An EQUILIBRIUM POINT for an object is a point where the net

force on the object is zero.

Static equilibrium is a state of equilibrium in which the net external
force and torque acting on a system is zero.
Dynamic equilibrium a state of equilibrium in which the net external
force and torque on a system moving with constant velocity are zero.

Static equilibrium
FORCE
A force is a pull or push, which produces motion or
tends to stop motion.
Effects of applying a force:
1.To alter the dimension or shape of the object
on which the force acts
2.To alter the state of motion of the body.

MOTION
A motion is the phenomenon in which an object changes its
position over time.
Newton’s First Law of Motion
LAW OF INERTIA
“An object continues in a state of rest or in a state of motion at a
constant speed along a straight line, unless compelled to change
that state by a net force or unbalanced force.”
Newton’s First Law of Motion
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
LAW OF ACCELERATION
“The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as
the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.”
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
LAW OF INTERACTION
“for every action there is an equal but opposite reaction,
and these forces are acting at common point.”

In the given diagram, Fr = Fh andFR= FB follows Law of interaction

but not Fh = FB.
where:
Fh = force applied by the hand on the rope
Fr = force oppose by the rope on the hand
FR= force offered by the rope on the block of wood
FB = force offered by the block of wood on the rope
 NORMAL FORCE AND WEIGHT
Normal Force, FN is the force exerted
by one surface on another in contact
with it. It is always perpendicular to
the contact area.

Weight, W is the force of gravity acting

on an object due to its mass.
 TENSION FORCE

The tension force is defined as

the force that is transmitted through
a rope, string or wire when pulled
by forces acting from opposite
sides. The tension force is directed
over the length of wire and pulls
energy equally on the bodies at
the ends.
 COMPRESSION FORCE
The compression force or compressive force is an
internal reaction of a rigid body to an external
pushing force being exerted on the body opposing
the tension force.
FRICTIONAL FORCE or FRICTION
Friction refers to an actual force that arises to oppose
relative motion between contacting surfaces.
Static Frictional Force is the force exerted on the
surface by another when there is no motion between
the two surfaces.
fsmax =ms FN
where: ms = coefficient of static friction
FN = normal force

Coefficient of Static Friction (ms) is the ratio of the

magnitude of two forces static friction force and
normal force and is therefore unit less.
Static Frictional Force (fs)
Kinetic Frictional Force also known as dynamic or
sliding friction is a force that acts between moving
surfaces. An object that is being moved over a
surface will experience a force in the opposite
direction as its movement.

fkmax =mk FN
where: mk = coefficient of kinetic friction
FN = normal force
TABLE 2.1Coefficients of Frictions
ms mk
steel on steel 0.74 0.57
aluminum on steel 0.61 0.47
copper on steel 0.53 0.36
rubber on concrete 1.0 0.80
wood and wood 0.25-
0.20
0.50
glass on glass 0.94 0.40
metal on metal (lubricated) 0.15 0.06
Waxed wood on wet snow - 0.04
Ice on ice 0.10 0.03
FIRST CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM
F = 0;
Fx = 0; Fy = 0; Fz = 0
Sample Problem No. 1
Given three forces: F1 = 40N towards East, F2 =
20N towards North and F3= 50N 30 deg North of
West, act at a common point in an object as shown in
figure. Determine the fourth force which is needed to
keep the object in equilibrium.
Sample Problem No. 2

Three forces F1, F2 and F3 act on an object as

shown in the illustration. Will the object move or not?
 Sample Problem No. 3

The sign hangs outside the physics

classroom. The sign is supported
by a diagonal cable and a rigid
horizontal bar. If the sign has a
mass of 50.00 kg, then determine
the tension in the diagonal cable
that supports its weight and the
compression force in the rigid
horizontal bar.
Sample Problem No. 4

A crate of weight 500N

is hung by means of two
cables which make 55
deg and 32 deg with the
horizontal. Find the
tension in the cable.
Sample Problem No. 5

Given three objects of

weights W1, W2 and W3
as shown in the illustration.
The system is in equilibrium.
If W1=60lbs, determine the
values of W2 and W3.
RECITATION

IN THE FIGURE
SHOWN, THE
TENSION IN THE
HORIZONTAL CORD
IS 30 N. FIND THE
WEIGHT AND THE
TENSION IN CORD 2.
RECITATION

STRUT AB IS PIVOTED AT END A,

ATTACHED TO A WALL BY A CABLE
AND IS CARRYING A LOAD w=10 N
AT END B. THE WEIGHTS OF THE
STRUT AND THE CABLE ARE
NEGLIGIBLE. FIND THE FORCE
EXERTED BY THE INCLINED AND
VERTICAL CABLES AND THE FORCE
EXERTED BY THE PIVOT.
 Sample Problem No. 6
An 84-kg container box is resting
on the wooden support, as shown in
the drawing. The coefficient of
static friction between the box and
the support top is 0.55. What is the
maximum mass (m) of the hanging
box for which the system will
remain at rest? Assume a
frictionless pulley.
Sample Problem No. 7

A weight of the block of wood in the

illustration is 96.5N The coefficient of
static friction between the block of
wood and vertical wall is 0.45. What
minimum force (Fm) is required to

(a)prevent the block from sliding down

the wall
(b)start the block moving up the wall.
 Sample Problem No. 8

The 800.0 N crate shown is in

contact with a 45.0 o incline
plane. The coefficient of static
friction is 0.25. Compute the
value of the horizontal force P
necessary to just to start the
crate up the incline plane
RECITATION

THE SYSTEM IN THE

FIGURE REMAINS AT
REST IF THE
HANGING WEIGHT
IS 220 N. WHAT IS
THE MAGNITUDE
AND DIRECTION OF
THE FRICTION FORCE
ON THE 200-N
BLOCK?
 MOMENT OF FORCE
TORQUE is the tendency of a force to cause an object to
rotate or turn. It is the product of the magnitude of the
force and moment arm/lever arm.

t= F x l
Where: t = torque about an axis
F = applied force
SIGN CONVENTION:
l = moment arm/lever arm
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.1
CALCULATE THE SUM OF
MOMENTS AT POINT a AND b.
 SECOND CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM
t=0
“The sum of the clockwise moments or
torque about any axis equals the sum
of the counterclokwise moments or
torques about that axis.”
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2

A diver whose weight is 735.0 N is

posed at the right end of a diving
board, whose length is 3.00 m. The
board has a negligible weight and is
bolted down at the left and while
being supported 1.2 m away by a
fulcrum. Determine the forces Fb and
Ff that bolt and the fulcrum exert on
the board.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 4

A horizontal uniform beam

AB, 4.0 m long and weighing
150.0 N, is supporting a
weight of 250.0 N as shown.
What is
(a) the tension in the rod, T;
(b) Hinge reaction
components, Rhx and Rhy?
 SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 3

A uniform 8.00 m ladder of weight,

WL = 400.0 N leans against a
smooth vertical wall. A painter,
whose weight, WP= 900.0 N stands
6.70 m from the bottom of the
ladder. Assume that the weight of
the ladder acts at the ladder’s
center and neglect the weight of
the paint. Determine the forces that
the wall and the ground exert on
the ladder.
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 5

A uniform 10.0m long, 50.0

N ladder rests against a
smooth vertical wall. If the
ladder is just on the verge of
slipping when it makes a
50.0o angle with the ground,
find the coefficient of static
friction between the ladder
and ground.
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 6

In the truss figure

below, Find the
reactions at the
supports.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 6

A 4-m bar of negligible

weight rests in a horizontal
position on the rough planes
shown in the figure. If the
angle of friction is 15.0
Compute the distance x at
which load T = 10 kN
should be placed from point
B to keep the bar horizontal.
 RECITATION
A uniform horizontal 300.0 N beam,
5.00 m long, is attached to a wall
by a pin connection that allows the
beam to rotate. Its far end is
supported by a cable that makes an
angle of 53.0 with the horizontal. If
a 600.0 N person stands 1.50 m
from the wall, find the tension in
the cable and the force exerted by
the wall on the beam.
 RECITATION
The diagram shows part of a crane which has a uniform rigid boom of length
20.0 m and weighs 500 N. The lower end of the boom is hinged at P and its
upper end is fixed to a support cable, the length of which is varied by
operating a motor. At the instant shown, when the crane is lifting a load of
weight 3.0 kN, θ = 40 0 and ф = 30 0 . a). Determine the tension T in the
support cable at this instant and b). the reaction R ( with horizontal Rx and
vertical Ry components) at the hinged P.
Center of Gravity. The force of gravity on solid
can be considered to act at a single point called
the center of gravity (cg). It is the point at which
the weight can be considered to act when
calculating the torque due to the weight. It is also
the point at which the weight is concentrated.
Ways of Finding the Center of Gravity of Regular or Irregular
shape object:
 Plumb Line Method. Suspend the object from any two close
locations and drop plumb lines from the suspension points. The
intersection of the two lines is the center of mass.

 Analytical Method (using the torque and equilibrium concepts)

 Analytical Method

t A1x1 + A2x2 + A3x3 + …..

xcg = A
=
A1 + A2 + A3 ……

t A1y1 + A2y2 + A3y3 + …..

ycg = A
=
A1 + A2 + A3 ……
 SAMPLE PROBLEM #1

Determine the center of gravity of

the L-shape glass as shown:
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2

Given a figure of metallic square

sheet of uniform thickness of having
a dimensions of 50.00 cm x 50.00
cm with a small circular portion cut
from it. This portion has a diameter
of 15 cm and has its center located
15 cm from the side of the sheet.
Point the center of gravity of the
remaining portion.
HINT: ATX= A(square)X1 - A(circle)X2
ATY= A(square)Y1 - A(circle)Y2
SAMPLE PROBLEM #3

Determine the location of the center

of gravity of the object of uniform
dimension.
HINT: ATX= A(l-shape)X1 - A(hollow rectangle)X2
ATY= A(l-shape)Y1 - A(hollow rectangle)Y2