Reasons of Cigarette Smoking among Senior High School Students of Piddig National High

School

The Research Project is Presented to

The Faculty of Senior High School
Dalipuga National High School
Iligan City

In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements for the
Practical Research 1
Home Economics
Technical Vocational Livelihood(TVL)
Home Economics(H.E) / Cookery/ Food and Beverages Services(FBS)/ Bread and Pastry
Production(BPP)

Calla O. Bulawin
Glyza Daligdig
Lovely Tome
Frithzel Gabonada
 Table of Contents

Introduction 1

The Problem 1

Background of the study. 1-2

Conceptual Framework. 3

Statement of the problem 4

Hypotheses 4

Definition of terms 4-5

Significance of the study 5-6

Review of Related Literature 7-8

Smoking Cigarette 7

Reasons why students smoke 8

Research Methodology 9

Research Locale 9

Research Design 10

Population 10

Sampling Method 10
 Data Gathering 10-11

Results and Discussion 12-15

Distribution of subpopulation and

subsample sizes by strands

Smoking Frequency

Packs of cigarette consumed in a week

Reasons student’s smoke

Possible effects of cigarette smoking

Possible solutions/reasons to Quit Smoking

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation 16

Summary 17

Findings 18

Conclusion 18

Recommendations 18

References 19
Table

1 Distribution of subpopulation and

subsample sizes by strands

2 Smoking Frequency

3 Packs of cigarette consumed in a week

4 Reasons student’s smoke

5 Possible effects of cigarette smoking

6 Possible solutions/reasons to Quit Smoking

List of Figure

Figure

1 Conceptual Framework 2-3

2 Map of Piddig National High School

Abstract

Cigarette smoking among students in Piddig National High School has become an concerning

issue, with significant implications for their physical health, mental well-being, and academic

performance. This study aimed to discover and uncover the reasons of the students in smoking

cigarettes at such a young age. This study deliberately focuses on the reasons of cigarette

smoking among senior high school students of Paddig national high school. The are many

reasons for the students to smoke, depression is one of the reasons for students to smoke,

second was caused by influence made by their friends. The researchers found out

the reasons behind this behavior of students were caused by depression and peer through

questionnaire. This study was conducted to understand the effects cigarettes can cause

to an individual, especially teenagers. Multiple factors contribute to cigarette among

students were peer influence, stress and emotional factors, media portrayal, accessibility, and

limited knowledge of health risks are the prominent reasons. Recognizing these factors is

essential for designing comprehensive prevention and cessation program tailored to address the

specific needs of students promote healthier lifestyles. Efforts should focus on peer

education, stress management strategies, accurate health education, and regulations to

reduce accessibility on cigarette, with the goal of reducing the prevalence of smoking

among students.
 1

Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the study

At the dawn of the 20th century, the most common tobacco products were cigars, pipe tobacco,

and chewing tobacco. The mass production of cigarettes was in its infancy, although cigarette

smoking was beginning to increase dramatically. According to the ninth edition of

the Encyclopædia Britannica (1888), tobacco products were suspected of producing some

adverse health effects, yet tobacco was also considered to have medicinal properties. Many

scholars and health professionals of the day advocated tobacco’s use for such effects as

improved concentration and performance, relief of boredom, and enhanced mood.

By the dawn of the 21st century, in stark contrast, tobacco had become recognized as being

highly addictive and one of the world’s most-devastating causes of death and disease.

Moreover, because of the rapid increase in smoking in developing countries in the late 20th

century, the number of smoking-related deaths per year was projected to rise rapidly in the 21st

century. For example, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that in the late 1990s

there were approximately four million tobacco-caused deaths per year worldwide. This

estimate was increased to approximately five million in 2003 and six million in 2011 and was

expected to reach eight million per year by 2030. An estimated 80 percent of those deaths were

projected to occur in developing countries. Indeed, although tobacco use was declining in many

countries of western Europe and North America and in Australia, it continued to increase in

countries of Asia, Africa, and South America.

 2

The primary cause of the escalation in the number of deaths and incidents of disease from

tobacco is the large increase in cigarette smoking during the 20 th century. During that time

cigarette smoking grew to account for approximately 80 percent of the world’s tobacco market.

Nonetheless, all tobacco products are toxic and addictive. In some regions of the world, the use

of smokeless tobacco products is a major health concern.

Tobacco products are manufactured with various additives to preserve the tobacco’s shelf life,

alter its burning characteristics, control its moisture content, inhibit the hatching of insect eggs

that may be present in the plant material, mask the irritative effects of nicotine, and provide

any of a wide array of flavours and aromas. The smoke produced when tobacco and these

additives are burned consists of more than 4,000 chemical compounds. Many of these

compounds are highly toxic, and they have diverse effects on health.

The harmful effects of smoking are not limited to the smoker. The toxic components of tobacco

smoke are found not only in the smoke that the smoker inhales but also in environmental

tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke—that is, the smoke exhaled by the smoker (mainstream

smoke) and the smoke that rises directly from the smoldering tobacco (sidestream smoke).

Nonsmokers who are routinely exposed to environmental tobacco smoke are at increased risk

for some of the same diseases that afflict smokers, including lung cancer and cardiovascular

disease.

Most smokers report that their initial experiences with smoking were far from pleasurable. The

nicotine in tobacco can have toxic effects in first-time users, who commonly experience

dizziness, nausea, and even vomiting. With experience, smokers become adept at limiting their

dose of nicotine to one that provides its desired effects. With continued use of tobacco,

however, the body creates more and more nicotine receptors. As a result, the smoker

experiences a phenomenon called tolerance—greater amounts of nicotine are needed in order

 3

to experience the same effect. Typically, when tolerance has developed and nicotine intake has

increased, the body becomes physiologically dependent on nicotine, and any abrupt abstinence

from smoking will trigger withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms include impaired ability to

concentrate, irritability, weight gain, depressed mood, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, and

persistent cravings. The symptoms typically peak within a few days and subside within a

month. However, the experience varies from person to person, and, for some, powerful

cravings can persist for years, (Hilton & Henningfield, 2024)

According to Almutairi ( 2014), The age of smoking was started among adolescents ranged

from 10 to 15 years old while from university students were from 16 years old. The main

reason for smoking among adolescents was influenced by friends. Among college students

were peer pressure followed by the stress, media and imitation of others. Curiosity was a

reason for having tried smoking and parents was perceived to be the first source for smoking.

Religion was considered the main factor against smoking among the adolescent non-smokers

and health consideration among college students. Appropriate smoking control programs on

adolescent should be initiated they become the future professionals of the society. Smoking

control programs should be considered in this group.

Youth is most likely to get attracted toward smoking habit and become an addict for the rest

of his or her life. Hence in this study, the reasons of cigarette smoking have been investigated

to understand why youth take up smoking, which would be helpful in designing the better

anti-smoking programs. Hence, this study aimed to determine and know their

opinion regarding various reasons for smoking habit and to know their

knowledge and attitude towards smoking.

Conceptual Framework

Reasons:

• Peer influence
Smoking among Senior • Stress
High School Students
 4

Figure 1: The research paradigm of the study showing the relationship between the
independent variable and dependent variable.

Research Hypothesis

The study contains one primary hypothesis needed for further investigation

Ho: There is no significant differences in the reasons of smoking among Senior High School
students in PNHS

Ha: There is a significant difference in the reasons of smoking among Senior High School
students in PNHS

Statement of the Problem

This reservation study aimed to explore and find out the reasons of cigarette smoking among

youth of Pidding, Ilocos Norte. More especially, this study sought to answer the following

questions:

1. What are the opinions of senior higher school students regarding various reasons for

smoking habit?

2. What are the knowledge and attitude of senior higher school students towards smoking?

This study focuses on the reasons of cigarette smoking among Senior High School students of

Piddig National High School. This study will be conducted to determine the reasons of cigarette

smoking among Senior High School students. The respondents of the study focuses on the

Senior High School students of Piddig National High School.

 5
Definition of Terms

Reason: A reason explains why you do something. The reason you go to school is to learn

things (and because it's the law). Reason usually has to do with thought and logic, as opposed

to emotion. If people think you show good reason, or are reasonable, it means you think things

through. If people think you have a good reason for doing something, it means you have a

motive that makes sense. Reason can also be a verb. You might reason something out, which

means that you look at all sides of the issue and then and decide what to do.

Cigarette smoking: Smoking, the act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning plant

material. A variety of plant materials are smoked, including marijuana and hashish, but the act

is most commonly associated with tobacco as smoked in a cigarette, cigar, or pipe. Tobacco

contains nicotine, an alkaloid that is addictive and can have both stimulating and tranquilizing

psychoactive effects. The smoking of tobacco, long practiced by American Indians, was

introduced to Europe by Christopher Columbus and other explorers. Smoking soon spread to

other areas and today is widely practiced around the world despite medical, social, and religious

arguments against it.

Senior High School: Senior high school (SHS) refers to Grades 11 and 12, the last two years

of the K-12 program that DepEd has been implementing since 2012. Students begin to study

in SHS the subjects that will introduce them to their preferred career path.

Education: Education, discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in

schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of

socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child

relationships).
Significance of the study

The result of this study will benefits the following:

Students. Understanding the factors that contribute to smoking can help students make

informed decisions about their health and well-being.

Teachers. Insights from the study can inform curriculum development and classroom
6
discussions on health, decision-making, and personal well-being.

Parents/Guardians. This knowledge can help parents/guardians have open and constructive

conversations with their children about the risks of smoking and provide appropriate support

and guidance.

Future Researchers. The findings of this study can serve as a foundation for further research

on the complex issue of smoking among adolescents.

Government. The study can inform policymakers and public health authorities about the

specific needs and challenges faced by senior high school students regarding smoking.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study aimed to determine and know their opinion regarding various reasons for smoking

habit and to know their knowledge and attitude towards smoking among Senior High School

students of Paddig National High School. This study will cover only the Grade 11 and 12

student’s participants/respondents of this study.

While carrying out the research, the researcher encountered some difficulties which include

financial difficulties, research materials for writing the project, short period of time for carrying
out the research work and combining with academic studies, and also difficulties for

respondents to fill the questionnaires.

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter encloses the review of related literature and studies which could be of significant

help and of considerable references and resources in the conduct of this study.

Smoking Cigarette

Smokers mostly acknowledge the harm they are doing to themselves and many report that they

do not enjoy it – yet they continue to smoke (Fidler & West, 2011; Ussher, Brown,

Rajamanoharan, & West, 2014). The reason is that nicotine from cigarettes generates strong

urges to smoke that undermine and overwhelm concerns about the negative consequences of

smoking, and the resolve not to smoke in those trying to stop (West & Shiffman, 2016).

Progress is being made in many countries in reducing smoking prevalence but it remains one

of the main causes of ill health and premature death worldwide (Gowing et al., 2015).

Tobacco smoke contains biologically significant concentrations of known carcinogens as well

as many other toxic chemicals. According to Goodwin (2023), whether smoked or chewed,
tobacco is dangerous to your health. Tobacco products contain unsafe substances, from acetone

and tar to nicotine and carbon monoxide. The inhaled substances can affect your lungs and the

other organs in your body.

Reasons why students smoke

8
Important factors predicting initiation in western societies are: having friends who smoke,

having parents who smoke, low social grade, tendency to mental health problems and

impulsivity (Action on Smoking and Health, 2015). Transition to daily smoking follows a

highly variable pattern sometimes being very rapid and sometimes taking several years

(Schepis & Rao, 2005). Important factors predicting transition to regular smoking are: having

friends who smoke, weak academic orientation, low parental support, pro-smoking attitudes,

drinking alcohol and low socio-economic status (Action on Smoking and Health, 2015).

According to (Ahmed & Sayeed 2020), The majority of university students start smoking due
to the influence of friends. Students who have more smoker friends are more likely to become
smokers7-9. They also start smoking by imitating their smoker family members7 and through
curiosity7-9. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was found higher in students who live
away from home and have higher living expenditures8. Very few students report that a
feeling of maturity, symbol of manliness and unhappy family environment as reasons for
smoking9. In the case of resident students, prevalence is higher than in non-resident students
as they are away from their family and home and may receive different influences than
students who live with their families.
 9

Chapter 3

Methodology

This chapter presents how the study will be conducted by the use of research design and

methodology.

In this study, the researchers utilized a quantitative research design. The researchers were able

to determine and verify the objectives through gathering data with their respondents. Moreover,

this study concentrated on the reasons of Cigarette Smoking among Senior High Students of

Piddig National High School.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted by the researcher at Piddig National High School.
Figure 2 shows the location map of the study.

Figure 2. The map of Paddig National High School

10

Research Design

The research design of this study is quantitative design. The focus of the study is to determine

the reasons of cigarette smoking among Senior High School students of Paddig National High

School. To achieve the objective, descriptive Survey design will be use since it will determine

the reasons of Senior High School students to cigarette smoking. This method will be necessary

for sufficient evaluation on the reasons of cigarette smoking among Senior High School

students.

Population

The researchers conducted only 34 respondents from Grade 11 and 12 students of Piddig

National High School during the school year 2022-2023. From a total population of 257,

13.22% of the population or 34 Grade 11 and 12 learners were selected as samples. The study
employed convenience sampling technique of the learners in the Grade 11 and 12 strands of

the school.

Research Instrument

The study will collect primary data using questionnaire. Questionnaire is the most common

research instruments which seek to help the researchers get answers by asking questions and

get the target data. A Four-Point Likert Scale will be used for closed-ended questions. The

questionnaire will contain five (5) questions that elicited responses from the respondents.

Data Gathering Procedure 11

In gathering the needed data, the researchers will ask permission from the Grade11 and Grade

12 students of Piddig National High School to be the respondents. Researchers will conduct a

personal approach and telephone approach to the respondents. In order to support the validity

of the data, questionnaire has been conducted to gather information. There searchers will make

use of a questionnaire. After which, the researchers will personally distribute the copies of the

approved questionnaires to the respondents in order to gather the relevant data. The

questionnaire will be retrieve after they finished answering. The questionnaire will

be scored, tallied, and tabulated to show the results of the given data
 12

Chapter 4

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This chapter presents the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the data gathered by the

researchers. The focus of the study is to determine the reasons of cigarette smoking among

Senior High School students of Paddig National High School.

Table 1. Distribution of subpopulation and subsample sizes by strands and the total

population and total sample size for the study.

Strands Subpopulation Subsample

 12- AFA 33 9

12- HUMSS 35 7

12- GAS A 34 3

11- HE 22 4

11- ICT 23 1

11- GAS A 32 2

11- AFA 49 6

11- GAS B 29 2

Total: 257 34

Table 2. Smoking Frequency

Smoking Frequency Frequency Percentage

Once a week 17 50%

Thrice a week 2 5.88%

Everyday 9 26.47%
13
Twice a week 6 17.64%

The data presented above implies that out of 34 respondents 50% of the data gathered with a

total amount of 17 respondents states that student’s smoke Once a day. Meanwhile, 5.88% of

the data gathered with a total amount of 2 respondents states that student’s smoke Thrice a day.

While, 26.47% with a total amount of 9 respondents states that student’s smoke Everyday.

Lastly, 17.64% with a total amount of 6 respondents of the data gathered states that students

smoke Twice a week.

Table 3. Packs of cigarette consumed in a week

 Pack of cigarette consumed Frequency Percentage

in a week

1 pack 30 88.23%

2 packs 2 5.88%

3-5 packs 1 2.94%

5 or more packs 1 2.94%

The data presented above implies that out of 34 respondents, 88.23% with a total of 30

respondents of the data gathered states that the students consume 1 pack of cigarette a week.

Meanwhile, 5.88% with a total amount of 2 respondents of the data gathered states that students

consume 2 packs of cigarette a week. While, students consume 3-5 packs of cigarette gathered

about 2.94% with a total amount of 1 respondents. As well as, 2.94% with a total amount of 1

respondent of the data gathered states that students consume around 5 or more packs of

cigarette a week.

Table 4. Reasons student’s smoke

Reason why student’s smoke Frequency Percentage 14

Depression 14 41.17%

Influenced by parents 3 8.82%

Boredom 6 17.64%

Influenced by friends 11 32.35%

The data presented above implies that out of 34 respondents, 41.17% with a total amount of 14

respondents of the data gathered states that Depression is a cause or reason why the student’s

smoke. While, 8.82% with a total of 3 respondents of the data gathered states that students were
influenced by their parents on smoking. 17.64% with a total amount of 6 respondents of the

data gathered also states that student’s smoke because of Boredom. Lastly. 32.35% with a total

amount of 11 respondents of the data gathered also states that student’s smoke because of the

influence brought by their friends.

Table 5. Possible effects of cigarette smoking

Effects of cigarette smoking Frequency Percentage

Addiction 14 44.11%

Distraction 4 11.76%

Health issues 15 44.11%

Financial Burden 0 0%

The data presented above implies that out of 34 respondents 44.11% with a total amount of 15

respondents of the data gathered states Addiction is one of the effects brought by smoking

cigarette. Meanwhile, 11.76% with a total amount of 4 respondents of the data gathered states

that Distraction is also an effect brought to students by smoking cigarette. Lastly, 44.11% with

a total amount of 15 respondents of the data gathered also states that smoking cigarettes brings

Health Issues.

15

Table 6. Possible solutions/reasons to Quit Smoking

Possible solutions/reasons Frequency Percentage

Change lifestyle to a 8 23.52%

healthier life
 Stop smoking and reduce 11 32.35%

nicotine dependence

Live longer with a healthy 11 32.35%

and happy life

Reduce the risk of cancer 4 11.76%

The data presented above implies that out of 34 respondents, 23.52% with a totalamount of

8 respondents of the data gathered states that Changing their lifestyle into aHealthier

life could be a solution for them to quit smoking. 32.35% with a total amount of 11respondents

of the data gathered states that Reducing smoking cessation and Nicotinedependence

could be a solution for students to quit and stop smoking. On the other hand,32.35% with a

total amount of 11 respondents of the data gathered states that Deciding to livea longer, Healthy

and Happy life is also a solution or a reason to quit and top smoking. Lastly,11.76% with a total

of 4 respondents of the remaining data gathered states that by Quittingand Stopping cessation

to smoking can Reduce the risk of cancer.

16

Chapter 5

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter is devoted to the summary of the study, conclusion and recommendation of the

study.

Summary

The searchers conducted this study to investigate the Reasons of Cigarette Smokingamong

Senior High School Students of Piddig National High School. The study analyzed thereasons

of cigarette smoking among senior high school students of piddig national high scool,and how

did smoking affect their academic performance, behavior and physical health.

This study was conducted using a quantitative research design and focused solely onthe reasons

of cigarette smoking among Senior High students of Piddig National High SchoolThe

descriptive survey research design was adopted in the study. A sample of Thirty-Four

(34)respondents was selected.

A total of 34 respondents was selected from the Senior High students were engagedas

respondents for this study. The respondents were selected using convenience

sampling method where the Senior High Students are selected for inclusion in the sample

because they are the easiest for the researcher to access. A Total Enumeration Sampling

Technique was used for the selection, where Thirty-Four (34) Senior High School students

were given a questionnaire containing Five (5) questions with a Four-Point Likert Scale to

choose their answers.

In this study, the researchers utilized a quantitative research design. The researchers were able

to determine and verify the objectives through gathering data with their respondents. Moreover,

this study concentrated on the reasons of Cigarette Smoking among Senior High Students of
17
Piddig National High School.

Descriptive Statistics was used to organize and summarize the data gathered through

questionnaire. This kind of treatment was used to analyze the reasons of cigarette smoking

among senior high school students of piddig national high school.

Findings

Smoking frequency among students. Most of the students smoke Once a week.It was stated

that 5.88% of the 34 senior high students smoke Thrice a day. Moreover,26.47% or 9

of the 34 senior high students smoke Everyday. And, it was stated that 17.64%or 6 of the 34

senior high students smoke Twice a week.

Packs of cigarette consumed by students in a week. It was revealed that most of the students

consumes 1 pack of cigarette a week. It was presented that 5.88% of the 34 senior high students

consumes 2 packs of cigarette a week. Moreover, it was revealed that 2.94% or 1 of the 34

students consumes 3-5 packs of cigarette a week. And, 2.94% or 1 of the34 students consumes

around 5 or more packs of cigarette a week.

Reasons to smoke. Depression is one of the most reasons of the causes whythe students

smoke. It was stated that 8.82% of the 34 students were Influenced by theirparents. Boredom

is also stated as one of the reasons why the students smoke with a totalamount of 17.65%

or 6 of the 34 students. And, 32.35% with a total amount of 11respondents that

Influenced by their friend is one of the reasons for them to smoke.

Effects of Cigarette Smoking. Addiction and Health issues were stated to the most effect

caused by smoking cigarette. Meanwhile, 11.76% or 4 of the 34 students stated that Distraction

is also an effect brought to students by smoking cigarette.

Possible solutions/reasons to Quit Smoking. Stop smoking and reduce nicotine dependence

and live longer with a healthy and happy life were stated to be the most possible solution and

reasons to quit smoking. Meanwhile, 23.52% or 8 of the 34 students stated that Changing

lifestyle into a healthier life could be a solution to quit smoking. And, 11.76% or 4 of the 34

students stated that by smoking cessation you can reduce the risk of cancers. 18

Conclusions
The reasons why Senior High School students smoke was found to be multifactorial and the

combined impact of all was creating high chances of smoking among them. There’s a smoker

in our family and it helps me to concentrate on my study about smoking were the main reasons

for smoking followed by Senior high school students of Piddig National High School

considering smoking as fashionable.

Recommendations

Based on the research conducted, the following recommendations are suggested:

1. Education and awareness programs should be introduced in schools and community

centers to educate youth about the dangers of smoking and to teach them healthy

behaviors and coping mechanisms.

2. Parents and guardians should be informed about the prevalence of smoking among

young people and the potential health risks associated with smoking. They should also

be encouraged to have open, honest conversations with their children about tobacco

use.

3. Tobacco advertising targeting youth should be restricted, in compliance with existing

regulations, to minimize the exposure of children to these harmful messages.

19
References

Fidler J., & West R. (2011). Enjoyment of smoking and urges to smoke as predictors of attempts

and success of attempts to stop smoking: A longitudinal study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence

, , 30–34. Doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.009 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21111539/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376871610003613?via%3Dihub

https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Drug+and+Alcohol+Dependence&title=

Enjoyment+of+smoking+and+urges+to+smoke+as+predictors+of+attempts+and+success+of

+attempts+to+stop+smoking:+A+longitudinal+study&author=J.+Fidler&author=R.+West&p

ublication_year=2011&pages=30-34&doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.009&

Ussher M., Brown J., Rajamanoharan A., & West R. (2014). How do prompts for attempts to

quit smoking relate to method of quitting and quit success? Annals of Behavioral Medicine , ,

358–368. Doi: 10.1007/s12160-013-9545-z [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

https://academic.oup.com/abm/article/47/3/358/4564005

Gowing L. R., Ali R. L., Allsop S., Marsden J., Turf E. E., West R., & Witton J. (2015). Global

statistics on addictive behaviours: 2014 status report. Addiction , , 904–919. Doi:

10.1111/add.12899 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.12899

Goodwin (2023) https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/effects-on-body

Almutairi ( 2014) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10900-014-9909-8

Action on Smoking and Health (2015b). Young people and smoking. London: ASH; Retrieve

from http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_108.pdf [Google Scholar]

Hilton & Henningfield (2024) https://www.britannica.com/topic/smoking-tobacco

(Ahmed & Sayeed 2020), https://www.populationmedicine.eu/Prevalence-and-factors-

associated-with-cigarette-smoking-among-resident-university,118250,0,2.html#references