Research Article Vol. 30, No.

12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21582

Multidimension-multiplexed full-phase-encoding
holography
TATSUKI TAHARA *
Applied Electromagnetic Research Center, Radio Research Institute, National Institute of Information and
Communications Technology (NICT), 4-2-1 Nukuikitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184–8795, Japan
* [email protected]

Abstract: I propose a multidimension-multiplexed imaging method with which multiple physical

quantities of light are simultaneously obtained as interference fringe images. The varieties of light
are distinguished by exploiting the proposed phase-encoding technique. Neither measurements
of point spread functions in advance, nor iterative calculations to derive multidimensional
information, nor a laser light source is required. Multidimensional imaging of an object and
simultaneous three-dimensional image recording of self-luminous light and light transmitted from
an object are experimentally demonstrated. A palm-sized interferometer based on the proposed
holography is developed for the experiments to show its portability and physical-filter-free
multidimensional imaging ability without an antivibration structure.

© 2022 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement

1. Introduction
Light contains multiple physical quantities. Physical quantities such as the amplitude, phase,
wavelength, and polarization of light provide multidimensional information such as the trans-
mittance and/or reflectance, three-dimensional (3D) position and shape, refractive index, and
spectral and polarimetric properties of an object, phenomenon, or scene. Multidimensional
information has been exploited to clarify a variety of characteristics of objects. For example, 3D
information is essential for measuring and recognizing the structures of objects and is required in
both science and industry, including microscopy [1], product inspection, measurement of a field,
and machine vision. Wavelength information is important for identifying the compositions and
conditions of objects. Multicolor staining of cells is frequently used in fluorescence microscopy
and bright-field microscopy to observe and analyze molecules with different compositions. Even
in our daily lives, we assess the physical condition of people from their complexion. Furthermore,
the identification of a variety of light waves such as natural and artificial illumination light,
self-luminous light, and nonlinear light stimulated by illumination light can be used in the
advanced analysis of a measured object. Simultaneous measurement of fluorescence and phase
information plays an important role in microscopy [2,3] for the understanding of the structures of
specimens and the investigation of the correlation between the fluorescence and phase images of
specimens.
Research on multidimensional imaging has been carried out to achieve the sensing of a
wealth of physical information. 3D imaging has been conducted with tomography [1], a stereo
method, a light-field method, point-spread-function (PSF) engineering with structured light
illumination, a spatial light modulator (SLM) [4], an amplitude mask [5], a scattering medium
[6,7], and interferometry [8–12]. Wavelength information is simultaneously acquired by adopting
color filters [13], heterodyne techniques with temporal [14,15] and spatial [10,16] carriers,
PSF engineering [17–19], and encoding with wavelength-dependent phase shifts [20]. Most
multidimensional imaging techniques require color and polarization filters to record wavelength
and polarimetric information, respectively. In these techniques, the recordable wavelength bands
and the extinction ratio of the imaging systems depend on the optical filters. State-of-the-art
manufacturing technologies are required to improve the specifications of these imaging techniques.

#456229 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.456229
Journal © 2022 Received 7 Mar 2022; revised 8 May 2022; accepted 14 May 2022; published 1 Jun 2022
 Research Article Vol. 30, No. 12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21583

In contrast, multidimension-multiplexed imaging, such as PSF engineering and interferometry,

enables us to conduct physical-filter-free multidimensional imaging. PSF engineering modulates
complex amplitude distributions by inserting optical element(s) between a light source and objects
or between an image sensor and objects. A diffractive or scattering medium is frequently adopted as
an optical element to introduce independent PSFs for different physical quantities. Interferometry
exploits the modulation of the spatial or temporal frequency or the phase of an interference
fringe image to enable multiplexed recording of multidimensional information. Using these
multiplexed imaging techniques, multiwavelength 3D imaging [14,15,20], filter-free polarimetric
imaging [21], multiframe imaging with a single recorded image [22], and simultaneous imaging
of fluorescence light and phase information [2,23] have been performed. Such multiplexed
imaging indicates that a computational optical technique can avoid the high requirements for the
specifications of optical filters. However, there are problems in these multidimension-multiplexed
imaging techniques. PSF engineering generally requires the information of PSFs for 3D space
and other physical quantities a priori. Otherwise, iterative procedures are required to retrieve
multidimensional information, and a high computational cost and a long time are required for
calculations. Moreover, it is difficult to distinguish the varieties of light unless each variety
is tagged by a physical quantity such as wavelength. Therefore, multiplexed 3D recording of
self-luminous light and light transmitted or reflected from objects has been difficult, particularly
when the wavelength bands of respective light are overlapped.
I propose a multidimension-multiplexed imaging technique in which neither measurements
of PSFs in advance, nor iterative calculations to derive multidimensional information, nor a
laser light source is required. I exploit self-interference incoherent digital holography (SIDH)
[13,14,24–34] and phase-shifting interferometry (PSI) [8,20] to achieve multidimensional imaging
even for spatially and temporally incoherent light. Multidimensional information of different
varieties of light is fully encoded in multiplexed holograms by introducing different phase shifts
for different physical quantities and varieties of light. Both a 3D image and other physical
quantities are simultaneously obtained with incoherent light and a single image sensor, and 3D
information of self-luminous light and light transmitted or reflected from objects is obtained
with multiplexed images even when the same wavelength is contained in different varieties of
light. Hereafter, I term the proposed technique multidimension-multiplexed full-phase-encoding
holography (MPH). Furthermore, I develop a palm-sized interferometer based on MPH to show
the portability of the optical system and multidimensional imaging ability without an antivibration
table. Experiments are conducted on a wood table to show that the optical system based on MPH
works well.

2. Multidimension-multiplexed full-phase-encoding holography (MPH)

Figure 1 shows the basic concept of MPH. Figures 1(a) and 1(b) illustrate the recording system and
the image-reconstruction procedures, respectively. The main feature of MPH is that phase shifts
are exploited to both extract different physical quantities and distinguish the varieties of light. A
phase modulator is set in an SIDH system, as shown in Fig. 1(a), to encode multidimensional
information of different varieties of light simultaneously in the recording of multiplexed holograms.
PSI is utilized to separately extract multiple physical quantities and varieties of the light from the
multiplexed images. As shown in Fig. 1(a), both reflection/transmission light coming from an
object and self-luminous light are recorded as a multiplexed digital hologram. Spatially incoherent
illumination light such as light-emitting diode (LED) light and natural light can be applied to
obtain an object wave, which is generated from an object and contains a wealth of physical
information of the object. The object waves containing multiple varieties of light propagate to
an SIDH system. Both 3D information and other physical quantities of the object waves are
converted to an interference fringe image termed a “hologram” by the SIDH system. The multiple
physical quantities and varieties of light are multiplexed in the digital hologram. The phase
 Research Article Vol. 30, No. 12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21584

shifts are introduced by the phase modulator, and multidimension-multiplexed phase-shifted

self-interference holograms are recorded. Using PSI with the phase-shift information for the
different physical quantities and varieties of light, multidimensional information in the object wave
on the image sensor plane is separately extracted as illustrated in Fig. 1(b). Wave-propagation
calculations such as diffraction integrals are applied to these images, and multidimensional
images for the different varieties of light are reconstructed. In recording of quantitative phase
information of an object, to adopt self-reference holography [35] for MPH is considered as an
approach.

Fig. 1. Basic concept of MPH. (a) Schematic of recording multidimensional information.

(b) Flow of image-reconstruction procedures.

Figure 2 illustrates an optical implementation of MPH for multiwavelength 3D imaging

of different varieties of light. The SIDH system shown in Fig. 2 adopts linear polarizers
and birefringent materials to generate a self-interference hologram of spatially incoherent
light. I constructed this compact optical system, which can record a digital hologram, as an
implementation of MPH although polarization information of an object wave is lost. Figure 3
illustrates the optical geometry of the SIDH system and the polarization transition of the object
wave. An object is regarded as the summation of multiple object points in SIDH [13,14,24–34].
A spherical light wave diffracted from a point u(xo , yo , zo , k) of an object, where k = 2π/λ is the
wavenumber and λ is the wavelength, passes through a polarizer and then is linearly polarized
along the 45° direction. A birefringent lens located at z = zl generates two waves from the linearly
polarized light according to the polarization direction. This is because the birefringent lens has
different focal lengths f 1 and f 2 for the vertical and horizontal directions, respectively. After
that, the phase modulator shifts the phase of one of the two light waves. The two light waves are
collected before they diverge. The two collected light points ut1 (x1 , y1 , zt1 , k) and ut2 (x2 , y2 , zt2 ,
k) are written as (︃ )︃
b1 b1
ut1 (x1 , y1 , zt1 , k) = c1 uo − xo , − yo , a + b1 , k , (1)
a a
(︃ )︃
b2 b2
ut2 (x2 , y2 , zt2 , k) = c2 uo − xo , − yo , a + b2 , k , (2)
a a
 Research Article Vol. 30, No. 12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21585

where
a = zl − zo , (3)
afj
bj = , (j = 1, 2), (4)
a − fj
and c is a coefficient. These divergent waves generated from the two light points propagate to
the birefringent plate, and the plate introduces a shift-invariant optical-path-length shift. The
optical-path-length difference between the two waves, which is generated by the birefringent
lens, is adjusted by the plate. This compensation is required when temporally incoherent light is
recorded and the coherence length is severely limited. Here I assume that the central wavelength
and the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) are 451 nm and 65 nm. Then, its coherence length
is estimated as 3.11 µm. On the other hand, the optical-path-length difference for the ray on the
optical axis is 36.4 µm when I set a birefringent lens whose thickness and refractive indexes for
the orthogonal polarizations are 4 mm, 1.5462, and 1.5553. Therefore, such the difference is
adjusted using the plate with the adequate thickness. The points are shifted along the depth
direction by the plate and expressed as

u1 (x1 , y1 , z1 , k) = ut1 (x1 , y1 , zt1 + zd1 , k), (5)

u2 (x2 , y2 , z2 , k) = ut2 (x2 , y2 , zt2 + zd2 , k), (6)

where
d
zdj = , (7)
1 − (1/nj )
d is the thickness of the birefringent plate, θ is the maximum incident angle to the plate, which is
limited by the lens, and n is the refractive index of the plate. n is different for each polarization
direction. Here, it should be noted that Eqs. (1)–(6) are described by the principle of paraxial
imaging based on geometrical optics. The polarization directions of the two light waves are
orthogonal and are aligned by the polarizer placed in front of the monochrome image sensor.
These two waves interfere on an image sensor placed at depth z = zh , which records the interference
fringe image. The hologram of the spatially incoherent point light source I(x,y) is expressed by
the following equation, which considers the spectral bandwidth of light:
∫ ∞
I(x1 , y) = c |u1zh (x, y; x1 , y1 , z1 ; k) + u2zh (x, y; x2 , y2 , z2 ; k)| 2 S(k)dk, (8)
−∞

u1zh (x, y; x1 , y1 , z1 ; k) = u1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ; k) exp[ikr1 (x, y; x1 , y1 , z1 )]

√︂ (9)
= |u1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ; k)| exp[iϕ1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ; k)] exp[ik (x − x1 )2 + (y − y1 )2 + (zh − z1 )2 ],

u2zh (x, y; x2 , y2 , z2 ; k) = u2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ; k) exp[ikr2 (x, y; x2 , y2 , z2 ) + iϕpm (k)]

√︂
= |u2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ; k)| exp[iϕ2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ; k)] exp[ik (x − x2 )2 + (y − y2 )2 + (zh − z2 )2 + iϕpm (k)],
(10)
where √︂
rj (x, y; xj , yj , zj ) = (x − xj )2 + (y − yj )2 + (zh − zj )2 , (j = 1, 2), (11)
u1zh (x,y;x1 ,y1 ,z1 ;k) and u2zh (x,y;x2 ,y2 ,z2 ;k) are the complex amplitude distributions of the two
waves on the image sensor plane, S(k) is the spectral intensity, i is the imaginary unit, ϕ is the
phase distribution of the wave, and ϕpm (k) is the phase shift introduced by the phase modulator.
Using Eqs. (8)–(11), I obtain
∫ ∞
I(x, y) = c [|u1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ; k)| 2 + |u2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ; k)| 2 + 2|u1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ; k)||u2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ; k)|
−∞ (12)
× cos{k[r1 (x, y; x1 , y1 , z1 ) − r2 (x, y; x2 , y2 , z2 )] + ϕ1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ; k) − ϕ2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ; k) − ϕpm (k)}]S(k)dk.
Research Article Vol. 30, No. 12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21586

Fig. 2. Optical implementation of MPH for multiwavelength 3D imaging and identification

of the varieties of light.

Fig. 3. Optical implementation of MPH. (a) Geometry of the optical system. (b) Transitions
of the polarizations for the two waves.
 Research Article Vol. 30, No. 12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21587

Here, I examine the case that, the optical path length of u1zh (x,y;x1 ,y1 ,z1 ;k) is the same as
that of u2zh (x,y;x2 ,y2 ,z2 ;k) on the optical axis when a light point is placed on the optical axis.
The optical-path-length difference between u1zh (x,y;x1 ,y1 ,z1 ;k) and u2zh (x,y;x2 ,y2 ,z2 ;k), which is
generated by the center of the birefringent lens, is adjusted to satisfy the case described above,
using the phase shift ϕp0 (k), which is generated by the phase modulator, and the birefringent
plate. In this case, Eq. (12) is rewritten as
∫ ∞
I(x, y) = c [|u1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ; k)| 2 + |u2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ; k)| 2 + 2|u1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ; k)||u2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ; k)|
−∞
× cos{k[r1 (x, y; x1 , y1 , z1 ) − r2 (x, y; x2 , y2 , z2 )] + k(z1 − z2 ) − ϕp (k)}]S(k)dk,
(13)
where ϕp (k) = ϕpm (k) – ϕp0 (k) is an additional phase shift generated by the phase modulator.
When using a liquid crystal with thickness δ and refractive index change ∆n to introduce an
additional phase shift, I have
ϕp (k) = kδ∆n. (14)
Equation (13) is rewritten as
∫ ∞
I(x, y) = c {|u1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ; k)| 2 + |u2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ; k)| 2 + 2|u1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ; k)||u2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ; k)|
−∞
ϕp (k)
[︃ {︃ }︃]︃
× cos k [r1 (x, y; x1 , y1 , z1 ) − r2 (x, y; x2 , y2 , z2 )] + (z1 − z2 ) − }S(k)dk.
k
(15)
Here I consider the spectral intensity S(k) and the spectral bandwidth of the light. I assume the
case where S(k) is a constant within the bandwidth, its full width is 2∆k, the central wavenumber
is kc , and |u1 (x1 ,y1 ,z1 ;k)| and |u2 (x2 ,y2 ,z2 ;k)| are independent of k in the full width. Then,
∫ kc +∆k
I(x, y) = c ′
{|u1 (x1 , y1 , z1 )| 2 + |u2 (x2 , y2 , z2 )| 2 + 2|u1 (x1 , y1 , z1 )||u2 (x2 , y2 , z2 )|
kc −∆k
ϕp (k)
[︃ {︃ }︃]︃
(16)
× cos k [r1 (x, y; x1 , y1 , z1 ) − r2 (x, y; x2 , y2 , z2 )] + (z1 − z2 ) − }dk
k
= c′I0 (x, y) + c′q(x, y, ∆k, ϕp )uzh (x, y) exp[−iϕp (kc )] + C.C.,

where
ϕp (kc )
[︃ {︃ }︃]︃
q(x, y, ∆k, ϕp ) = sinc ∆k [r1 (x, y; x1 , y1 , z1 ) − r2 (x, y; x2 , y2 , z2 )] + (z1 − z2 ) − ,
kc
(17)
uzh (x, y) = I1 (x, y) exp[ikc {[r1 (x, y; x1 , y1 , z1 ) − r2 (x, y; x2 , y2 , z2 )] + (z1 − z2 )}]. (18)
I 0 (x, y) and I 1 (x, y) are the sums of the zeroth-order diffraction waves and the amplitudes of
the interference fringes within the spectral bandwidth on the image sensor plane, respectively,
and C.C. is the complex conjugate of the second term of the right-hand side of Eq. (16). The
sinc function in Eq. (17) indicates that the visibility of interference fringes depends on ∆k. The
visibility is also dependent on ϕp (kc )/kc , and therefore, the visibility is controlled by an additional
phase shift ϕp (k). In the case where S(k) is not constant within the bandwidth but based on a
Gaussian function, I have
√ ⎧ [︄ √ ]︄ 2 ⎫
ln 2 ⎨ 2 ln 2(k − kc ) ⎪
⎪
S(k) =
⎪ ⎬
⎪
√ exp − , (19)
∆k π ⎪
⎪ 2∆k ⎪
⎪
⎩ ⎭
 Research Article Vol. 30, No. 12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21588

where 2∆k indicates the FWHM of the light. The center wavenumber of 2∆k is kc . I(x,y) in this
case is expressed as
∫ ∞
I(x, y) = c {|u1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ; k)| 2 + |u2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ; k)| 2 + 2|u1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ; k)||u2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ; k)|
−∞
ϕp (k)
[︃ {︃ }︃]︃
× cos k [r1 (x, y; x1 , y1 , z1 ) − r2 (x, y; x2 , y2 , z2 )] + (z1 − z2 ) − }S(k)dk
k
= c′I0 (x, y) + c′q′(x, y, ∆k, ϕp )uzh (x, y) exp[−iϕp (kc )] + C.C.,
(20)
where
(︄ [︃ }︃]︃ )︄
ϕp (kc ) 2
{︃
2∆k
q (x, y, ∆k, ϕp ) = exp − √
′
[r1 (x, y; x1 , y1 , z1 ) − r2 (x, y; x2 , y2 , z2 )] + (z1 − z2 ) − .
2 ln 2 kc
(21)
Equations (17) and (21) indicate that the dependences on ∆k, r1 , r2 , and ϕp (kc ) are unchanged
when S(k) is changed. I(x, y) is an interference fringe image generated from a point u(xo , yo , zo )
on an object, and therefore, the hologram of an object h(x, y, ∆k:ϕp (kc )) is expressed by
∫∫∫
h(x, y, ∆k : ϕp (kc )) = I(x, y) dxo dyo dzo

∫∫∫ ∫∫∫
= c′ I0 (x, y) dxo dyo dzo + c′ q(x, y, ∆k, ϕp (kc )) uzh (x, y) exp[−iϕp (kc )] dxo dyo dzo + C.C.,
∫∫∫
= c′ I0 (x, y) dxo dyo dzo + U(x, y) exp[−iϕp (kc )] + C.C.,

∫∫∫ (22)
U(x, y) = c ′
q(x, y, ∆k, ϕp (kc )) uzh (x, y) dxo dyo dzo , (23)

where U(x, y) contains 3D information of the object, based on the theory of SIDH, and denotes
an object wave on the image sensor plane. I(x, y) is a function of (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and (x2 , y2 , z2 ) as
described in Eq. (8). Both (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and (x2 , y2 , z2 ) are functions of (xo , yo , zo ) as described in
Eqs. (1) and (2). Therefore, I(x, y) is a function of (xo , yo , zo ). The second term is extracted by
PSI. In multidimension-multiplexed imaging, holograms obtained with different wavelengths
and varieties of light are incoherently superimposed on the image sensor plane. Therefore, the
M
incoherent summation of M holograms is expressed as HN (x, y) = hm (x, y, ∆km : ϕp(N−1) (km )),
∑︁
m=1
where N denotes the number of exposures to record multiplexed holograms with phase shifts. N
phase-shifted multiplexed holograms is expressed using the following matrix equation:

H = ΦU, (24)

⎛ H1 (x, y) ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜ H2 (x, y) ⎟⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜ H3 (x, y) ⎟⎟
H = ⎜⎜
⎜ ⎟
· ⎟, (25)
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜ · ⎟
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜ · ⎟
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ HN (x, y) ⎠
 Research Article Vol. 30, No. 12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21589

⎛ 1 1 0 1 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜ 1 cos[ϕp1 (k1 )] − sin[ϕp1 (k1 )] · · · cos[ϕp1 (kM )] − sin[ϕp1 (kM )] ⎟⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜ 1 cos[ϕp2 (k1 )] − sin[ϕp2 (k1 )] cos[ϕp2 (kM )] − sin[ϕp2 (kM )] ⎟⎟
Φ = ⎜⎜
⎜ ⎟
· · · ⎟,
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜ · · · ⎟
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜ · · · ⎟
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 cos[ϕp(N−1) (k1 )] − sin[ϕp(N−1) (k1 )] · · · cos[ϕp(N−1) (kM )] − sin[ϕp(N−1) (kM )] ⎠
(26)
∫∫∫
⎛ c0 ′ I0 (x, y)dxo dyo dzo ⎞
⎜ ]︁ ⎟⎟
q1 (x, y, ∆k1 , ϕp (k1 ))uzh1 (x, y)dxo dyo dzo
∫∫∫
⎜ Re c ′ [︁
⎜ 1 ⎟
⎜ ]︁ ⎟⎟
q1 (x, y, ∆k1 , ϕp (k1 ))uzh1 (x, y)dxo dyo dzo
∫∫∫
⎜ Im [︁c ′
⎜ 1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ · ⎟
U=⎜ ⎟. (27)
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜ · ⎟
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜ · ⎟
⎟
⎜ ⎟
qM (x, y, ∆kM , ϕp (kM ))uzhM (x, y)dxo dyo dzo ⎟⎟
∫∫∫
⎜ Re c ′
[︁ ]︁
⎜ M
⎜ ]︁ ⎟
ϕ
[︁ ′ ∫∫∫
⎝ Im c M q M (x, y, ∆k M , p (k M ))uzhM (x, y)dx o dy o dz o ⎠
The matrix U indicates object waves containing different spectral bandwidths and/or varieties
of light. N ≥ 2M+1 is generally required owing to the number of variables. From the matrix
equation, I find that there are two approaches to derive object waves selectively. As the first
approach, I use the inverse matrix of Φ, when different phase shifts can be set to respective
object waves and a regular matrix Φ is obtained. The respective object waves are derived using
the following matrix equation:
U = Φ−1 H. (28)
This approach is effective for the case where common U for phase-shifted holograms is
obtained. This case means that q(x,y,∆k,ϕp ) is approximately constant during phase shifts. The
increase in the number of the phase shifts is effective to reduce the error as researched in PSI.
As increasing ∆k and setting large phase shifts, it becomes difficult to obtain common U for
phase-shifted holograms. This situation has not been seen in laser digital holography [20] but is
a problem in incoherent digital holography with temporally incoherent light. However, another
approach is provided by exploiting the change of q(x,y,∆k,ϕp ) during phase shifts, which is owing
to temporal coherency difference between different varieties of light. I consider the case where
illumination light transmitted from an object and self-luminous light generated from another
object contain the same wavelengths and their spectral bandwidths partly overlap. I exploit the
temporal coherency difference between the waves of these objects for this case. The phase shifts
and amplitudes of the interference fringes for different varieties of light waves are closely related,
as indicated by Eqs. (17) and (21)-(23). The temporal coherency of reflection/transmission
light is controlled by preparing a light source such as an LED with a bandpass filter. On the
other hand, self-luminous light such as fluorescence light has a wider wavelength band and
weaker light intensity than reflection/transmission light obtained with band-limited illumination
light. q(x,y,∆k,ϕp ) represents the attenuation of an object wave owing to ∆k and ϕp based on
temporal coherency. Different object waves contain different coherence lengths, and these waves
are separated using the temporal coherency gate and signal processing of PSI. I assume the
 Research Article Vol. 30, No. 12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21590

case where two object waves U 1 (x, y) and U 2 (x, y) with different spectral bandwidths 2∆k1 and
2∆k2 , respectively, form self-interference holograms, with ∆k2 much larger than ∆k1 . Initially, I
introduce a large phase shift ϕpL so that q2 (x, y, ∆k2 , ϕpL ) becomes approximately zero on the
image sensor plane. Interference fringes generated by U 1 (x, y) still appear owing to the difference
in temporal coherency. For simplicity, I consider the case with M = 2 varieties, N = 8 exposures,
ϕpj < 2π for four holograms H 1 , H 2 , H 3 , and H 4 „ ϕpL ≤ ϕpj < (ϕpL + 2π) for four holograms
H 5 , H 6 , H 7 , and H 8 , q1 (x, y, ∆k1 , ϕp < 2π) = 1, q2 (x, y, ∆k2 , ϕp < 2π) = Γ 2 (Γ ≤ 1), q1 (x, y,
∆k1 , ϕpL ≤ ϕp < ϕpL + 2π) = Γ 1 , and q2 (x, y,∆k2 , ϕpL ≤ ϕp ) = Γ 0 = 0. Then, Eqs. (25)–(27) are
rewritten as
⎛ H1 (x, y) ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ H (x, y) ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ H (x, y) ⎟
⎜ 3 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ H (x, y) ⎟
⎜ 4
H=⎜ ⎟, (29)
⎟
⎜ H (x, y) ⎟
⎜ 5 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ H (x, y) ⎟
⎜ 6 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ H (x, y) ⎟
⎜ 7 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ H8 (x, y) ⎠

⎛ 1 1 0 1 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜ 1 cos[ϕp1 (k1 )] − sin[ϕp1 (k1 )] Γ2 cos[ϕp1 (k2 )] −Γ2 sin[ϕp1 (k2 )] ⎟⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜ 1 cos[ϕp2 (k1 )] − sin[ϕp2 (k1 )] Γ2 cos[ϕp2 (k2 )] −Γ2 sin[ϕp2 (k2 )] ⎟⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 cos[ϕp3 (k1 )] − sin[ϕp3 (k1 )] Γ2 cos[ϕp3 (k2 )] −Γ2 sin[ϕp3 (k2 )] ⎟⎟
Φ=⎜ ⎟, (30)
⎜
⎜
⎜ 1 Γ1 cos[ϕp4 (k1 )] −Γ1 sin[ϕp4 (k1 )] 0 0 ⎟
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜ 1 Γ1 cos[ϕp5 (k1 )] −Γ1 sin[ϕp5 (k1 )] 0 0 ⎟
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜ 1 Γ1 cos[ϕp6 (k1 )] −Γ1 sin[ϕp6 (k1 )] 0 0 ⎟
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 Γ1 cos[ϕp7 (k1 )] −Γ1 sin[ϕp7 (k1 )] 0 0 ⎠
∫∫∫
⎛ c0 ′ I0 (x, y)dxo dyo dzo
⎜ [︂ ∫∫∫ ]︂ ⎞⎟
⎜ Re c1 ′ u zh1 (x, y)dx dy dz
o o o
⎟
⎜ ⎟
U = ⎜ Im c1
⎜ ∫∫∫ ⎟
′
[︁ ]︁
⎜ uzh1 (x, y)dxo dyo dzo ⎟⎟ . (31)
⎜ ∫∫∫ ⎟
⎜ Re c ′
[︁ ]︁
uzh2 (x, y)dxo dyo dzo ⎟⎟
⎜ 2
⎜ [︁ ′ ∫∫∫ ]︁ ⎟
⎝ Im c2 uzh2 (x, y)dxo dyo dzo ⎠
An object wave U 1 (x, y) on the image sensor plane is derived by solving Eq. (24) with
Eqs. (29)–(31):
{︃ [︃ ∫ ∫ ∫ ]︃ [︃ ∫ ∫ ∫ ]︃ }︃
U1 ′(x, y) = Γ1 exp(−iϕpL ) Re c1 ′ uzh1 (x, y)dxo dyo dzo + iIm c1 ′ uzh1 (x, y)dxo dyo dzo

= H5 (x, y) − H7 (x, y) + i[H6 (x, y) − H8 (x, y)]

= H(x, y : ϕpL ) − H(x, y : ϕpL + π) + i[H(x, y : ϕpL + π/2) − H(x, y : ϕpL + 3π/2)].
(32)
 Research Article Vol. 30, No. 12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21591

U 1 (x, y) is numerically obtained from U 1 ’(x, y) because U 1 ’(x, y) is modulated by the known
large phase shift ϕpL :
U1 ′(x, y)
U1 (x, y) = exp(iϕpL ). (33)
Γ1
Γ 1 is derived in advance from the average of q1 (x, y, ∆k1 , ϕpL ) on the image sensor plane for a
point object placed at a 3D position. Otherwise, Γ is obtained from a test object in advance.
Finally, U 2 (x, y) is derived using PSI and numerically derived from U 1 (x, y) as follows:

U2 (x, y) = (H1 (x, y) − H3 (x, y) + i[H2 (x, y) − H4 (x, y)]

− [{1 − cos[ϕp2 (k1 )]} + i{cos[ϕp1 (k1 )] − cos[ϕp3 (k1 )]}]Re[U1 (x, y)]
− [sin[ϕp2 (k1 )] + i{sin[ϕp3 (k1 )] − sin[ϕp1 (k1 )]}]Im[U1 (x, y)])[1/(2Γ2 )]
= (H(x, y : ϕp (k2 ) = 0) − H(x, y : ϕp (k2 ) = π) + i[H(x, y : ϕp (k2 ) = π/2) − H(x, y : ϕp (k2 ) = 3π/2)]
− [{1 − cos[ϕp2 (k1 )]} + i{cos[ϕp1 (k1 )] − cos[ϕp3 (k1 )]}]Re[U1 (x, y)]
− [sin[ϕp2 (k1 )] + i{sin[ϕp3 (k1 )] − sin[ϕp1 (k1 )]}]Im[U1 (x, y)])[1/(2Γ2 )].
(34)
In the special case where ϕp (k1 ) is approximately equal to ϕp (k2 ) since they have nearly the
same peak wavelength, U 1 (x, y) + Γ 2 U 2 (x, y) is obtained by PSI. When using four-step PSI,
H1 (x, y) − H3 (x, y) + i[H2 (x, y) − H4 (x, y)] − U1 (x, y)
U2 (x, y) =
2Γ2
H(x, y : ϕp = 0) − H(x, y : ϕp = π) + i[H(x, y : ϕp = π/2) − H(x, y : ϕp = 3π/2)] − U1 (x, y)
(35)
= .
2Γ2

Γ 2 can be ignored or be set as 1 because it is regarded as the constant coefficient. As a result, I

can distinguish the varieties of light even when fluorescence light with same wavelengths forms
its hologram simultaneously. After that, numerical calculations of wave propagations are applied
for U 1 (x, y) and U 2 (x, y) and then focused images of 3D objects are reconstructed. The matrix Φ
is designed with modulating Γ and ϕp (km ). This algorithm can be applied for the case of Γ 0 ≠ 0
because the matrix equation is solved by introducing different values for Γ 0 , Γ 1 and Γ 2 . These
modulations are realized simply by exploiting the phase shifts even when M is increased.

3. Experiments
I conducted experiments to show the validity of MPH. Initially, I demonstrate wavelength-
multiplexed 3D imaging of a reflective color 3D object using the portable hologram recorder
of MPH. Figure 4 shows photographs of the developed palm-sized hologram recorder and
the experimental setup. The whole interferometer was set on a wood table to show its color
3D imaging ability without an antivibration table. I used red and green LEDs with nominal
wavelengths of 625 and 530 nm, respectively, as light sources mounted in a four-wavelength LED
head (LED4D201, Thorlabs). A monochrome image sensor with 2592×1944 pixels, the pixel
pitch of 2.2 µm, and 12-bit resolution was used. The dynamic range of the image sensor was
not wide for recording a multiplexed incoherent digital hologram of an object with a complex
structure, and the summation of 32 images was set as a phase-shifted multiplexed incoherent
digital hologram at each phase shift, in the first experiment. A miniature model of a canard was set
as a colored 3D object. This object was illuminated by red and green LED light simultaneously,
and its diffraction light was introduced to the hologram recorder. Birefringent crystal lenses and
plates and polarizers were set to generate a wavelength-multiplexed self-interference hologram.
A multi-order liquid crystal phase modulator (LC-PM) (LCC2415-VIS, Thorlabs) was adopted
for MPH. The LC-PM was used to shift the phases of the self-interference holograms. Using the
LC-PM, wavelength-dependent phase shifts were successfully generated, and large phase shifts
could be introduced. The amount of the phase modulation for 2π phase shift was searched in
advance for each wavelength band of each LED.
Research Article Vol. 30, No. 12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21592

Fig. 4. Experimental setup. (a) Developed palm-sized multidimension-multiplexed

hologram recorder based on MPH. (b) Optical setup for MPH.
 Research Article Vol. 30, No. 12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21593

Regular phase shifts 2π/5 and π/2 were introduced to self-interference light generated from
red and green LEDs in each exposure, respectively. Seven wavelength-multiplexed phase-shifted
self-interference holograms were recorded. Therefore, Φ was the 5 × 7 matrix. A color 3D
image of the object was reconstructed from the recorded holograms by MPH. Figure 5 shows
the experimental results. Figures 5(a) and 5(b) are photographs taken with red and green LEDs,
respectively, and Fig. 5(c) is the color-synthesized image. Figure 5(d) shows one of the recorded
wavelength-multiplexed self-interference holograms. 3D and wavelength information of the
object was recorded simultaneously. Figures 5(e) and 5(f) are the red- and green-channel images
reconstructed by MPH and Fig. 5(g) is the color-synthesized image. Figures 5(e)–5(g) indicate
that the focused image of the object was obtained at different wavelength bands and its wavelength
characteristics were also successfully reconstructed. The recorder was moved close to the
object, then high-spatial-frequency information of the object was recorded in a self-interference
wavelength-multiplexed hologram shown in Fig. 5(h). The resolution was improved using such
holograms, as shown in Fig. 5(i).
I conducted another experiment to show the simultaneous 3D sensing of self-luminous light and
diffraction light of illumination light. Figure 6(a) illustrates a schematic of the experimental setup.
In this experiment, I examined the case where the wavelength bandwidths of the two varieties
of light overlap. A self-luminous object was illuminated by an ultraviolet LED whose central
wavelength was 365 nm to generate blue fluorescence light, and another object was illuminated
with a blue LED to obtain blue transmission light of a 1 mm aperture used as another object. A
block of tin halide perovskite nanocrystal containing metal complex molecules was set as the blue
luminescent material. The spectral intensity distribution of its fluorescence light was obtained
with a spectrometer in advance and is shown in Fig. 6(b). The peak wavelength of the material
was 451 nm. The FWHM of the luminescence was 65 nm and the luminescent wavelength
ranged from 401 to 521 nm; at these two values, the intensity was one-tenth of that at 451 nm,
giving a luminescent wavelength width of 120 nm. A blue LED with a nominal wavelength of
455 nm, which was mounted in a four-wavelength LED head (LED4D201, Thorlabs), was used
as the illumination-light source. The peak wavelength of the LED was between 450 and 455 nm
and the FWHM was 18 nm. A bandpass-filter whose transmission bandwidth was 446–468 nm
was inserted between the blue LED and the aperture to improve the temporal coherency of the
illumination light. Each variety of light contained the same wavelength and the wavelength
bandwidth of LED light was fully overlapped by that of fluorescence light. Furthermore, the
difference between their peak wavelengths was within 5 nm. The self-interference multiplexed
hologram shown in Fig. 6(c) was recorded and then multiple phase shifts and recordings were
repeated to obtain 3D information of each variety of light and to distinguish them. Equations (32),
(33), and (35) were used to distinguish each variety of light because their peak wavelengths
were approximately equal. Therefore, Φ was the 5 × 8 matrix. In this experiment the number
of exposures is one per phase shift and eight exposures were enough to perform MPH. Γ 0 , Γ 1 ,
Γ 2 , and ϕpL were set as 0, 0.65, 1, and, 15.4π for λ = 445 nm, respectively, in this experiment.
Figures 6(d)–6(g) show the experimental results. The 3D information of each variety of light
was retrieved with the commonly used four-step PSI, as shown in Figs. 6(d) and 6(e). However, it
was difficult to detect the different varieties of light separately. In contrast, both 3D imaging and
selective imaging of the varieties of light were performed using MPH, as shown in Figs. 6(f)
and 6(g). Thus, MPH was experimentally demonstrated and successfully validated. In this
experiment I set that the self-luminous object and the aperture were separated in both in-plane
and depth directions. However, even in the case where the two objects are overlapped in the
in-plane direction, the varieties of light diffracted from the objects are selectively detected in
principle. Practically, signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range of the image sensor used should
be taken care for such the case.
Research Article Vol. 30, No. 12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21594

Fig. 5. Experimental results for wavelength-multiplexed 3D imaging with the developed

hologram recorder. Photographs of the colored object taken with (a) red LED and (b) green
LED. (c) Color-synthesized image of (a) and (b). (d) One of the recorded holograms.
Reconstructed images of the object illuminated by (e) red LED and (f) green LED. (g) Color-
synthesized image of (e) and (f). The numerical propagation distance used to obtain the
image of (g) was 155 mm. (h) One of the recorded holograms after moving the hologram
recorder close to the object. (i) Color-synthesized image obtained from (h) and other
recorded holograms. The numerical propagation distance used to obtain the image of (i) was
81 mm.

)
Research Article Vol. 30, No. 12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21595

Fig. 6. Experimental results for light-multiplexed 3D imaging with the developed hologram
recorder. (a) Schematic of experimental setup. (b) Spectral intensity of the self-luminous
object. (c) One of the recorded holograms. Left and right Gabor zone plate patterns were
generated with LED light and fluorescence light, respectively. (d), (e) Images reconstructed
by commonly applied four-step PSI. The depth difference between (d) and (e) corresponded
to 35 mm in the object plane. (f) LED light and (g) fluorescence light images of the objects.
The numerical propagation distances of (f) and (g) were the same as those of (d) and (e),
respectively.
 Research Article Vol. 30, No. 12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21596

4. Discussions and conclusions

Multiwavelength 3D imaging and simultaneous 3D sensing of different varieties of light containing
the same wavelengths have been experimentally demonstrated. MPH is also applicable for sensing
of other physical quantities of light by modifying an optical implementation. In simultaneous
polarimetric imaging with MPH, a Sagnac interferometer with polarization-dependent phase
shifts is considered as an optical implementation. Polarimetric information is acquired when a
common-path or a two-arm self-interference holography system with a polarimetric phase shifter
is set. Varieties of light are selectively identified also when the wavelengths or polarization states
are different. Furthermore, simultaneous quantitative phase imaging will also be achieved by
adopting self-reference holography [35] for MPH. Quantitative phase information can be obtained
using an interferometer with LED light, and therefore fluorescence 3D image and quantitative
phase image will be simultaneously obtained with a single monochrome image sensor, using
MPH. Constructions of optical systems described above are future works.
Various types of multiwavelength SIDH techniques have been proposed until now; the use of
the Fourier spectroscopy and the Michelson [14,15,36] or the Mach-Zehnder [37] interferometer,
the use of multiple wavelength filters and sequential and separative recording of holograms at
respective wavelength bands [38–40], the use of the differences of PSFs at respective wavelength
bands [17,31,41], and the use of a color image sensor and a two-arm [13] or a single-path
[42–44] interferometer. Hyperspectral holographic imaging has been achieved with the Fourier
spectroscopy [14,15,36,37]. However, a large number of recordings of multiplexed holograms
have been required to date even when the number of wavelength bands is small. Temporally
divided recording of wavelength information [31,38–40] is a straightforward method and there is
no problem for overlapping of wavelength information. On the other hand, it costs time to change
wavelength filters. A diffractive lens such as a Fresnel phase lens has wavelength dependency and
therefore wavelength filters have been required to avoid the generation of multi-order diffraction
light. To solve the problem, simultaneous recording of multiple wavelength information has
been performed using the PSF difference of a diffractive lens for respective wavelength bands
[17,31,41]. However, PSF libraries at respective wavelength bands in 3D space are required
for wavelength separation. The use of a color image sensor is another straightforward method.
Multiple wavelength information is simultaneously recorded. Full-color holographic 3D imaging
of natural light [13] and full-color 3D motion-picture recording of white light [44] have been
performed. The recordable space-bandwidth product is decreased by using a color image sensor
containing a color-filter array. Therefore, the resolution and/or the field of view is decreased
in principle. MPH can conduct two-wavelength-band holographic imaging of incoherent light
with a smaller number of recordings in comparison to SIDH with the Fourier spectroscopy.
Five exposures are enough to conduct two-color holographic incoherent imaging in principle.
Sequential changes of wavelength filters are not required. Acquisition of PSF libraries in 3D space
is not required. Recordable space-bandwidth product is not sacrificed to record multiwavelength
information. Moreover, it is difficult to identify the varieties of light when the wavelength
bands of illumination light and self-luminous light or natural light are severely overlapped, for
conventional SIDH techniques. MPH enables to detect the varieties of light without active
modulation of illumination light even when the wavelength bands are overlapped, and their
peak wavelength is close to each other. The peak wavelength difference was within 5 nm in the
experimental demonstration. However, the variety of the light can be separated even for the case
where their peak wavelengths are the same in principle.
MPH with the presented optical implementation requires multiple exposures. Five exposures
are enough in each experiment in the condition where common U for phase-shifted holograms
is obtained. This is because there are five variables in each hologram for such the condition.
In the same manner, the number of exposures N = 2M+1 is the minimal theoretical number for
the number of holograms M. However, there were sources that caused the error in PSI with
 Research Article Vol. 30, No. 12 / 6 Jun 2022 / Optics Express 21597

incoherent light and the number of phase shifts were seven and eight for respective experiments
to suppress the error in PSI. It is considered that the error sources are related to the slight change
of q(x, y, ∆k, ϕp ) during phase shifts. Then, in the theory, each ∆n for each wavelength band 2∆k
is assumed as constant. Dispersion of the LC-PM is considered as an error source for PSI. The
increase of the number of phase shifts was effective for the suppression of the error in PSI. On the
other hand, temporal information capacity is decreased to suppress the error. Detailed analyses
for the noise sources and modifications of the optical setup for the acceleration of measurement
speed will be next research themes.
I have proposed multidimension-multiplexed holography exploiting the encode with phase
shifts, termed MPH, to obtain multiple physical quantities and varieties of light. SIDH and PSI
are used to implement MPH. A palm-sized multidimension-multiplexed hologram recorder based
on MPH was constructed. Experimental demonstrations were performed with the hologram
recorder. MPH enables us to detect 3D information of multiple physical quantities and varieties
of light without an optical filter and will be useful for the advanced analyses of specimens in
microscopy, machine vision as holographic machine vision, and healthcare in our daily lives.
Funding. Mitsubishi Foundation (202111007); Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (JP-
MJPR16P8); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP18H01456); Cooperative Research Program of “Network
Joint Research Center for Materials and Devices” (20211086).
Acknowledgments. The author sincerely appreciates the reviewers for improving the manuscript by careful reading
of the manuscript and kind advices. The author also thanks Prof. Ayumi Ishii for providing metal complex molecules of
tin halide perovskite nanocrystal and Prof. Yuichi Kozawa for helpful discussions.
Disclosures. The author declares no conflicts of interest.
Data availability. Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may
be obtained from the author upon reasonable request.

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