 + 4 + b2 0 0 9
= 2sinθ cos = 2sinθ cos π − 
3  3
π Equation a + 4 + 2b =
0 ⇒ a + 2b =
−4 ....(1) ... (i)
= –2sinθ cos = – sinθ
3 2a + 2 − 2b =⇒
0 2a − 2b =
−2 ...(2) ... (ii)
 2π   2π  2 2 2 2
and cos  θ +  + cos  θ –  & a + 4 + b =0 ⇒ a + b =5 ...(3) ... (iii)
 3   3 
Solving a =
−2,b =
−1
 2π 2π   2π 2π 
θ+ +θ−  θ+ –θ+ 
= 2 cos  3 3  cos  3 3  5a −b 
 2   2  Sol 14: (B) A =  
    3 2 
   
5a −b  T
 2π   1 =A =  A adj A AA
= 2cosθ cos   = 2cosθ  −  = – cosθ  3 2 
 3   2
5a −b   2 b  5a −b   5a 3
 4π   4π    =  
and sin  2θ +  + sin  2θ −   3 2   −3 5a  3 2   −b 2
 3   3 
10a + 3b 0  25a2 + b2 15 − 2b 
 4π 4π   4π 4π   = 
 2θ + + 2θ −   2θ + – 2θ +   0 10a + 3b   15 − 2b 13 
3 3  cos  3 3 
= 2sin 
 2   2 
    Equate, 10a + 3b= 25a2 + b2
   
and 10a + 3b =
13
and 15a − 2b =
0
 M a them a ti cs | 16.59

a b (ii) A is invertible ⇒ so |A| ≠ 0

= = k (let)
2 15 a11 a22 – a21a21 ≠ 0
2 a11a22 ≠ a21 a12
Solving=a = ,b 3
5
2 × (41 + 3) 2
2 total way → = . 27 = 18
So, 5a + b = 5 × + 3 = 5 3
C2 3
5
(iii) |A|max – |A|min
⇒|A|max = a11a22 – a21a12
JEE Advanced/Boards (a11 a22)max = 4 ( a11 + a22 + a12 + a12 = 4)
and + ( a21. a12)max = 3
Exercise 1
a21 a12 = 0 with a12 a22 = 4 = (2) (2)

Sol 1: (a) |A| = a, (B) = (adjA), |B| =b So |A|max = 2(2) – 0 = 4

|A|min = 0 – 2(2) = – 4
1 a a2 a3
S= + + + ....
2 b b3 b5 |A|max – |A|min = 4 – (–4) = 8
(iv) A is symmetric or skew symmetric or both |det A| is
a 
2
a  a  divisible by 2
= 1 + +   + .... 
b b 2 2
b  
  So |det A| can be 0, 2, 4
   4 0  0 0   2 0  2 1  0 2 
 A⇒  ,  ,  ,  ,  
a 1  a  b2  ab  0 0  0 4  0 2  1 0  2 0 
= =   =  
b a  b  b2 − a  b2 − a
1 − 2  Total no. → 5
 b 
2ab  4 −4 5 
S=
b2 − a  
Sol 3: A =  −2 3 −3
b > a, a = 3  3 −3 4 
 
|B| = |A|n–1 = |A|3–1 = (3)2 = 9 = b
A11 = 12 – 4 = 3 A13 =…………………. .
2(3)9 2(3)9 A12 = – 9 + 8 ⇒ – A21 = – 15 + 16 = 1
⇒ (ab2 + a2b + 1) = (3. (9)2 + 32. 9 + 1)
2
9 −3 92 − 3
A22 = 16 – 15 = 1, – A23 = – 12 + 12 = 0
6.9 6.9
= (1 + 81 + 243) = = 225 A31 = 12 – 15 = – 3, –A32 = – 10 + 12 = 2
78 78
(b) |A| = –2, |B| = 1 A33 = 12 – 8 = 4

(A–1) (adj B–1) adj(2A+1)  3 +1 −3

 
adjA =  −1 1 2 
⇒ |A–1| |adj B–1| 23–1 |adj A|  −3 0 4 
 
1 4×4 16
= × 1 × 22 × (–2)2 = = =–8
−2 −2 −2 |A| = 4[A11] – 4(A) + 5[A13]

= 4(3) – 4(–1) + 5(–3) = 12 + 4 – 15 = 1

Sol 2: A = [aij], aij ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
a11 + a12 + a21 + a22 = 4  3 +1 −3
adjA  
A =
–1
=  −1 1 2 
(i) Tr (A) = a11 + a22 = 4 |A|  −3 0 4 
 
and a11, a22 ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
total possibilities = 0 + 4 = 4 + 0 = 1 + 3 = 3 + 1 = 2 + 2  3 +1 −3  3 +1 −3  17 4 −19 
     
A–2 =  −1 1 2   −1 1 2  =  −10 0 13 
⇒5
 −3 0 4   −3 0 4   −21 −3 25 
     
1 6 . 6 0 | Matrices

 2 −1 –1  2 −1
1 1 1  adjB =  ,B =   adjC
  2 3   −3 2   −3 2 
Sol 4: (a) A = 2 4 1 , B =  
2 3 1  3 4  2×2  −3 −2  –1 1 3 2 
 3×3 =  ,C =  
 −5 3  19 5 −3
1 0 1  2 4 
BPA =   ⇒ BAC = 
0 1 0  2×3 
3 −1
P P2 P3   2 −1 2 4   4 −3 8 +1 
Assume P =  1  B–1BAC = AC =     =  
P4 P5 P6  2×3  −3 2   3 −1   −6 + 6 −12 − 2

1 0 1  1 9 
BPA =  AC =   ⇒ ACC
–1
  0 −14 
0 1 0 
1 0 1  1 9  3 2  1
B–1BPA = PA = B–1 0 1 0  =A=     –
   0 −14  5 −3  19

|B| = 8 – 9 = – 1 1 3 + 45 2 − 27  1  48 −25
A=   =  
19  −70 42  19  −70 42 
1  4 −3  −4 3 
adjB =   =  
−1  −3 2   3 −2
 2 − 3 P 0 
 
 −4 3  1 0 1   −4 3 −4  Sol 5: A =  0 m2 − 8 q 
PA =     =    
 3 −2   0 1 0   3 −2 3  r 0 n2 − 15
 
|A| = 1[4 –3]– 1 [2 – 2] + 1 [ 6 – 8] = 1 – 2 = – 1
A2 = A[ A is idempotent matrix]
 1 3 − 1 1 − 4  1 2 −3 A2 =
   
adjA =  0 −1 2 − 1  =  0 −1 1  ,
6 − 8 2 − 3 +2   −2 −1 +2  (2 − 3)2 + 0 p(2 − 3) + p[m2 − 8] pq 
     
2 2 2 2
 qr (m − 8) q(m − 8) + q(n − 15)
 −1 −2 3   2 2 
r( − 3) + r(n + 5) rp (n2 − 15)2 
 
A =  0 −1 −1
–1

 2 1 −2  2 − 3 p 0 
   
=  0 m2 − 8 q 
 −4 3 −4  –1  
PAA–1 =  A =P  r 0 n2 − 15
 3 −2 3  
 −1 −2 3  compare elements
 −4 3 −4   
P=   0 1 −1 ⇒ (12 – 3)2 =  2 – 3 ⇒ 12 – 3 = 0 or 1
 3 −2 3   2 1 −2
  =± 3 or ± 4= ±2
 −4 7 −7  p[l2 – 3 + m2 – 8] = p⇒ p = 0 or l2 + m2 – 11 = 1
P=  
 3 −5 5 
rp = 0 ⇒ r = 0 or p = 0
2 1  3 2  2 4 
(b)   ·A 5 −3 =   (n2 – 15)2 = n2 – 15 ⇒ n2 – 15 = 1 or 0
3 2    3 −1
q[(m2 – 8) + n2 – 15] = q ⇒ q = 0 or m2 + n2 – 23 = 0 + 1
2 1  3 2 
assume B =   C=   (m2 – 8)2 = m2 – 8 ⇒ m2 – 8 = or 1
3 2  5 −3
m = ± 8 or ± 9 = ± 3
|B| = 4 – 3 = 1 |C| = – 9 – 10 = – 19
if, l1m1n, q, q, r ∈ z
S = {0, ±2, ±3, ±4}
 M a them a ti cs | 16.61

⇒ Sum of products of elements = 22+32+42=29  ∞  ∞ 1 1 1 

Tr  ∑ 3n An  = ∑ Tr(3 A3 ) = 18  + 2 + ..... ∞ 
n
  i=1 3 3 3 
cos x − sinx 0   n=1 
 
Sol 6: F(x) =  sinx cos x 0     
 0  1  1  18 8 18 
 0 1  = 18   = × = 
 3 1 − 1  3 3 − 1 2 
cos y − sin y 0    3  
 
F(y) =  sin y cos y 0 
3(1) − 1 + 3(2) − 2 + 3(3) − 3 2+4+6 12
 0 0 1  Tr (Bn) = = =
 22n
22n
22n
cos x − sinx 0  cos y − sin y 0  12
   Tr(2nBn) =
F(x). F(y) =  sinx cos x 0   sin y cos y 0  2n
 1   0 1 
 0 0 0 a 1 1 
m= ∑ [Tr(2n Bn )] = 12  + + ... 
cos x cos y − sinx sin y − cos x sin y − sinx cos y 0  n=1  2 22 
 
= sinx cos y + cos x sin y − sinx sin y + cos y cos x 0    
 0 0 1   1  1   12
 =12   =  = ·2 12
 2 1 − 1   2
cos(x + y) − sin(x + y) 0   
  2  
=  sin(x + y) cos(x + y) 0 
 0 0 1  l + m = 12 + 9 = 21

[F(x)]–1 = F(–x)
Sol 8: A is 3 × 3 matrix
L. H. S. ⇒ |F(x)| = cos2(x) + sin2x – 1
A11 = a33 = 2, all other aij = 1
 cos x sinx 0  2 1 1 
    R ⇒ R1 − R 2
adj[F(x)] =  − sinx cos x 0  A = 1 1 1  1
 0 0 1  R ⇒ R 3 − R1
 1 1 2  3
 
cos( −x) − sin( −x) 0  1 0 0 
adjF(x)    
[F(x)] =–1
=  sin( −x) cos( −x) 0  = F(–x) A = 1 1 1  R2 ⇒ R2 – R1 – R2
1
 0 0 1  0 0 1 
  
L. H. S. = R. H. S. 1 0 0 
 
Hence proved A = 1 1 0  = I
0 0 1 
 
Sol 7: An = [aij], Bn = [bij] A–1 = I = xA2 + yA + zI
2i + j 3i − i I = (x + y + z)I
aij = , bij =
32n 22n (x + y + z) = 1
l = nLim
→∞
Tr[3A1 + 32A2 + 33A3+…+ 3nAn+…. ]
1 2 2 
For An Tr(A) = a11 + a22 + a33  
Sol 9: A = 2 2 3
1 −1 3 
(2(1) + 1) + 2(2) + 2 + 2(3) + 3 9+6+3 18  
= = =
2n 2n
3 3 32n 2 1 1  10 
   
n
3 18 18 C=  2 2 1  , D = 13  , Cb = D
Tr(3nA n) = = 1 1 1  9
2n
3 3n    

|C| = 2[2 – 1] + 1 [1 – 2] + 1 [2 – 2] = 2 – 1 = 1
1 6 . 6 2 | Matrices

 1 0 −1  1 
   0 0
5x 0 0
adjC =  −1 1 0  = |C| C–1 = C–1  5x   
 0 −1 2  (AB)–1 =  0 1 0  = AB =  0 1 0
   −10x + 2 1  0 10x − 2 5x 
 
C–1Cb = C–1D 0 
 5x 5x 
1 0 −1  10  ⇒ x = 1/5
   
b =  −1 1 0  13 
 0 −1 2  9  −5 
 3×3  3×1  0 0 
 −1 0 0 
5   
 10 − 9  1  AB =  0 1 0  = 0 1 0
     −5   0 −4 −1
b =  10 + 13  =3 0 −4 
 −13 + 18  5   5 
   
(AB)2 = (AB) (AB) = (AB) (AB)–1 = I
|A| = 1[6 + 3] + 2[3 – 6] + 2[–2 –2] = 9 – 6 – 8 = – 5
Tr[AB+(AB)2+(AB)3+…+(AB)100]
6 + 3 −8 2   9 −8 2  = Tr[AB+I+AB+I+…+I]
   
adjA =  −3 3 − 2 1  =  −3 1 1 
= Tr[50AB+50I]=50 Tr(AB)+50Tr(I)
 −4 3 2 − 4   −4 3 −2
  
= 50[–1+1–1]+50 [1+1+1] =–50+3(50)=100
1 1
A–1 = adjA = – adjA
|A| 5 Sol 11: Mn = [mij]order = n
AX = b 1 ≤ i ≤ n, mij = 10;
 9 −8 2  1  1 ≤ i ≤ n – 1, mi + 1, I = mi, i + 1 = 3
1    
X = A b = –  −3 1 1 
–1
3
5 All other entries in Mn are zero
 −4 3 −2 5 
   
10 3 0 
9 − 24 + 10   −5   1   
M3 =  3 10 3  , |M3| = 10[100 – 9] + 3 [– 30]
1   1    
X=– −3 + 3 + 5 = – +5 = −1  0 3 10 
5   5      
 −4 + 9 − 10   −5   1 
      = 1000 – 90 – 90 = 820

10 3 
2 0 7   −x 14x 7x  M2 =   ⇒ |M2| = 100 – 9 = 91
  
Sol 10: A = 0 1 0  , B=  0 1 0 
  3 10 
1 −2 1   x −4x −2x  D3 – 9D2 = 820 – 9(91) = 820 – 819 = 1
   

 −2x + 7x 28x − 28x 14x − 14x   −5 1 3 1 1 2 

     
AB =  0 1 0 Sol 12: A =  7 1 −5 & B =
 3 2 1 
 −x + x 14x − 2 − 4x 7x − 2x   1 −1 1  2 1 3 
     
5x 0 0 x + y + 2z =
1 4 0 0
   
=0 1 0 3x + 2y + z =7 AB =  0 4 0  = 4I3
 0 10x − 2 5x  2x + y + 3z =2 0 0 4 
   

|AB| = 5x [5x] = 25x2  −5 1 3

 
4 4 4
5x 0 0 −1 A 7 1 −5 
1   1B = =
(AB)–1 = 0 25x 2
0 4 4 4 4
 
25x2  2  1 −1 1 
 0 −50x + 10x 5x   4 4 4 
 M a them a ti cs | 16.63

|B| = 1[6 – 1] + 1[2 – 9] + 2[3 – 4] x  b 

3 −2 1 
=5–7–2=–4      
5 −8 9  y  =  3 
2 1 −3  z   −1 
1 1 2      
|X|
x= , |X| 7 2 1 = [6 – 1] + 7[2 – 3] R2 ⇒ R2 + 2R3
|B |
2 1 3
 3 −2 1  x  6  b
+ 2[1 – 4] = + 5 – 7 – 6 = – 8        
5 + 4 −8 + 2 9 − 6  y  = 3 − 2  =  1 
 2 1 −3  z   −1   −1 
1 1 2       
−8
x= =2,Y= 3 7 1
−4 3 −2 1  x b
2 2 3      
9 −6 3  y  =  1 
= 1[21 – 2] + 1 [2 – 9] + 2[6 – 14] = 19 – 7 – 16 = – 4 2 1 −3 z   −1 
     
1 1 1 Compare row 2nd and 1st
−4
y= =1, Z = 3 2 7 3x – 2y + z = b  … (i)
−4
2 1 2
9x – 6y + 3z = 1
= 1[4 – 7] + 1[14 – 6] + 1[3 – 4] = – 3 + 8 – 1 = 4 1
3x – 2y + z = … (ii)‘
or ⇒ Bx = C 3
x = B–1C From equation (i) and (ii)
−4 1
z= =–1 b=
−4 3
1
(x, y, z) = (2, 1, –1) For no. solution a = – 3 and b ≠
3
 −5 1 3 (iii) Has infinitely solution
 
4 4 4 1  1
so a = – 3 and b =
1
7 1 −5     
x =  7  =  +1 
3
4 4 4
  2   −1  so |D| = 0 and |D|x = 0
 1 −1 1   3×1  
 4 4 4 3×3
1 2  3 1  1 2 
Sol 14: A =   , B = ,C=  
3 4  1 0  2 4 
3 −2 1   x   6 
      X X2 
Sol 13: 5 −8 9   y  =  3  X = 1 
2 1 a   z   −1 
       X3 X4 

3 −2 1  (a) AX = B – I
 
|D| = 5 −8 9  = 3[–8a – 9] – 2 [18 – 5a] + 1[5 + 16] \
2 1 a  1 2   X1 X 2  3 1  1 0  2 1 
  X     =  –   =  
3 4   X3 X 4  1 0  0 1  1 −1
= – 24a – 27 – 36 + 10a + 21 = – 14a – 42
(i) System has a unique solution 101 ≠ 0 |A| = 4 – 6 = – 2

– 140 – 42 ≠ 0  4 −2 
adjA =  
42  −3 1 
a≠– =–3
14 1  4 −2  1
⇒ A–1 =−   = | A | adjA
a ≠ – 3 and b ∈ R −2  −3 1 
(ii) At a = – 3 has no solution ⇒ a = – 3
so A–1AX = X = A–1(B – I)
1 6 . 6 4 | Matrices

1  4 −2  2 1  1 8 − 2 4 + 2   a11 a12  1  −1 

X=     =–   so     =  
−2  −3 1  1 −1 2 6 + 1 −3 − 1 a21 a22   −1  2

 −3 −3 a11 – a12 = – 1;+a21 – a22 = 2 … (i)

16 6   
X=–   = 5
2  −5 −4   2
 2   a2 + a a a11a12 + a12a22 
M2 =  11 12 21

(b) (B – I)X = IC = C a11a21 + a21a22 a21a12 + a222 

2 1  1 1 
B–I=   M2 =   =  
1 −1  −1  0 
|B – I| Z[ –1] – 1 = – 3  a2 + a a a11a12 + a12a22  1 1 
⇒  11 12 21
   =  
 −1 −1 a11a21 + a21a22 a21a12 + a222  −1
  0 
adj(B – I) =   , (B – I)
–1

 −1 2 
2
a11 + a12a21 + a12a22 = 1 … (ii)
adj(B − I) 1  −1 −1 1 1 1 
= =   =  
|B−I | −3  −1 2  3 1 −2 ⇒ a11a21 + a21a22 – a21a12 + a222 = 0

1 1 1  1 2  ⇒ a11[a11 – a12] + a12[a21 + a22] = 1

X = (B – I)–1C =   
3 1 −2 2 4  ⇒ a11(–1) + a12(2) = 1

1 1 + 2 2 + 4  1 3 6  1 2 ⇒ 2a12 – a11 = 1
X=   =   =  
3 1 − 4 2 − 8  3  −3 −6   −1 −2  ⇒ a12 + 1 = 1 ⇒ a12 = 0

(c) CX = A ⇒ a11 = – 1
⇒ a21[a11 – a12] + a22[a21 – a22] = 0
1 2
|C| = =4–4=0
2 2 ⇒ a21[–1] + a22[2] = 0

So C–1 does not exit ⇒ Y has no solution ⇒ 2a22 – a21 = 0

–[a21 – a22 – a22] = 0
Sol 15: A is orthogonal matrix 2 – a22 = 0
⇒ AA’ = A’A = In ⇒ a22 = 2
and B = AP, P is non-singular ⇒ a21 = 4
if A is orthogonal, so A–1 is also orthogonal
a a12   −1 0 
B = AP M =  11 = 
a21 a22   4 2 
BB–1 = APB–1
|M – XI| = 0
I = APB–1
−1 − x 0
A–1 = A–1APB–1 =0
4 2−X
A–1 = PB–1
(1 + x) (x – 2) = 0 ⇒ x = – 1 or x = 2
A–1 is orthogonal, so PB–1 is also orthogonal
5x1 + 2x2 = 5(2) + 2(–1) 2 > – 1 = 10 – 2 = 8
1  −1  1 1   2 3
Sol 16: M   =   ; M2   =   Sol 17: A1 = 1, A2 =  ,
 −1  2  −1  0   4 5
a a12  6 7 8
Assume M =  11   
a21 a22  A3 =  9 10 11  …………….
12 13 14 
 
 M a them a ti cs | 16.65

No. of element in An = n2 1 
 0 0
For An = 102 = 100, (10 in each row)
5 
 1 1 1 1 1
Sn = sum of all element of An A = 0 0  , |A|= . . =
6 5 6 7 210
So S1 = 1, S2 = 2 + 3 + 4 + 5  
0 1
0
S9 = 1 + 2 + 3+………m  7 
Where m = 1 + 22 + 32 + 42 +……+92 1 
 0 0
=
(2n + 1)n(n + 1)
=
9(18 + 1)(9 + 1)  42 
 1 1
6 6 Adj A =  0 0  , A–1 =
3 35 |A|
 
= × 10 × 19 = 285 0 1 
2 0
 30 
So in a10 ⇒ a11 = 285 + 1 = 286
a22 = 286 + 11 1 
 
ann = 286 + (n – 1)11 1  42 
 1 
10 adjA = 1  
tr(A) = ∑ aij = 286 × 10 + [11 + 11(2) 210

35

i=1
 1 
+ 3(11)+……+9(11)]  30 
= 286º + 11 [1 + 2 +…+ 9]
1 1 1
9 × 105 Tr(A–1) = 210  + +  = 5 + 6 + 7 = 18
= 286º + 11 × = 286º + 11 × 45 = 3355  42 35 30 
2
 J6,5 72 J11,5 
1 xn  
Sol 18: In, m = ∫ 0 xm − 1 dx ∀ n, m (b) A =  J7,5

63 J12,5 

1 xn  J8,5 56 J13,5 
In, m = ∫ 0 xm + 1 dx ∀ x > m, n, m ∈ N
 J6,5 72 J11,5 
 
(a)A = [aij]3×3 B =  J7,5 63 J12,5 
 
I −Ii+3,3 , i=
j  J8,5 56 J13,5 
aij =  6 +i,3
 0 ,i≠ j det(A) = – 72 [J7, 5 J13, 5 – J12, 5 J8, 5]+…………….
a11 = I6+1, 3 – I1 + 3, 3 = I7, 3 – I4, 3 Jn, α Jm, α – JN,α JM, α

1 x7 dx 1 x 4 dx 1x
7
− x4 1 xn + m xn + m 
= ∫ 0 x3 − 1 ∫ 0 x3 − 1
– =∫
0
x3 − 1
dx If n + m = N + N, the ∫ 0  x x +1 −  dx =
x α+1 
0

1
So det (A) = 0
1 4  x3 − 1   x5  1
=∫ x  3  dx =   = |B| = 72 [I12, 5I8, 5 – I7, 5 I13, 5] +……….
0  x −1  5  0 5
 
Sum as above 12 + 8 = 7 + 13
1
1  x6  1 So, |B| = 0
a22 = I8, 3 – I5, 3 = ∫ x5dx =   =
0
 6  0 6 det(A) – det (B) = 0
1
I 1 6  x3 − 1   x7  1
8+1 ,3 3 −4  a b
a33 = – I6, 3 = ∫ x  3 =
 x −1
 dx =  Sol 19: A =   and B =  
  0 7
7
0
  1 −1  0 1 
P is orthogonal matrix ⇒ Q = PAPT,
R = PTQKP, S = PBPT, T = PTSK P
1 6 . 6 6 | Matrices

Sol 20: A → p,q,t; B → s; C → p,r; D → r 1 2 3 

 
Sol 2: (A) A =  4 5 7 
A2×2 = [aij]
2 3 α
 
Elements are 0, 1, 2, 4
f(x) = x3 – 8x2 + bx + γ
a a12 
(A) A =  11  a satisfies f(x) = 0
a21 a22 

|A| = a11 a22 – a21a12 1 0 

Sol 3: (A) two rowed unit matrix I2 =  
If |A| > 0 ⇒ a11a12 > a21 a12 0 1 
2
F2 = I2
1 0  α β
  ⇒ |A| = 2 So square root of I2 = I2 =   (given)
 4 2  γ δ

2 1 1 2 1 0  α β 
⇒ 8, =4   = 
0 4 0 4 0 1   γ δ 

(B) If |A| = m, then is also a matrix ⇒ |A| = – m α=1= δ,γ=β=0

So for all matrix, have one –ve det (A) matrix so Σ det(A)
=0  4 2i
Sol 4: (A) A =   (A – 2I) (A – 3I) = ?
(C) Least value of det(A) = 2 or – 2  i 1

|adj(adj(adjA))| = ((±2)2–1)2–1)2–1 = ±2, 2 or –2  4 2i 1 0  4 − 2 2i  2 2i 

A – 2I =   –2  =   =  
(D) det(A) is algebraically least = – 8  i 1 0 1   i 1 − 2  i −1
 4 2i 1 0   4 − 3 2i  1 2i 
4adjA 4  1  A – 3J =   – 3  = = 
4A–1 = = adjA =   (adj A)  i 1 0 1   i 1 − 3  i −2
|A| −8  −2 
2 2i  1 2i 
|4A–1| = |–Z–1adjA| = (–Z)2 |A|2–1 (A – 2J) (A – 3J) =    
1  i −1  i −2
= ×–8=–2
4 2(1) + 2i(i) 4i − 4i  0 0 
=  =  = null matrix
 i−i 2i(i) − 1( −2) 0 0 

Exercise 2
 1 cos(α − β) cos(α − γ )
 
Single Correct Choice Type Sol 5: (D) A = cos(β − α ) 1 cos(β − γ ) 
cos( γ − α ) cos( γ − β) 1 
 
Sol 1: (B) Let [A, B] = AB – BA
|A= 1[1 – cos(β – γ)cos(γ – β)] + cos (α – β) [cos(β – r) cos
[[A, B], C] + [[B, C], A] + [[C, A], B]
(γ – α) – cos(β – α)]
⇒ [[A, B], C] = [AB – BA, C] = (AB – BA)C – C(AB – BA)
+cos (α – γ)[cos(β – α) cos(γ – β) – cos(γ – α)]
= ABC – BAC – CAB + CBA …(i)
( cos(A) = cos(–A))
[[B, C], A] = [BC, – CB, A] = (BC – CB)A – A(BC – CB)
= 1 – cos2 (β – γ) +2cos (α – β) cos (β – γ) cos (γ – α) –
= BCA – CBA – ABC + ACB …(ii) cos2 (β – α) = cos2(α – γ)
[[C, A], B] = [CA – AC, B] = (CA – AC) B – B(CA – AC)  ( α + β − γ − α + γ − β) 
2
= 1 – cos 
= CAB – A, B – BCA + BAC …(iii)  2 
sum of equation (i), (ii) & (iii) = 1 – cos20 = 1 – 1 = 0
[[A, B]C] + [[B, C], A] + [[C, A], B] = ABC – BAC + BAC –
ABB +……. = 0
 M a them a ti cs | 16.67

x + a b c  −1
  1 + 1 0 
−1 2 0  1 2 0 
Sol 6: (C) A =  a x +b c  =   =   =  
 0 1 + 1 0 2  det(A) 0 2 
 a b x + c 

1 
matrix A is non singular  0
1 2 0  2
=   =  
|A| ≠ 0 4 0 2  0 1
 2 
x + a b c 
 
 a x +b c  ≠0 1 
 a b x + c   x  −2
 5 0
 Sol 9: (C)  25  =  
⇒ (x + a) [(x + b) (x + c) – bc] + b[ac – a(x + c)] + c[ab 0 1   −a 5 
 25 
– a(x + b)] ≠ 0
1
−1 −1
⇒ (x + a) [x2 + x(b + c)] + b [ac – ax – ac] + (c) (–ax) ≠ 0  5 0  5 0 1 5 a 25 5 a
=     =    
⇒ x + ax + x (b + c) + ax(b + c) – abx – acx ≠ 0
3 2 2
 −a 5   −a 5  25 0 5  0 5 
⇒ x3 + x2(a + b + 1) ≠ 0
1 5 a 5 a 1 / 25 x 
= −     
⇒ x2[x + (a + b + c)] ≠ 0 625 0 5  0 5   0 1 / 25
⇒ x ≠ 0 and x ≠ – (a + b + c)
1 25 5a + a5 1 25 10a
Sx x = R – {0, –(a + b + c)} =  =  
625  0 25  625  0 25 

Sol 7: (B) A is skew symmetric matrix 10a 2a

x= =
A = A and B B = B
2 T 625 125

BTB = B
Sol 10: (D) A2 = I
Multiply with B ⇒ (B B)B = BB = I
–1 T –1 –1
|A| =1, B = (adj A)–1
BI=B =I
T T
1
A–1 = adj(A) = adj(A)
BT = I. So B = I |A|
X = (A + B) (A – B) (A–1)–1 = (adjA)–1
X = A2 – AB + BA – B2( B = I) A =(adj A)–1 = B given
X=A–A+A–I=A–I A=B
X7 = (A – I)T = AT – I A2 = I
X7X = (AT – 1) (A – I) AA = AB = I
= AAT – AT – A + I AB = AA = BA = I
A = – A( A is skew symmetric)
T
⇒ B ≠ I we can’t say that B = I
X7X = – AA – A + A + I
Sol 11: (B) adj A = Border of both = 3 × 3
= – A2 + I = – A + I = I – A
Adj (3AB)= 33–1 adj (AB)
Sol 8: (C) Z, and Z2 are uni modular complex = 9(adj B) (adjA) = 9(adj B)B = 9|B| = I3

 z1 − z 2 
−1
 z1 z2 
−1 \adj(AB) = (adjB) (adj A)
    = A (assume)
 z2 z1   z2 z1 
Sol 12: (C) AT + B = 0
−1
 z z + z 2 z2 z1 z 2 − z 2 z1  A = adjB, tr(A) = 1, A2 = A
=  1 1 
 z2 z1 − z1 z2 z2 z 2 + z1 z1 
tr{adj (ATB)}
1 6 . 6 8 | Matrices

⇒ AT + B = 0 ⇒ M2 NI(–M–1)(–N–1)(–M)
⇒ AT = – B ⇒ – M2 NM–1N–1M
⇒ tr[(adj B) (adj AT)] ⇒ – M ⋅ (MN)M–1N–1 M
⇒ tr[A adj(–B)] ⇒ – M(NM)M–1N–1 M
⇒ tr(A(–1)n–1A] ⇒ – MN(NN–1)N–1 M
⇒ (–1)n–1 tr(A2) = (–1)n–1 tr(A) ⇒ – M(NN–1)M
⇒ (–1)n–1 (–1) = (–1)n ⇒ – M2
Note: Here, non-singular word should not be used,
Sol 13: (C) C = A + B since there is no non-singular 3 x 3 skew-symmetric
|C|2 = |A|2 |I – (A–1B)2| matrix.

AB = BAC = A + B x2 + x x +1 x−2
2
⇒ |C| = |A + B| = |A| [I + A–1B] Sol 3: Let ∆ = 2x + 3x − 1 3x 3x − 3
2
|C|2 = |A|2 |I – A–1B| |I + A–1B| … (ii) x + 2x + 3 2x − 1 2x − 1

(2) | C |2 Applying R2 → R2 – (R1 + R3), we get

Equation ⇒
(1) |C|
x2 + x x +1 x−2
2 −1 −1
| A | | I − A B || I + A B | ∆= −4 0 0
=
−1
| A || I + A B | x2 + 2x + 3 2x − 1 2x − 1
|C| = A–1 |I – A–1B| = |A – B| x2
Applying R1 → R1 + R
|C| = |A – B| 4 2
x2
and R3 → R3 + R,w
4 2
Previous Years’ Questions x x +1 x −2
∆ = −4 0 0
Sol 1: (A) | A | ≠ 0, as non-singular
2x + 3 2x − 1 2x − 1
1 a b
Applying R3 → R3 – 2R1
∴ ω 1 c ≠0
x + 0 x +1 x −2
ω2 ω 1
= −4 0 0
⇒ 1(1 – cω) – a (ω – cw2) + b (w2 – w2) ≠ 0
3 −3 3
⇒ 1 – cω – aω + acw2) ≠ 0
x x x 0 1 −2
⇒ (1 – cω) (1 – aω) ≠ 0
= −4 0 0 + −4 0 0
1 1 3 −3 3 3 −3 3
⇒a≠ ,c≠
ω ω
⇒ a = ω, c = ω and b ⇒{ ω, w2} 1 1 1 0 1 −2
⇒ 2 solutions = x −4 0 0 + −4 0 0
3 −3 3 3 −3 3
Sol 2: (C) Given, MT = – M, NT = – N ⇒ ∆ = Ax + B
and MN = NM … (i) 1 1 1 0 1 −2
∴ M N (M N) (MN )
2 2 T –1 –1 T Where A = −4 0 0 and B = −4 0 0
⇒ M2N2N–1(MT)–1(N–1)TMT 3 −3 3 3 −3 3

⇒ M2N(NN–1)(–M)–1(NT)–1(–M)
 M a them a ti cs | 16.69

Sol 4: The given system of equation a−1 n 6

3x – y + 4z = 3 Sol 6: Given, Da = (a − 1)
2 2
2n 4n − 2
x + 2y – 3z = –2 (a − 1) 3 3
3n 3n2 − 3n
6x + 5y + lz = – 3 n

Has at least one solution, if ∆ ≠ 0 ∑ (a − 1) n 6

a=1
n
3 −1 4 ∴= ∑ (a − 1)2 2n2 4n − 2
∴ ∆ = 1 2 −3 ≠ 0 a=1
n
6 5 λ
∑ (a − 1)3 3n3 3n2 − 3n
a=1
⇒ 3(2λ + 15) + 1(λ + 18) + 4(5 – 12) ≠ 0
⇒ 7(λ + 5) ≠ 0 ⇒ λ ≠ – 5 = Applying C3 → C3 – 6C1
For λ = – 5 1 1 0
n3 (n − 1)
⇒∆=0 = 2n − 1 6n 0 = 0
12
3 −1 4 n − 1 6n 0
Then, D1 = −2 2 −3 = 0 n
−3 5 −5 ⇒ ∑ ∆a = c, ( c = 0 ie, constant)
a=1

3 3 4
p b c
D2 = 1 −2 −3 = 0
Sol 7: Let ∆ = a q c
6 −3 −5
a b r
3 −1 3
Applying R1 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1, we get
D3 = 1 2 −2 = 0
6 5 −3 p b c
a−p q−b p b
∆ = a − p q − b 0 =c +(r–c)
D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 a−p 0 a−p q−b
a−p 0 r −c
Sol 5: The system of equations has non-trivial solution, = – c(a – p) (q – b) + (r – c) [p (q – b) – b(a – p)]
if ∆ = 0
= – c(a – p) (q – b) + p(r – c) (q – b) – b(r – c)(a – p)
sin3θ −1 1 Since, ∆ = 0
⇒ cos2θ 4 3 = 0
⇒ – c(a – p) (q – b) + p(r – c) (q – b) – b(r – c)(a – p) = 0
2 7 7
[On dividing both side by Radding 204 th side and –x
Expanding along C1, we get + ( sin α ) y − ( cos α ) z =
0 has non-
⇒ sin 3θ ⋅ (28 – 21) – cos 2θ (–7 –7) + 2(– 3 –4) = 0 b c b
(a – p) (q – b) (r – c)] + + +2 =2
⇒ 7sin3θ +14cos2θ – 14 = 0 b −a r −c q−b
⇒ sin 3θ + 2cos 2θ – 2 = 0 p q r
⇒ + +0+ +0=2
⇒ 3sinθ – 4sin3θ + 2(1 – 2sin2θ) – 2 = 0 p −a q−b r −c

⇒ sinθ (4sin2θ + 4sinθ – 3) = 0 p q r

⇒ + + =2
p −a q−b r −c
⇒ sinθ (2sinθ – 1) (2sinθ + 3) = 0
⇒ sinθ = 0, sinθ = 1/2 n! (n + 1)! (n + 2)!
(neglecting sinθ = – 3/2) Sol 8: Given, D = (n + 1)! (n + 2)! (n + 3)!
(n + 2)! (n + 3)! (n + 4)!
⇒ θ = nπ, nπ + (– 1)n π/6, n ∈ Z
Taking n!, (n + 1)! and (n + 2)! Common from R1 , R2 and
R3 respectively.
1 6 . 7 0 | Matrices

1 (n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2) ∴ 2α – π/4 = 2n π ± π/4

∴ D = n!(n+1)!(n+2)! 1 (n + 2) (n + 2)(n + 3) ⇒ 2α = 2nπ – π/4 + π/4 or 2α = 2nπ + π/4 + π/4
1 (n + 3) (n + 3)(n + 4) ∴ α = nπ or nπ + π/4
Applying R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R2, we get
Sol 10: Given,
1 (n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2)
ax − by − c bx + ay cx + a
D = n!(n+1)!(n+2)! 0 1 2n + 4
0 1 2n + 6 bx + ay −ax + by − c cy + b =0
cx + a cy + b −ax − by + c
Expanding along C1, we get
D = (n!)(n + 1)!(n + 2)![(2n + 6) – (2n +4)] a2 x − aby − ac bx + ay cx + a
1 2
D = (n!)(n + 1)!(n + 2)![2] ⇒ abx + a y −ax + by − c cy + b =0
2 2
acx + a cy + b −ax − by + c
On dividing both side by (n!)3

D (n!)(n!)(n + 1)(n!)(n + 1)(n + 2)2 Applying C1 → C1 + bC2 + cC3

⇒ =
3 3
(n!) (n!)
(a2 + b2 + c2 )x
ay + bx cx + a
D 1 2 2 2
⇒ = 2(n + 1) (n + 1) (n + 2) ⇒ (a + b + c )y by − c − ax b + cy = 0
(n!)3 a 2 2 2
a +b +c b + cy c − ax − by
D
⇒ = 2(n3 + 4n2 + 5n + 2) = 2n (n2 + 4n + 5) + 4 x ay + bx cx + a
(n!)3 1
⇒ y by − c − ax b + cy = 0
D a
⇒ – 4 = 2n(n2 + 4n + 5) 1 b + cy c − ax − by
(n!)3
( a2 + b2 + c2 = 1)
 D 
Which shows that  − 4  is divisible by n. Applying C2 → C2 – bC1
3
 (n!) 
and C3 → C3 – cC1
Sol 9: Given, lx + (sin α)y + (cos α)z = 0 x ay a
x + (cos α) y+(sin α) z = 0 1
⇒ y −c − ax b =0
a
and – x + (sin α) y – (cos α) z = 0 has non-trivial solution. 1 cy −ax − by

∴∆=0
x2 axy ax
λ sin α cos α 1
⇒ y −c − ax b =0
⇒ 1 cos α sin α = 0 ax
1 cy ax − by
−1 sin α − cos α
Applying R1 → R1 + yR2 + R3
⇒ λ (– cos2 α – sin2α) – sin α (– cos α + sin α) + cos α
(sin α + cos α) = 0 x2 + y 2 + 1 0 0
1
⇒ – λ + sin α cos α + sin α cos α – sin2 α + cos2 α = 0 ⇒ y −c − ax b =0
ax
⇒ λ = cos 2α + sin2a 1 cy −ax − by

 − a2 + b2 ≤ asin θ + bcos θ ≤ a2 + b2  1
  ⇒ [(x2 + y2 + 1) {(– c – ax) (– ax – by) – b(cy)}]= 0
  ax
∴– 2 ≤λ≤ 2  … (i) 1
⇒ [(x2 + y2 + 1) (acx + bcy + a2x2 + abxy – bcy)]= 0
Again, when λ =1, cos 2α + sin 2α = 1 ax
1 1 1 1
⇒ cos 2α + sin 2α = ⇒ [(x2 + y2 + 1) (acx + a2x2 + abxy)]= 0
2 2 2 ax
⇒ cos (2α – π/4) = cos π/4 1
⇒ [ax(x2 + y2 + 1) (c + ax + by)]= 0
ax
 M a them a ti cs | 16.71

⇒ (x2 + y2 + 1) (ax + by + c) = 0 a α ι 
⇒ ax + by + c = 0 T 
P
= b β m
Which represents a straight line. c γ n 
 

( ( ) )
T
∆ 1 1 − cω − a ω − ω2c + b ( 0 )
Sol 11: (A) = P= 2P + I

∆= 1cω − aω + ω2ac  a α ι   2a 2b 2c  1 0 0 
     
b β m = 2α 2β 2γ  + 0 1 0 
∆ = 1 − ω ( c + a) + ω2ac  c γ n   2ι 2m 2n 0 0 1 
     
c=ω a=ω2 singular
a α ι  2a + 1 2b 2c 
ω2 a =
c= ω singular    
b β m=  2 α 2β + 1 2 γ 
c=
ω a=
ω non singular c γ n   2ι 2m 2n + 1 
  
ω2 a =
c= ω2 singular
=2b =α ,b =α
2 .It is possible when b = α , = 0
for every pair (a, c) there are two possible values of b
Similarly,, c = ι = 0
hence 2 matrices.
m=γ =0
 a1 a2 a3   −1 0 0 
   
Sol 12: Let M = b1 b2 b3  The matrix P is  0 −1 0 
c c  0 0 −1
 1 2 c3   
So , PX = −X
 a1 a2 a3  0   −1 
     
b1 b2 b3  . 1  =  2  Sol 14: (D) P = aij 
c c c3  0   3   
 1 2
Q = bij 
 
⇒ a2 =
−1,b2 =
2 ,c2 =
3
bij = 2i+ j.aij
 a1 a2 a3   1  1
      = 2
b11 2= 3
a11 b21 2= .a21 b31 24 a31
b1 b2 b3  .  −1=
  1  ⇒ a1 − a2= 1
c c2 c3   0   −1 
 1   = 3
b12 2= 4
a12 b22 2= .a22 b32 25 a32
⇒ a1=0, b1=3, c1=3 = 4
b13 2= a13 b23 25=
.a22 b33 26 a33

 a1 a2 a3  1 0 a11 a12 a13

     
b1 b2 b3  . 1=  0  ⇒ c1 + c2 + c3= 12 Given P a=
= 21 a22 a23 2
c c c3  1 12
 1 2   a31 a32 a33

⇒ c3 = 12 − 5 = 7 22 a11 23 a12 24 a13

∴ Sum of diagonal elements = a1 + b2 + c3 = 0 + 2 + 7 = 9 Q = 23 a21 24 a22 25 a23
24 a31 25 a32 26 a33
Sol 13: (D) There seems to be an ambiguity in the
question since 3 × 3 skew-symmetric matrices can’t be a11 a12 a13
non-singular. 2
Q = 2 .2 .2 a213 4
a22 a23
[Property: Determinant of an odd order skew- a31 a32 a33
symmetric matrix is always zero]
22 a11 23 a12 24 a13
P is a 3 × 3 matrix Q = 22.23.24 23 a21 24 a22 25 a23

 a b c 24 a31 25 a32 26 a33

 
Let P =α β γ 
 ι m n
 
1 6 . 7 2 | Matrices

a11 a12 a13 

( ) 
2
 ( −ω) + ω ω2s ( −ω) + ωr ω2s 
2r 2s r
2 3 4 2 1
Q = 2 .2 .2 .2 .2 a21 a22 a23 =  = −I (Given)
a31 a32 a33 ω2s ( −ω) + ωr ω2s

r
(
ω2r ωr + ω )


13
Q = 22.23.24 .22.21.21 = 2 r s r s
1 1 1 1
Sol 15: (B, C, D) P2 = 0 only when n is multiple of 3. 2 2 3 3
Total no. pairs = 1
ω2 1 ω  ω2 1 ω  0 0 0 
      −1
E.g:  1 ω ω2  .  1 ω ω2  =0 0 0  P  P 
    Sol 19: (B, C)   .Q = I ∴Q=
 
 ω ω2 1  ω ω2 1  0 0 0  K  K 
  
Comparing P23 we get,
−K −K ( 3α + 4 )
∴ P2 ≠ 0 when n = 55,56,58 =
8 12α + 20
−K −K ( 3α + 4 ) α = −1
= ⇒
Sol 16: (A, B) MN = NM 8 12α + 20
α = −1
N2M = N (NM) = (NM) N = (MN) N = MN2 Also P Q = K 3

(M − N (M + N )) =M
2 2 2
+ MN2 − N2M − N=
4
M2 − N4
∴ (12a ++ 20)
∴(12a 20 )
K2
=K3
As M − N2 ≠ 0 ⇒ M + N2 =
0 ...2 2
KK == 6a
6α +
+ 10
10 = =44
M2 + MN2 = M M + _ N=
2
(
M M + N2
) Sol 20: (B)
2
= 0 ⇒ M+N =
0  1 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 0
  2  
= P =4 1 0  4 1 0  8 1 0
Sol 17: (D) When roots are purely imaginary. 16 4 1  16 4 1   48 8 1 
    
2
Then the form of equation is x + K =0
 1 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 0
where K is positive no. 2     
= P =8 1 0  4 1 0 12 1 0 
Let p ( x=
) x +K
2
 48 8 1  16 4 1  96 12 1 
    
( ) (p ( x ) ) + K
2
p(x)
p=  
 1 0 0
p (p ( x ) ) = ( x2 + K ) + K
n  4n
2
∴∴P = 1 0
 
 (
8 n2 + n ) 4n 1 

(
p p(x) = )
x 4 + 2Kx2 + K ⇒ p p ( x ) = 0 ( )
 
 1 0 0
x 4 + 2Kx2 + K =0
∴∴P50  200
= 1 0
 
All coefficients are positive and no odd degree of x are
present.  (
8 × n2 + n ) 4n 1 


−1 + i 3 P50 − Q =
I
Sol 18: (A) z = = ω
2 0 q21 =
Equation we get 200 − q21 =⇒ 200
 −ω r ω2s 
p=
( ) 400 × 51 − q31 =
0
 ω2s ωr  q= 400 × 51
 31

 −ω r 200 − q32 =0 ⇒ q32 =200

( ) ω2s  ( −ω) ω2s 
r
2
p =   q31 + q32 400 × 51 + 200
 ω2s

r 
ω   ω2s r 
ω 
q21
=
200
(51) +=1 130
= 103